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A Case Study in Hakone
Tomoyuki Furutani
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
1-6
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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This study aims to propose a data mining method that integrates a spatio-temporal clustering and a hybrid hierarchical clustering in order to produce clusters on tourists' individual attributes and their behavior dynamics obtained by GPS. First of all, tourists' behavior survey is conducted in Hakone area. Secondary, the proposed clustering method is applied. The number of clusters are detected automatically by maximizing averages of each cluster's correlation of individual attributes and spatio-temporal kernel density. Then, 150 one-day trip tourists are clustered into 18 types and 239 two-days trip tourists are clustered into 24 types. It is also indicated that each cluster's features relates tourists' usage of tourism related media and travel information.
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An evaluation of a streetscape using the color picture.
Mizuna Onitsuka, Satoshi Miyake
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
7-12
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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In this study, we evaluated the streetscape with two methods by using the color pictures. One is the quantity evaluation which use the fluctuation theory, the other is the psychology evaluation which use the SD method and factor analysis. In addition, we examined those correlations. Result from the study showed that we clarified the difference of the tree kind influenced in the quantity evaluation, the difference of the tree kind and street width influenced in the psychology evaluation. In addition, we clarified the tendency that the more fluctuation approached -1, the more the factor score rose.
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Hyun Kim, Kazuo Nishii, Kuniaki Sasaki
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
13-18
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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While tourist has a variety of needs to get information and make a decision about their excursions in sightseeing areas, it becomes one of important subjects to identify the causal relationship between their excursion patterns and the obtained information. The relationship of information usage and excursion behavior was confirmed by using the structural equation model: information usage at the scheduling stage has an impact on tourist individual's Cognition for the sightseeing area, tourist individual's Cognition affects information usage at excursion stage, information usage at the excursion stage affect behavior of excursion. Therefore, modeling of the excursion behavior should consider the relationships mentioned above.
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Kiyoshi Sakai
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
19-24
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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Recently, tram is focused on as one of the effective measures for the global warming, aging society and the reform of urban structure in Japan. In 2004, the French Government decided to reduce subsidy for tram and the UK Government revoked the proposed 3 tram schemes. In this paper, comparison analysis on the urban structure, tram service, passenger number and so on, as well as research of the current issues in UK and French tram systems were carried out in order to distill useful lessons for Japanese tram projects. In conclusion, Japanese urban area is suitable for tram, but the major traffic axis and population distribution should be considered for route design. UK experiences and tram supporting measures should be more highlighted because urban transport market in UK is fully liberalized.
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'Travel Eco-point' Social Experiments in Nagoya
Hitomi Sato, Shinya Kurauchi, Takayuki Morikawa, Toshiyuki Yamamoto
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
25-30
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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Promoting public transportation usage is crucial in order to solve problems such as traffic congestion and green house effects caused by motorization and car-oriented urban structure. This paper introduces a new TDM measure called 'Travel eco-point' program, in which one can acquire points when he/she uses environmentally friendly transportation system (e.g. public transportation) and can exchange the accumulated points to incentives for further eco-friendly travel behavior (e.g. provision of free rail tickets), and then reports the result of social experiments conducted in Nagoya. Furthermore, we investigated user's preferences toward the eco-point program and found that people seem to prefer the program through which they can return their profit to environmental improvement as well as the program with high refund rate.
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A Case Study of Experimental Scheme of Transportation for the Center of Nagano City
Yoshiyasu Yanagisawa, Jun-ichi Takayama, Naoki Todoroki
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
31-36
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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The purpose of this paper examines the effect of the transit - mall for the Center of Nagano City. The experiments on the transit - mall was executed by the Center of Nagano City during consecutive holidays of May, 2004 and 2005. The rate of increase of the number of round trip and moved distance by the transit - mall is examined. We analyzed the behavioral characteristic of the choice of node and the choice of facilities. We clarified the relation between the number of round trip and moved distance, and the relation between a road condition and moved distance. And we clarified the relation between the number of round trip and transit - mall length.
