Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architects
Online ISSN : 2185-3053
Print ISSN : 0387-7248
ISSN-L : 0387-7248
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Displaying 1-50 of 68 articles from this issue
  • Tutomu HATTORI, Isoya SHINJI
    1994 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 1-6
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: June 06, 2016
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    There are 2 ducking field in the Former Hama Detached Palace Garden. These are KOSHINDO and SHINSENZA ducking fields. The ducking fields are presently fenced as a natural preservation area.
    Visitors can see the inside of KOSHINDO ducking field through windows (KONOZOKI). There are a number of unclarified points about this paper, therefore, aims are at presenting historical data on the ducking fields.
    Some examples are as follows: the definition, structure and distribution of the ducking fields, changes of the composition and characteristics of the ducking fields in the former Hama detached Palace Garden.
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  • Shinobu UCHIDA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 7-12
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Nijo Castle has a garden called “Honmaru Garden”, which was constructed in the 29th year of the Meiji Era (1896). However, there is little literature on the chronological changes this garden has undergone and almost no studies have been made of the changes. In this study I aim at clarifying the chronological changes Honmaru Garden has undergone up to now, by using old plansand photographs of the garden. As a result, the garden has undergone small changes in plants grown there, but the garden has been tended and administered with its layout unchanged. As that explanation, all of the old plans of the garden that are available show that the artificial hill in the garden had two paths starting at the front foot of the hill and leading up to its top and one path starting at the hind foot of the hill and joining one of the foregoing two paths halfway up the hill. Some of the old plans show that one or two of the three paths were in the form of flights of steps. Photographs of the garden which were taken at the time of its completion and in the 15th year of the Showa Era (1940) show that the artificial hill had two paths starting at its front foot and leading up to its top and that the two paths were in the form of flights of steps. The area where a wall called Tamon-bei originally existed is now replaced with evergreen trees and does not give an open impression, but those photographs show that the site of the wall was not planted with trees at the time when the photographs were taken. Today, the three paths leading to the top of the artificial hill are covered with moss and grass, and the garden stones and the garden lanterns are hardly visible because of shrubs.
    After the competent authorities was passed from the Imperial Household Agent to Kyoto City in 1939, it opened to the public. And the character of Honmaru Gardenwas changed from individual use to public one. With the result that it has become difficult to tend and administer the garden as before.
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  • Taketoshi KAWAHARA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 13-18
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The author studied how they were maintaining the garden planting in the Heian and Kamakura period, by means of reading diaries, essays, tales, stories, etc. The main conclusions were as follows ;(1) the official title of the man who maintained the garden planting, (2) the methods of maintenance, (3) the methods of providing a garden with plants, (4) the types of facilities for protecting garden plants.
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  • Satomi WATANABE
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 19-24
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study is concerned with the history of the appreciation of lotuses in Japan. The result is as follows: 1) During the ancient period, there exists the appreciation of lotuses, which is influenced by the proses and poems of China. 2) During the classical period, lotuses are observed minutely, and its results are reflected in the appreciation of lotuses. 3) During the medieval period, the appreciation of lotuses gains the moments of actuality and practicality. Moreover the lotus becomes the main constituent of the esthetic structure which is composed of lotus and its environmental factors by their being reconstructed. 4) During the pre-modern period, the moments of being in close touch with the character of lotuses and the relationship of the surrounding factors of lotuses are developed maximumly.
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  • Asako MURAKAMI, Eijiro FUJII
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 25-30
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The “rikka” grew out of a simple style called the “tate-bana” and became formalized by arranging seven main flower stems or branches in positions. The rikka was affected by Buddhism, and the aims of the rikka is to express a symbolized nature. The forms of flower stems or branches and their structure have a symbolized sense of Mother Nature, then the arrangement of flower stems or branches should not against the principle of nature. The “suna-no-mono” was one of the rikka style flower arrangements, and it expressed a closerange view in contrast with the rikka expressing a distant view. The suna-no-mono has a similarity to a garden which expresses concrete scenery in this aspect. People did not only admire the beauty of a bonsai, but also enjoyed oneself wandering in the ideal world perceived in a bonsai. The appreciation of bonsai have a resemblance to the appreciation of garden, in which people can enjoy themselves in both aspects of body and soul.
