The purpose of this study was to systemically review cohort studies of the preventive effects on locomotorium diseases in order to collectively evaluate the evidence.
 We searched the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, and lchushi-Web for papers published from1990 to September 17, 2009. The search was not limited by the language in which the paper was written.
 We found only one article (in Japanese) that fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Results in this article showed that bone fractures were significantly lower in the group with two times or more utilization of the hot spa bathing per year compared to the group with one time or less utilization per year, even after adjusting for the confounding effects of exercise habits and WHO-QOL. However, a metaanalysis could not be applied.
 We propose that it is necessary to conduct more cohort studies in which researchers choose suitable outcome measurements that assess long term effects.

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 Acupuncture treatment is one of the conditioning methods in the competition field. Athletes who are forced in regularly intensive training often induced deteriorating of condition. Good conditions are adjusted by interaction of immune system, nervous system and endocrine system. Neutrophils and lymphocytes which are blood components prevent infections of the human body in various ways. Intensive training causes an increase of neutrophils, a decrease of lymphocytes and a negative impact on the immune functions. It has been reported that acupuncture stimulation could be involved in the coordination of the immune system. Therefore, acupuncture treatment could be important to keep physical condition and participate physical activity according to the plan without deteriorating of condition. It may be useful not only for athletes but also for the general public who train for the purpose of health and sports enthusiasts. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acupuncture stimulation on fluctuation of neutrophils and lymphocytes by the transient high-intensity exercise.
Method : Twelve healthy men (23.6±O.3 yr [±SE]) participated in this study. Subjects exercised on bicycle ergometer for 60 minutes at 75% of their VO₂max. Acupuncture treatment was applied at LU6 (Kongzui), LI 4 (Hegu), ST 36 (Zusanli), and ST 6 (Jiache), for 30 min after the exercise. Blood samples were taken before exercise, immediately after exercise, hourly after exercise until 4 hours and 24 hours after exercise. Leukocyte, neutrophils, lymphocytes, Th cells and Tc cells were measured from the blood samples.
Result : The neutrophils significantly increased from Post 1h to Post 4h in the both trials (P < 0.05). However the neutrophils was significantly lower in the acupuncture group than in the control group at Post 1h and Post 3h (P < 0.05). The lymphocytes significantly increased from immediately after exercise to Post 24h in the control trial, and increased significantly only at Post 1h to Post 3h in the acupuncture trail (P<0.05). The Th cells significantly decreased from Post 1h to Post 24h in the control trial and decreased significantly only at Post 1h, 2h and 24h in the acupuncture trail (P < 0.05).
Conclusion : These results suggested that acupuncture stimulation may reduce the increase of neutrophils and the decrease of lymphocyte and Th cells caused by high-intensity exercise. These results indicated that acupuncture stimulation may promote the recovery from high-intensity exercise.

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 We have previously reported that hot-spring hydrotherapy for a short duration can change hormone levels in the blood and quantitatively as well as qualitatively regulate leukocytes and their subpopulations. In this study, we examined the effect of hot-spring hydrotherapy on the lymphocytes expressing β₂-adrenergic receptors (β₂-ARs). We obtained peripheral blood from 9 healthy volunteers (age, 49.7±11.2 years) at the same sampling time before and after (the next day) hot-spring hydrotherapy, and measured the total and differential leukocyte counts and the levels of 3 catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine). We also analyzed the β₂-AR of lymphocyte subsets by combination with fluorescent monoclonal antibodies (CD3, CD4, CD 8, CD 19, and CD56) by using flow cytometry.
 The number of granulocytes significantly decreased after hot-spring hydrotherapy (p < 0.05). The ratio of β₂-AR⁺ CD4⁺ cells and β₂-AR⁺ CD3⁺ cells was low, but that of β₂-AR⁺ CD56⁺ cells and β₂-AR⁺ CD8⁺ cells was high. The CD8⁺ cell and CD56⁺ cell counts tended to increase after hot-spring hydrotherapy, but no significant variation was found in the β₂-AR⁺ cells of each subset. Adrenaline levels also significantly decreased after hot-spring hydrotherapy (p < 0.05). The rate of change in adrenaline levels before and after hot-spring hydrotherapy was highly correlated with the rate of change in the levels of CD56⁺, CD8⁺, and β₂-AR⁺ CD56⁺ cells. Thus, we found a difference in thepercentage of β₂-AR-expressing cells in the lymphocyte subsets. Therefore, it is possible that a short duration of hot-spring hydrotherapy decreased adrenaline levels and quantitatively influenced the natural killer cells and CD8⁺ cells, which express large amounts of β₂-AR.