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Norihiro Tsuchie, Akio Kondo, Kojiro Watanabe
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
37-42
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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The purpose of this study is to calculate the value of barrier-free maintenance of railway station facilities for elderly and handicapped persons, as a direct use value and an option value. First, the questionnaire survey was executed to examine the willingness to pay (WTP) for barrier-free maintenance of railway station facilities. Next, we assumed the demand function of exponential type, and then the average of WTP is calculated. As a result, in the case of the barrier-free maintenance for elderly persons, a direct use value of elevator and escalator became highest value. In the case of the barrier-free maintenance for handicapped persons, an option value of elevator became highest value.
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Yoshio Fujii, Wakana Satake
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
43-48
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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Recently, users of the local railroad are decreasing year by year, and the continuance of the local railroad becomes difficult in the local city. The railroad is an indispensable movement means for local residents, and the railroad is an important facility as a help of the tourism promotion and a countermeasure method against environmental problem. In this study, we carried out a questionnaire on use of Manyo Line to local residents living along Manyo Line which runs between Takaoka City and Imizu City (formerly Shinminato City) in Toyama Prefecture, and we calculated the marginal willingness to pay to the railroad use using choice-based conjoint analysis. As a result, it was found that the air-conditioning perfection of the vehicles was the most important policy, and secondly the cut in price of the fare and shortening of the service interval were important policies.
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A case Study on Hitachi City,Ibaraki Prefecture
Hiroko Kasai, Minoru Yamada
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
49-54
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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It is hoped that the senior citizen can live healthily when aging proceeds. In this reserch,I inspected concerning the circumstance where the senior citizen goes out. Furthermore, I analyzed necessary support contents when a senior citizen went out. It was understood that the movement service for the senior citizen was necessary from the result of the questionnaire when the public transportation facility was a little. The senior citizen who can walk by oneself uses public transport. The senior citizen that it is difficult to walk by oneself needs movement service and assistance in a getting on and off car that can move from home to a destination directly. If there was interchange between the purveyor of service and the senior citizen, from it understood that the senior citizen who participates increases.
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Mitsunobu Hayashi, Akira Yuzawa
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
55-60
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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With the decrease in the bus useers, the disuse of the bus routes increases in many local regions, and the security of the public transportation becomes the difficult for the aged persons. At present, the introduction of the Demand Responsive Transport(DRT) is advanced in many regions. It is possible that the DRT flexibly corresponds the time and the route in the proportion to the demand for the users. In the DRT, there are three tipes which are the route deviation type, the semi-dynamic type, and the dynamic type. Especially in this study, the semi-dynamic type is compared with the dynamic type. The research are as follows; (1)From the investigation for the local government where the DRT is operated, and the demand forecast model of the DRT was made. (2)The simulation model is developed in order to examine the difference by the operation type of the DRT. As the result, it became cleare that the dynamic type is higher the convenience than the semi-dynamic type for users.
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Kiyoshi Takahashi, Toshinori Nemoto, Yuki Misui
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
61-66
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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A bus terminal is an important traffic nodal point which connects different traffic mode in the city central part, and the form is an important element which influences the traffic convenience in a city part. Therefore, in re-distribution of the space accompanying improvement of a station square, evaluation of form selection is called for about evaluation of bus terminal improvement. A viewpoint important when considering the form of a bus terminal is "miniaturization." It is necessary to consider a bus terminal improvement based on the level of miniaturization. The Shibuya station east gate bus terminal is made into a case study, this study estimates the miniaturization improvement effect of a bus terminal quantitatively, and the validity of the miniaturization is shown.
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Ryuji Kakimoto, Yasuaki Tsuji
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
67-72
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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The users of local bus are decreasing rapidly because of motorization and depopulation. Since many bus routes are deficit, local governments try to keep the bus routes by public subsidy as much as possible. However, many municipalities have a financial deficit and are pressed to reorganize the local bus route. The present subsidy system also has many problems about cost sharing among the municipalities. This paper examines reorganization of local bus route and studies what public subsidy should be. Then, the bus riding survey was performed on the northern area of Kumamoto prefecture in order to investigate the actual condition of bus utilization.