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  • Hiroshi MARUYAMA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 31-36
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We can see now a lot of publications in relation to morning glory which had been published in Bunka and Bunsei eras (1804-1830) and Kaei and Ansei eras (1848-1860) of Edo period.
    And the morning glory publications were prospering again from the 30s of Meiji era. Some morning glory magazines began to be published from the late 20s of Meiji era in Tokyo and main local cities.
    Morning glory societies made these magazines information media about morning glory and attracted morning glory dilettantes. It seems that the popularity of morning glory was attributed to that it was an annual plant and was cultivated easily and comparatively inexpensive material. Besides there was dilettantism for varieties of morning glory led to recessive heredity, that is to say, the adoration for the horticulture of Edo period. Morning glory magazines had two phases, of which one was a kind of modern comunication media and the other involved premodern horticultural taste, or dilettantism of Edo period.
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  • Kimihiro NISHIMURA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 37-42
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The aim of this study is obtain the character of “Landscape Gardening” and “Collegeyard planning” at Chiba Prefectural Colle ge of Horticulture. Since “Landscape Gardening” taught by Yasunosuke KAGAMI or Takanori HONGOU was characterized by “esthetics”, Osami HAYASI who had studied in England occupied a prominent position in “Collegeyard planning”. But they regarded garden as modern openspace, it can be said that Collegeyard at Chiba Prefectural College of Horticulture was of a public character by “Landscape Gardening”.
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  • Sawako ONO
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 43-48
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To know how people personalize their environment with gardening, I conducted in depth, open-ended interviews with a selected sammple of gardeners living at a housing complex in Tokyo. The rusults are:
    1. The garden is semipublic space.
    2. The difeerences between park and garden are seen in a sence of distance, freedom in activities and design reflexing gardeners personality.
    3. The close relationship between a gardener and his/her garden is developed by a process of gardening, everyday care for growing things and plants with aspecial memory.
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  • Masakazu NOJIMA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 49-54
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this thesis is to study the social intent which the conceptions of suburban development were given between the last years of Meiji era and the first years of Taisho era. The method is to analyze arguments related to housing and cityplanning during this period. The characters of this residence are as following, separation of office and house, planned development, suburb, owner's house. The suburb is the urban space which was realized under Modernization. These characters were argued relatedly. These arguments considered urban housing space as measures of enlightenment which intended to make people under control by rurling class suitable for national culuture and capitalism.
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  • Masato DOHI
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 55-60
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this thesis is to study the reciprocity between the spatial change of the urban openspace and the institutional change of the social system which were observed in the transition era, Edo to Tokyo. Since the social estate system was the fundamental system of Edo, the social relief system of Edo had worked within the each social estate groups on general principles. The poor who were in the openspace had to be initiated into the social estate groups that had the activity of life mainly on the openspace like Goumune, Hinin etc. The Meiji government declared the abolishment of the social estate system in early Meiji era. The poor on the road, included who belonged to the ex-social estate groups of the openspace, began to be eliminated from road and began to be accommodated spatially. The public parks of early Meiji era had the aspect of this spatial accommodation. As the conclusion of this thesis, the institutional change from the accommodation by the social estate groups to the spatial accommodation had the reciprocity deeply with the spatial change of the urban openspace.
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  • Mikiko ISHIKAWA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 61-66
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Characteristics of the Park System Movement in its early stages (1860-1900) in U. S. A. are summarized as follows. First, a park system was regarded as an interconnected system of parks, parkways and boulevards, and by establishing such an infrastructure, planners intended to facilitate high quality urban development. Second, the economic effects of the development of park system were analyzed, and the actual magnitudes of the increased value of land assets produced a sound confidence for a further development of the park system. Third, the municipal park systems were gradually expanded, and at the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of regional planning was generated and found its applications based on the development of the park system.
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  • Shunsaku MIYAGI
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 67-72
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fletcher Steele (1885-1971), American landscape architect, played a critical role in development of modernism in landscape design in the United States throughout 1920s and 30s. Hisextensive and detailed study of the French gardens by the modernist designers such as Tony Garnier, Gabriel Gevrekian, Andre Vera, Pierre Legrain, and others have delivered several conceptual thoughts on the treatment of garden space. It is his claim that artifacts in gardens to generate visual illusion, composition of geometrical forms in three dimensional space, spatial relationship with modernist architecture, all these concepts lead to developing space composition which represents a critical factor of modernist space in landscape.