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 心血管系は心臓と血管から構成される。心臓は静脈から流入した血液を動脈に送り出すポンプとして機能する。血管は血液量を制御する機能と、血流を制御する機能を持ち、前者は血管コンプライアンスで、後者は血管抵抗で表わされる。そこで、この両機能を分離して、前者を動脈と静脈に、後者を末梢血管に対応させた。
 以上より、心抵抗 R_h、動脈 C_a、静脈 C_b、末梢血管 R_s からなる心血管系モデルを構築した。このモデルにおいて、動静脈圧差 Δpと最大動静脈圧差Δp_Mとの比：循環率θ≡Δp ⁄ Δp_M、および心拍数 ƒ と心筋の拡張期末コンプライアンス C_h0 の積の逆数：心抵抗 R_h＝1 ⁄ ƒC_h0（圧／流量の次元を有する）を定義した。この結果、循環率θは運動とは関係なくθ＝1 ⁄ 2であることを示した。この調節はR_h ⁄ R_sを一定とすることによりなされ、かつその比は動脈コンプライアンス分率 k_a に等しい。
 さらに、θ＝1 ⁄ 2のときのコンプライアンスと抵抗の関係k_a＝R_h ⁄ R_sを用い、循環血流量が負荷血液量Vと心抵抗 R_h の比 V ⁄ R_h、負荷血液量Vと血管抵抗 R_s、の比 V ⁄ R_s に比例することを示した。生体が運動時に循環血流量を増加させる際には、負荷血液量を増加させるとともに、心拍数の増加による心抵抗の減少、および血管抵抗の減少により心抵抗血管抵抗比を一定に保つ。すなわち、V ⁄ R_h、V ⁄ R_sは増加し、生体は θ を1 ⁄ 2に保ちながら循環血流量を増加させている。

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 Blood glucose disposition rate after intravenous glucose infusion is considered to reflect mainly the rate of cellular glucose uptake, the rate of glucose degradation process and gluconeogenesis. excluding the influense of glucose absorption.
 When it is hypothesized that the elevated blood glucose is disposed by constant rate (one-compartment theory), the following formula will be realized.
 Ct = A (1— k)^t   Ct = blood glucose level at t-minutes after infusion
            A = initial glucose level after infusion
            k = constant glucose disposition index / min
 log Ct = log A (1—k) ^t= log A + t log (1 — k)
 This formula demonstrates that logarithm of blood glucose concentration (Ct) is a one-dimensional (linear) function of time t with a slope log (1 — k), and blood glucose disposition index k can be calculated from this slope.
 To examine the validity of this hypothesis, 1.5 ml / kg of 20% glucose (0.3g / kg) was infused at rest within 3 minutes into an antecubital vein and plasma glucose was determinned at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 min after the cessation of infusion.
 In 10 healthy subjects, linear regression coefficient between logarithm of plasma glucose and time t was significantly higher (r= 0.992 ± 0.006, p<0.001) during 5 to 40 min. Calculated k index ranged from 0.78 to 4.54% / min and the correlation between the 1st and the 2nd measurements (n=5) within a week was also significantly high (0.92±0.06, p<0.01). These results highly support the validity of basic formula (one-compartment theory) and practical procedure to measure k index.
 The effects of warm water bathing (42 C, 10min) was examined in 7 subjects keeping warmth by blankets. After bathing, k value remained in nearly the same in 4 subjects, decreased in 2 and increased in 1. Although more detailed studies are needed, the effect of single bathing on glucose disposition seems to be not so significant.

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