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Kunihiro Kishi, Keiichi Satoh
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
73-78
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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In local cities of Japan, central city has become hollowed out because of motorization and suburbanization. Renewal of urban area using streetcar or Light Rail Transit, based on Transit Oriented Development, has gotten a lot of attention recently. In Sapporo, the streetcar ridership has been decreasing and it is in unfavorable business condition. After the discussion whether streetcar should be abolished or continued, the mayor of Sapporo decided to continue it. Strategy of promoting use of streetcar is presently being studied in Sapporo. The purpose of this study is to clarify effect on promoting use of streetcar by efficient land use on a railroad. Data Envelopment Analysis is applied for efficiency evaluation of streetcar ridership and land use.
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Junichi Takayama, Shouichiro Nakayama, Yoshiyuki Komatsu
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
79-84
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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Travel times or flows on road networks fluctuate daily. One of the main causes of the network flow fluctuation is due to travel demand fluctuation. Road construction results do not only reduce travel time on the network, but also improve the travel time reliability. Therefore, we should consider the travel time reliability when evaluating road construction. In this study, we propose an evaluation method of road construction considering the travel time reliability of the network. In the method, a semi-dynamic equilibrium model is adopted, and is modified to consider the travel time uncertainty which results from travel demand fluctuation. We apply the model to a virtual network numerically. Through numerical calculation, we compare a travel time reliability index before and after road construction, and examine improvement of reliability.
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Empirical Analysis with the Data of Urban Rail Route Choice in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area
Hironori Kato
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
85-90
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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This paper examines the variation of Value of Travel Time Savings (VTTS) over travel time of urban commuters. First, we formulate a time allocation model with the residential location choice. Then, we analyze the VTTS over travel time both theoretically and empirically. The theoretical comparative static analysis shows that the variation of VTTS over travel time depends on the form of utility function. Then, we derive the non-linear utility functions from the Taylor approximated utility functions. The empirical analysis with the data of urban rail route choice in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area shows that the sign of marginal VTTS with respect to travel time may be negative under a specific travel time, but it may change into positive over the specific travel time.
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Using the Person-Trip Survey 2000 data in the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area
Kazumasa Hanaoka
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
91-96
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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The purpose of this article is to propose a weighting adjustment of the Person-Trip (PT) Survey data by using simulated annealing (SA). The accuracies and effectiveness of SA are discussed by comparison with a cell weighting. Major findings are that 1) SA is able to adjust the PT Survey data to the same constrained table of a cell weighting at the 1% difference. In addition, 2) the weighted data also agree with the second constrained table on workplace which has not been incorporated in a cell weighting. Besides, 3) the weighted data fit reasonably well to unconstrained tables on occupation and driver's license. The further analysis reveals that relationships between constrained and unconstrained tables determine the accuracies for unconstrained tables. These findings support that SA is a highly effective approach for a weighting adjustment of the PT Survey data.
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Junyi Zhang, Akimasa Fujiwara, Masashi Kuwano, Yoriyasu Sugie, Backjin ...
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
97-102
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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Focusing on group decision-making mechanisms in household residential choice behavior and the possibility to promote the residing along the rail-based transit systems, this study applies a web-based stated preference survey method to investigate households' preferences for moving to the assumed residential areas along the Astramline, a transit system in Hiroshima City in 2005. It is found that joint decisions lead to the changes of members' preferences in about 40% of the households, and concluded that the survey and analysis methods ignoring group decision-making mechanisms could result in misleading policies. The effectiveness of a group discrete choice model with multi-linear utility function is empirically confirmed. In this case study, it is suggested that high-rising housing close to the Astramline could attract more people to live in and consequently contribute to the effective use of the transit system.
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Mitsunori Yoshimura, Tatsumi Kameno
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
103-108
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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In recent years, a lot of toll road society experiments which prompt for the route change from the open road become implemented by the discount of the toll of the toll road. However, because a company is burdened with the commuting expenses of their employees in many cases when concentrating a commuting congestion problem, there is possibility that the toll policy doesn't lead to the action change of the commuter directly. In this research, we do a company questionnaire, and we clarify the service level of the commuting allowance of the company and the actual state of the commuting support plan. We clarified about 90% companies allow their employees the commutation allowance, and the companies of 13% allow them the toll of a toll road.