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  • Saburo KIMURA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 73-78
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This Essay express the Japanese Revivals to Chinese Landscape Gardening in Ancient Times of Japan. Japan has held long intercourse with China from ancient time. Many people have been to China and many books have been brought from China. So chinese landscape gardening has had various influences on Japanese Garden at each period. This essay discuss about the influence of “Hakushi-monju” which is thought to be rather great.
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  • Junichi OGURA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 79-84
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Forests of the Kanto region in the 1880's were studied mainly through the drafts of the geographical maps surveyed then and the reconnaissance notes to support the maps. The results are as follows.(1) Most of the forests there in those days were those dominated by Pinus species or those dominated by deciduous Quercus species.(2) Forests dominated by Pinus were common in the areas near the sea and the courses of the Tone River, and forests dominated by Quercus were often or sometimes seen in Musashino, Sagamino and the northern part of the Kanto region.(3) Most trees of the forests were less than 10 meters in hight in general, and there were areas in which forests less than 4 meters or even less than 2 meters were commonly seen.(4) Such low forests were common especially among those dominated by Quercus.(5) High forests or trees were often seen in the government-owned places, near temples and shrines, near houses, and along roads.
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  • Junichi TESHIMA, Shigeru HORI
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 85-90
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this study we have examined the role of Tochigi Prefecture in the establishment of Nikko National Park.
    The results can be summarized as follows.
    (1) Tochigi Prefectural Goverment carried out field surveys toward the establishment of Nikko National Park;(2) Tochigi Prefectural Goverment launched efforts toward the conservation of Nikko National Park, (3) Tochigi Prefectural Goverment made concrete plans to establish facilities for the utilization of Nikko National Park.
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  • Masanori NISHIDA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 91-96
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    There are some modern fortress remains of the Meiji and Taisho era in the Setonaikai National Park. There can be seen similar remains of firm batterys and brick soldier facilities at beautiful scenic places of the park in the Kii Channel the Geiyo Islands, the Hiroshima Bay, the Kanmon Straight, and the Bungo Channel.
    These fortress places were designated as the National Park after the World War II, because these formed the tasteful landscapes and the important recreational centers of the park as excellent observatory points, and these lands were owned by the government and local governments. The paper shows what modern fortress remains were and why these places formed the recreational centers.
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  • Noriko INOTUME
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 97-102
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Yufuin town, Oita Prefecture, has dramatically developed from a small isolated village into a well-known sparesort after the opening of Trans-Kyushu motorway. The main attraction of Yufuin is its excellent rural landscape.
    The landscape of Yufuin has gradually been sculptured as the local people dealt with each arising issue reflecting the nation-wide debate related to landscape.
    This thesis is to demonstrate that the policies or measures established by Yufuin town precisely reflect the change of situation. The focus was first on natural landscapes, thenchanged to industrial landscapes and recently to small-scale neighborhood landscapes.
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  • Jung-Dai KIM, Yoichi KUMAGAI
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 103-108
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this study, the process of founding and unfolding of Walker Hill, which has been considered as a cradleland of morden resort of Korea after the Korean War, is investigated. The developmental process of Walker Hill consists of the following stages.
    1. Founding Stage (1960's): Walker Hill, which was opened as a international resort hotel in 1963, has been founded on the designation as a military resort for U.S. Armed Forces stationed in Korea.
    2. Unfolding Stage (1970's): As to be privatized in 1973, with the constitution of fascinations, such as the extension of the main building and the construction of a composite amusement center, Walker Hill introduced the tourist indurtry of Korea into a revolutionary turning point.
    3. Evolving Stage (1980's): In 1985, as keeping a favorable balance of accounts for the first time, and after then it was possible to go into the black. Since 1978, it remarked 15-25% of high growth a year, and remarked 27.2 billion wons of gross sales and 371 million wons of net sales in 1985.
    Therefore, It is considered that Walker Hill made a enormous contribution to the economic growth of Korea. Also We can find that Walker Hill has been developed in the relation with the policy of resort and played the important role in the development of resort of Korea as a leader since the Korean War.
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  • Hisako MAKIMURA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 109-114
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The cemmetery maintained by community broke down in modernization. I study new type cemmetery that were constructed recent years. In consequence, I found that the cemmetery have 3 important factors: the individual unit, the commonn religious service and the equality of after death. It seems a bud that copes with the problems in modernization.