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Michiyasu Odani, Hideo Yamanaka, Naoya Akita
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
109-114
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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This paper aims to reveal how an off-peak toll discount scheme, introduced in toll road in Kobe, influenced the driver's travel behavior, based on the results of the driver questionnaire survey. First we show how the drivers shifted their road-use time from the peak hours to off-peak hours and examine what factors contributed to this change. Next, we explain the changes in the frequency of toll road use and segment a driver group to illustrate such changes. Then, we describe the changes in the number of vehicles on the study section of the toll road by time zone before and after the implementation of the off-peak toll discount system. Finally, correlation between the observed change in traffic volume and the driver's attitude toward the toll discount system is also examined.
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a psychological effect of provision of pedestrian survey data in Jiyuugaoka shopping area
Ayako Taniguchi, Satoshi Fujii
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
115-120
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2017
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Since 1960's, Motorization continues in Japan. It brings various merits for our life, but also brings a lot of demerits such as traffic congestion, traffic incidents, environmental problems, and declination of shopping area on city center. In this study, we focused car restriction of shopping area to activate city center. We hypotheses that shop owner whom voice in the negative about car restriction does not know the fact such as "pedestrian desire car restriction", so the information of the fact would given to them, then their attitude towards car restriction would change as those in the positive. We did before and after surveys to verify this hypothesis, and the results of analysis suggested the hypothesis.
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Daisuke Yokoyama, Mamoru Taniguchi, Ryoji Matsunaka
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
121-126
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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This study proposes Market Miles that is advanced index of Food Miles to quantify environmental load caused by the transport, to and from the market. Market Miles is composed from two parts, one is the Article Miles (from the place of origin to the market) and the other is Shopping Miles (from the market to the each home). The case study is executed in different types of two markets that locate in Kurashiki city. The one is regional producting and consuming style morning fair in the downtown, and the other is large-scale suburban store. The Market Miles of large-scale suburban store is about twice as that of downtown market. It is also clarified that the proportion of Shopping Miles is not small especially caused by shopping by car.
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A Case Study in Tochigi Prefecture
Hajime Daimon, Akinori Morimoto, Hirotaka Koike
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
127-132
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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Road construction and maintenance in Japan have been steadily achieved aiming at nationwide quantitative equality. However, many chronic problems such as traffic congestion and traffic accidents are yet to be resolved. In addition, the diminishing financial resources for new road due to the decreasing population and arrival of renewal cycle of existing road call for the efficient allocation of resources in road administration. Furthermore, citizen participation in public planning demands increased accountability and transparency. The Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport initiated a new road administration system based on the management cycle with outcome measures. There are some problems about how to incorporate public opinion and regional characteristics into this new process. In this study, authors proposed a performance management system of road administration reflecting these points.
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Akinori Morimoto, Hirotaka Koike
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
133-138
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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The guideline of the Large-Scale Retail Stores Location Law was revised in 2005. Compared with the uniform standard across the nation, local government could institute the original standards under the new guideline. Thus, the purpose of this paper is creating the local standard of traffic concerns such as parking capacity and traffic assessment in Tochigi prefecture. The new standards are established according to some findings from original field surveys in 2002 and 2004. Addition to this, some condition of traffic simulation is also summarized for when simulator should be used. From the result of this study, the new standards are implemented on April in 2006.
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Mio Suzuki, Tetsuo Yai
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
139-144
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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The intermixture of bicycles and pedestrians in sidewalk is very dangerous for pedestrians. However, it is thought difficult from the point of safety of bicycles to make bicycles run on driveway. Furthermore, for building the way only for bicycles, roads are too narrow in urban area of Japan. So, in this study, the possibility of development of bicycle lane on driveways is verified in the urban area of Japan, with the view of both bicycle users and car drivers. From both of the questionnaire using CG for bicycle users and the safety experiment using driving simulator for car drivers, the roads with the white-line separation from driveway were preferred and effective to them with the structural separation and without separation, -when the width of lane was not sufficiently large.
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Susanne Elfferding, Morio Uzuki, Mitsuyuki Asano
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
145-150
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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Members of the Working Group for Bicycle-Friendly Municipalities in Northrhine-Westfalia, Germany, have been experimenting with new kinds of bicycle lanes since the 1990s, creating bicycle route networks covering their whole areas. Based on this experience, road traffic regulations as well as their pertaining administration regulations were amended in 1997, reflecting a new attitude towards bicycle traffic and adding new bicycle rules. Bicycle lanes now are implemented by re-organising existing road space, namely by re-organising roads, easing of road traffic regulations and re-organising pedestrian space. This helps to avoid investing big sums of money or a lot of effort. Additionally, directions signs and other services help to create an attractive bicycle network. By implementing such a traffic system, the town of Troisdorf managed to increase bicycle traffic while decreasing motor vehicle traffic, making their traffic more environmentally friendly.
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Urban Area and Vehicle Kilometers
Takamasa Suzuki, Yasunori Muromachi
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
151-156
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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This study first re-evaluated the relationship between urban density and per capita car use which most of previous studies supported. We showed that the relationship was also interpreted as one between total urban area and total car kilometers. Next, with person trip surveys conducted in American and Asian mega-cities, the factors affecting both total urban area and total car kilometers were analyzed. We studied total urban area and total car kilometers, and their relationship with average travel speed and modal split, which were found to significantly affect these elements. Finally, we revealed that increase in average travel speed and car share contributed to the expansion of both total urban area and total car kilometers. Also, to supply efficient public transportation, in terms of travel speed, could have the effect of constraining urban area and car use.
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Masashi Kuwano, Akimasa Fujiwara, Junyi Zhang
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
157-162
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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This paper aims at diagnosing the efficiency of household's use of private vehicles in suburbs of local city. Unlike metropolitans, the quality of public transport services in such areas is not high, so that the inhabitants are forced to depend on private vehicles. Therefore, the efficient utilization of household's private vehicles becomes essential top reduce environmental emissions along with continuous improvements of public transport in the local areas. Stochastic frontier analysis is employed to measure the efficiency in household's car uses. It turns out that the average of annual vehicle kilometers can be reduced by 2802km per household if all households will optimally use their vehicles.
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Hiroshi Tatsumi, Satoshi Toi, Yoshitaka Kajita
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
163-168
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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When the parking lot which the drivers visit is full, the parking lot search behavior that looks for the vacant parking lot happens. It is thought that "Wandering about vehicles" generated in this process influence road congestion in the central business district. In this study, the actual condition of parking behavior including parking lot search behavior in the full car was clarified by the investigation in Seaside Momochi area in Fukuoka city. The parking behavior model including parking lot search behavior in the full car was constructed by combination of disaggregate models (MNL model and NL model). As a result, parking lot choice model and parking lot search model weren't adopted the same kind of explanation variables. Thus it was clarified that each model must be constructed by the data of each behavior.
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Naoya Akita, Michiyasu Odani
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
169-174
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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Illegal parking for loading activities has become one of the reasons of traffic congestion and accident in CBD. This study aims to propose a location planning method of on-street loading bays for delivery vehicles in a short period in CBD. First, we showed the actual situations of loading activities by on-street parked vehicles. Second, we proposed a location planning method of on-street loading bays, consisted of three models: 1) the forecasting model of loading activities on street by buildings, 2) the forecasting model of parking time of delivery vehicles and 3) the allocation method of on-street loading bays using P-median problem. Finally, we verified the availabilities of this method through developing an allocation plan of on-street loading bays in the case study area.
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Masashi Miyagawa
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
175-180
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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This paper examines the relationship between the location of interchanges and the travel time to a fixed destination and the nearest interchange. First, we formulate a simple model in which an expressway and local roads are assumed to be a straight line and a continuous plane respectively. Then, we analyze how introducing a smart-interchange affects the travel time. The smart-interchange is an interchange which is only for electronic toll collection system (ETC). The model shows that introducing a smart-interchange is effective in the region where the spacing between adjacent interchanges is large and the speed on local roads is low.
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An Analysis Using Conditional Facility Location Models
Tsutomu Suzuki
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
181-186
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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Fast transportation routes such as railways and highways in a city have an effect on locational decision making and urban spatial structure. This paper investigates optimal locational pattern of focal points in several ideal cities with fast transportation routes using conditional facility location models that minimize total travel distance. Optimal solutions with seven patterns of fast transportation routes are compared for two types of location model: traditional p-median model and flow-demand p-median model. Results shows that fast routes significantly affect locational patterns, especially for flow-demand models. Travel speed on fast routes also plays an important role in deciding optimal location. We observe that rectangular lattice and orbital route can reduce the concentration at the center and that hierarchical structure of facility location in flow-demand setting.