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  • Hitoshi UCHIDA, Nobuhiro HAGIWARA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 115-120
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study was to clarifythe difference between root-wrapping materials, such as straw, used when transplanting trees in the past, and new root wrapping materials such as flax bags, woven flax or paper squares-as regards root rotting, root sprouting and tree growth. The three tree types studied were Juniperus chinensis cu. Pyramidalis, Photinia glabra, and Pasania edulis. Rotting initially spread most quickly for paper, but one year later the rotting was worse for straw. However, the material used for wrapping does not appear to have any significant effect on rooting and growth as measured one year after transplanting.
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  • Satoshi NAGASHIMA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 121-126
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. The efficiency of the nonwoven fablic materials for the labor amount saving was tested in the transplanting of Yoshino cherry (Prunus × yedoensis Matum.) about 5 meters high.
    2. The labor amount in the transplanting of a tree was shown in the formulation of relative metabolic rate (RMR)× working time. The experiments were executed in August 1990 the most sever month for the tree transplanting.
    3. The root-off type nonwoven fablic sheet, through which roots could not run, saved the labor amount to 1/5 of the traditional way in the transplanting work, but raised trees to only 270% of the initial trees in the trunk volume during 3 years of the cultivation. Further, the transplanted trees showed a low survival rate.
    4. The root-through type nonwoven fablic pots (45cm in diameter) saved labor amount to about 1/4 of the traditional way, and got the trees to 560 % of the initial trees in massive trunk volum. The trees these pots showed the relatively high tolerance against the transplanting stress in the harmful seasons.
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  • Noboru KURAMOTO, Izumi WASHITANI, Masayuki MAKI, Michiko MASUDA, Ken I ...
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 127-132
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Seed population dynamics of A. kantoensis were investigated in the floodplain of Tama River during 1991 and 1993. Mean number of seeds (achenes) per head and mean percentage of fertile seeds was 67.6 and 55.3%, respectively. Seedrains (number of fertile seeds per unit area) at the eight populations were estimated to be as 1, 400-12, 000/m2. Seed predation by Coleophora were observed to reduce mature seeds. Hence, the effective seed-rains (fertile seeds-predated seeds) were estimated to be as 1, 200-11, 000/m2. Most (95-99%) of seeds were germinated in spring, remaining a small seed-bank of this species.
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  • Michiko HAYANO, Masaru TOKASHIKI, Yu AMEMIYA, Shingo YABASHI
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 133-138
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this study, in order to know the infiltration capacity of the green space in urban parks, we assumed the water balance of depression field which has been hardened by stumping (Pedestrian compaction). On the basis of that water balance, we measured the water level of depression storage and precipitation when rain fell. It is concluded that it shows that inflow can be exist around the depression storage. We also recognize that the depression style of park field to the temporary storage area by rainfall, because the level variance decides surface's flux density.
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  • Eunil KIM, Eijiro FUJII, Toshio ANDO
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 139-144
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We investigated the eye movement and the electroencephalogram inspecting several color of Petunia hybrida to analyze the sight-psychological effect of a plant. We could point out a kind of relation between the eye movement and the electroencephalogram in their difference and similarity between the male and female. And, the comparison between the characteristics of electroencephalogram to the Petunia and to the color clothes, which reported in the previeus paper, brought the similar results without the case of green color.
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  • Yoritaka TASHIRO, Bambang SULISTYANTARA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 145-150_1
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to produce visual image data of thermoscape, which can function as fundamental data and information for evaluating the degree of comfort in the living environment of urban areas in the thermoscape-design process.
    Thermoscape is defined as those that indicate the thermal condition of surfaces of landscape materials located in urban areas, and is utilized to analyze the thermal effectiveness of those landscape materials in urban environmental design. Using an infrared thermovision camera, two district areas located in Shin-Matsudo, Matsudo City, and 21 road-corners were tested as case study areas in the summer of 1993 for producing visual image data of thermoscapes. The thermograph analysis showed in detail the changing pattern and proportion of high and low surface temperature of urban landscape materials. An evaluation of the sequence of thermographs showed clearly that a specific distribution of canopies with low surface temperature occupied part of thermoscape at midday. Vegetation made up the domain of low surface temperature and was stable during the time of observation. On the other hand buildings and roadways surfaced with asphalt made up the domain of high surface temperature.