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The Analysis of the Tourist Flow Data in Japan
Yudai Honma, Osamu Kurita
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
187-192
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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The purpose of this paper is to present a new travel behavior model for trips with multiple destinations. In order to determine touring behaviors, we first formulate a simultaneous decision making of multiple destinations using the random utility theory. All tourists are expected to consider attractiveness of destinations, total travel cost, and the number of stops. Setting choice sets appropriately, we are able to improve the validity of the model. Next, we focus on tourist's flows in Japan and try to reproduce the number of visitors in each destination. We also estimate the touring flows in Tokyo Metropolitan area.
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The Optimal Number of Hydrogen Stations and The Numerical Solution of Gas Pipeline
Osamu Kurita
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
193-198
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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In this paper, the optimal number and the optimal location of on-site hydrogen stations are examined. The hydrogen stations are connected with natural gas pipeline network, and on each station natural gas is reformed into hydrogen, which satisfies the demmand of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). The model is to minimize the sum of two types of cost: 1) facilities construction and operation cost and 2) traveling cost of FCEVs. Assuming the uniform distribution of the demand, the optimal number of the stations is explictly obtained. And a numerical method to obtain the the optimal location of the stations is proposed.
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Masahiko Yokawa, Seiichi Kagaya, Ken-etu Uchida
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
199-204
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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Ecological footprint (EF) is the area of land and water required to support a defined economy or population at a specified standard of living. This study is aimed at determining EF in consideration of domestic consumption sector by applying the input-output analysis. Moreover, the EF according to each industry for an endogenous sector is also considered. In the analysis, the formula to calculate the standard physical unit is applied. Then, EF of each industry is computed. Additionally, the difference between the environmental carrying capacity of Hokkaido and Japan is compared. In conclusion, the biological viewpoint shows that Japan has the unbalanced trade by EF.
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Naoki Wakae, Tetsu Yoshida, Junzo Munemoto
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
205-210
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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In this study, we made input-output table of Amagasaki-City (industrial city west side in Japan), and by using it, we estimated economic ripple effects after removing 15 large factories and then new land use are located in 5 terms (15 years). Negative ripple effect by removing them are supplemented with new land uses about 104,932 million yen, in comparison with situation that those sites are left as vacant lots. We suppose new uses to be commerce, service business and houses, so manufacturing business reduces much of turnout through 5 terms. But, "pulp, paper and paper converting industry" and "publication and printing business", whose emigration and export ratio from the city are lower than average ratio and so called as non-basic industry, are made clear to increase its turnout.
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Yoshitsugu Aoki
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
211-216
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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The fundamental interest of this study is formation mechanism of the unequal urban land-use pattern. lthough the stochastic urban model was proposed, and the transition of land-use was analyzed, the uniformity of land-use pattern was assumed. In this paper, we examine whether the state transition from the perturbed initial state converge to the uniform state or not. We show that, when the average land-use ratio is in the range in which second differential of the F-function under the assumption of the uniformity is negative, the uniform state is unstable, and the urban area is separated to high region and low region further than the average land use ratio.
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Sohee Lee, Tsutomu Suzuki
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
217-222
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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The purpose of the paper is to find out trend and primary factors of change in commuting distance in Japanese metropolises for the period of 1965-2000. We distinguish the periods by change in the number of workers and commuting distance. During 1965-1970, commuting distance is increasing remarkably for all metropolises according to the spread of commuting boundary. During 1975-1985, increase of commuting distance is still represented that is caused by increase in the number of workers. During 1985-1990, the hasty increase tendency appears to all metropolises affected by bubble economy. During 1990-2000, only decrease tendency of commuting distance appears to Keihinyo (Tokyo) and Keihanshin (Osaka) metropolises, but the central area shows up increase of commuting distance.
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Akihiro Teraki
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
223-228
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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Many kinds of geographic information are available in Japan. Position errors of those have relation to errors of distances and areas. This paper deals with a method to estimate a distance denoted by 2 points on geographic information. First of all, a model for position errors and distances is introduced. Then, a method to estimate real distances using Bayes' theorem is proposed. Then case studies are done for situations typical in urban planning. The results show that estimated values are practically valid if distances on geographic information are large enough. But, in some cases, additional studies are required.
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A case study on the modernization of Otsu city in Shiga prefecture
Tsuyoshi Kigawa, Masao Furuyama
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
229-234
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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Owing to a city is composed by a number of value judgements, it is difficult to understand the whole structure by an urban model analysis, which evaluates the function of a city from a single viewpoint. Therefore, a complex problem in a city of today takes a long time to be solved. The purpose of this study is to investigate one of the typical urban problems of these days, a decline in central area of city, in terms of several urban models. For this aim, we applied Space Syntax to Otsu City and examined the evolution from several standpoints: Global, Local and Urban Entropy Coefficient. This analysis revealed that the form of the central Otsu has not transformed; however, the morphological function of the area has changed.
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Hajime Kirita, Yoshiaki Ohsawa
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
235-240
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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The aim of this paper is to analyze how introducing Heat-reflective glass, which are used in many large cities in the world, generates the sky reflected on it through a simple mathematical model. First, we formulate the section model to understand the fundamental relationships between the reflected sky and the observation location, the building height and the road width. Second, we propose the anlaytical method to compute the solid angle of the reflected sky for any rectangular parallelopiped. We show the simple illstrative example how the solid angle is affected by the observation location, the building height and the road width.
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Tetsuharu Oba, Yoshitaka Aoyama, Dai Nakagawa, Yuka Karatani
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
241-246
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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This study includes the following two purposes. The first is to model the willingness of local residents to cooperate with the activities for conservation of the traditional wooden houses called "Kyo-Machiya" and the scenery in central area of Kyoto City, using binary choice model with social interactions. The second is to evaluate the sustainability of conservation about Kyo-Machiya and the scenery, based on the economic analysis result by this model. As the result of this study, we clarified that the higher the ratio of other people's cooperation, the higher the selection probability of local residents cooperation. Also, we clarified that, out of 19 school districts that this study targets, 16 school districts maintain the sustainability of conservation about Kyo-machiya and the scenery, but the other districts don't.
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Through Four-Week Activity-Telecommunications Diary and Depth Interview Surveys
Yukari Niwa, Nobuaki Ohmori
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
247-252
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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This paper investigates interactions between face-to-face meeting and telecommunications of young couples. Four-week activity and telecommunications diary survey and in-depth interview were conducted for 15 young couples living in Tokyo. Mobile e-mail was dominant as a telecommunications means and about 50% of the use of telecommunications was with the partner. There was variability in activity duration and locations of face-to-face meeting, and the frequency of telecommunications with the partner, among the couples with different living styles: living together, alone or with family members. Satisfaction levels of daily life were correlated with the amount of face-to-face contacts but not with the frequency of telecommunications. Most of the couples were satisfied with the amount of telecommunications, but about half of them were willing to increase the amount of face-to-face meeting.
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Yusuke Kobayashi, Yoshifumi Yasuoka
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
253-258
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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This study is to analyze the accessibility for forest and the placement of forest for landscape and urban planning. For this purpose, we propose FAI and PFAI based on RA. Using these methods, this study is applied to land cover analyzed by Landsat TM data in 3 wards in Kawasaki City and 6 wards in Yokohama City in Tama Hills. The results were as follows. 1) RA and FAI were useful methods to analyze the distribution of forest and urban area. 2) PFAI was useful method to find the best placement changing to forest. 3) We found the characteristics of the distribution of forest and urban area in the applied wards using these methods.
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Keisuke Inakawa, Takehiro Furuta, Atsuo Suzuki
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
259-264
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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We consider location problems of ambulances. For the problems, we construct a traffic road network. The network contains two types of roads. They are major streets and the other roads. We assume that the speeds of ambulances are different in these two types of roads. We obtain the speeds by an iterative method. Using the network, we give a framework for evaluating ambulance systems by the continuous-time Markov chain method in the meaning of expected response time. We introduce two computational experiments for the ambulance system of Seto city. The first is a comparison with the results of our previous research. We obtain different optimal locations. This is because of using the traffic network. The second is a variation of our previous research. Locations of 4-medians are added to the candidates of the optimal locations. By comparing to the median problem, we discuss the effect of stochastic features in ambulance systems.
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Ken-ichi Tanaka
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
265-270
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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This paper proposes a maximum flow-covering location model considering the time dimension. The problem is to decide the location and the starting time of a concert (or any other service) so as to maximize the total number of potential customers. The number of potential customers is defined as the number of office workers that can attend the concert after their work from start to end and can arrive home by a given time. This problem can be formulated as optimally locating a line segment of given length parallel to the time-axes in the space-time plane. We present some numerical examples under various assumptions about trip densities and examine some properties of optimal solution. We conclude the paper by giving future research directions.
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Ping Chen, Zhenjian Shen, Mitsuhiko Kawakami
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
271-276
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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The commercial environment of many local cities in Japan is experiencing decline in its centre area and local governments have developed all kinds of city center generation policies to constrain this trend and revitalize the central city commercial environment. However, it is difficult to evaluate the potential impact of current policies on city future due to the uncertainty and complexity inherent in urban system. This study tries to explore the use of MAS for impact analysis of development regulations concerning large-scale commercial facilities. Therefore, a Shopsim-MAS model was developed in which shopping behaviors of households are simulated and shopping spatial patterns emerged from the interactions between shops and households are used to visualize and examine the impact of different development regulations regarding large scale shopping center on inner city commercial environment.
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Hajime Takatsuka
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
277-282
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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The aim of the paper is to verify the policy importance of activation of urban cores in terms of urban economics. Specifically, using a model of economy with service quality (Kobayashi et al., 1990) and UEA (Urban Employment Area) based data, we have test the relationship between urban densities and activity of twelve service industries. The results are as follows: We can see significantly positive relationship only for technical services (including teaching services), restaurants and bars. We guess the reason is that these industries are knowledge-intensive and have various externality effects, including firm-to-firm externalities and consumer-to-firm externalities. To activate urban cores and urban economy, we have to consider these characteristics of service industries.
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Akira Ohgai, Yoshimizu Gohnai
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
283-288
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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Community-Based Planning for Disaster Mitigation (WS) has been executed in nationwide various places since Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. In these WS, the problems on disaster prevention in the district are extracted and disaster measures are proposed to these problems. However, after it is extracted and it is proposed, neither the problems nor disaster measures are examined enough. Therefore, it is possible that the participants for the WS do not agree and considerations of the participants do not improve. In this research, it aims to develop the system that it contributes to consensus building by participants and it supports the planning of disaster measures in WS. The tool was developed based on process in WS arranged referring to some WS and examination of the function. And, it experimented, and the utility of the tool was verified.
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Tetsunobu Yoshitake, Chikashi Deguchi, Fumio Kajiwara, Joji Abe
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
289-294
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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The purpose of this paper is to propose better utilization of the advisory council system in city planning process. A case study was carried out for the development permission of large-scale shopping center in the urbanization control area in Miyazaki city. Actions and procedures by various actors were sorted out chronologically, and then, the features of the Miyazaki process were identified. Based on analysis of the features, the weaknesses of the current advisory council system were considered from the viewpoint of relation between the councils and local governments. Finally, several improvement ideas were proposed concerning a) independency and expertise, b) accountability for member appoint system, c) consistency among plans on the same/different level of governments, and d) the role of city planning councils in city master planning.
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Research on the criteria for operating the Article 34, Section 1 and 8 of the City Planning Law
Tomoki Kitazaki, Kenjiro Omura, Tomokazu Arita
2006 Volume 41.3 Pages
295-300
Published: October 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: June 26, 2018
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The purpose of this paper is to make comparative studies of the criteria for controlling commercial use location in operating the Land Development Permit in Urbanization Control Areas and to discuss the possibilities and limitations of the Article 34, Section 1 and 8 of the City Planning Law. We conducted surveys on the criteria operated by the 116 local competent authorities and discovered the typical 5 patterns of methods for controlling commercial use location. We also implemented questionnaire survey to the local municipalities on the facts and problems of operating the Land Development Permit, and clarified that many commercial facilities permitted have significant deviations from the intended purpose of the Law in terms of location and business category.
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