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  • Kenichiro FUJISAKI, Mariko HANDA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 151-156
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to estimate the effect of greenery on microclimate.The temperature and other climatic factors of inside and outside of greenery were compared.
    On a midsummer sunny day in full sunshine, the difference of temperature of inside and outside of forest were 2-3°C at most. But man feels much cooler when walks into a forest. Then glove temperature were measured with glove thermometers. The difference of glove temperatures of inside and outside of the forest was 17.1°C when the difference of air temperature of them was only 1.6°C. This result suggested that glove temperature is more effective to show the temperature difference felt by human body. Then glove temperatures, air temperatures and other climatic factors were measures around various greeneries. As a result of these experiments, the effect of greenery on microclimate were expressed quantitatively.
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  • Hiroyuki YAMADA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 157-162
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper presents the result of the analysis about relationship between air temperature distribution and distribution of open spaces in Satte city, Saitama pref., Japan.
    First the close investigation of the air temperature distribution has been made and the next step, the regression analysis between air temperature and the ratio of green coverage has made.
    From the regression equations the cooling ratio of each open space elements was estimated.
    The value of the cooling ratio, °C/(10% coverage) from the parallel linear regression equation are as follows; At noon (14h00m):-0.21±0.010°C/(10%: green coverage)
    At night (22h00m):-0.15±0.006°C/(10%: green coverage)
    At early morning (4h00m):-0.13±0.007°C/(10%: green coverage)
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  • Shimpei TAKAHASHI, Satoshi SOGA, Mituo KONDO
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 163-168
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An experiment was conducted on the growth and photosynthetic response of seven kinds of lawngrass under low light conditions. The environmental conditions were controlled such that the air temperature was 20±2°, relative humidity was 75±10%, and day light lasted for 12 hours. The following results were obtained:
    (1) Under a photosynthetically available radiation of 2.42 μmol·m-2·s-1, all kinds of lawn grass withered. Under a photosynthetically available radiation of 7.86 μmol·m-2·s-1, Stenotaphrum secundatum Variegatum.(variegated leaf), Poa pratensis L. and Eremochloa ophiuroides Hack. remained alive. Under a photosynthetically available radiation of 73.84 or 164.77 μmol·m-2·s-1, all seven kinds of lawn grass grew favorably.
    (2) As the photosynthetically available radiation was increased from 2.42 μmol·m-2·s-1 to 164.77 μmol·m-2·s-1, the dry weights of the terrestrial parts of all seven kinds of lawn grass increased.
    (3) Relation between photosynthetically available radiation and photosynthetic rate of seven kinds lawn grass was as follows:
    Zoysia matrella Merr.: Y=-2.2736+0.0328x r=0.765/Eremochloa ophiuroides Hack.: Y=-0.6195+0.0436x r=0.936/Stenotaphrum secundatum Kuntze.(green leaf): Y=-0.5029 +0.0372x r=0.977/Stenotaphrum secundatum Variegatum.(variegated leaf): Y=-0.06061+0.0208x r=0.852/Lo/ium perenne L.: Y=-7.5256 +0.231x r=0.883/Poa pratensis L.: Y=-1.2378 +0.096x r=0. 687/Festuca rubla L.: Y=-1.9379+0.059x r=0.833
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  • Masakazu SUZUKI, Hirotsugu KANNO
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 169-174
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Increasing demand for the cemetery in urban area becomes serious problem but the usable ground for the cemetery is undersupply especially in the suburban area. Urizura is one of the typical residential suburbs and located at the outskirts of Mito-city. Its population is composed of former habitants whose family has been living here for many generations and newcomers who moved here recently and live in Hiranodai housing development area. This study analyzes these residents comparatively and found that there're many differences between them as their degree of demand for their own grave, consciousness for type of cemetery, burial style, memorial service and burying place as it ought to be. Using this analysis as a basis, this study is to search for the possibility of various styles of grave to control unprepared spread of cemetery.
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  • Akiharu KAMIHOGI, Hitoshi IKEGUCHI
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 175-180
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study intends to obtain knowledge regarding the mechanism of human contact with conserved forests in a new town, based on clarifying the relationship between human contact frequency and two things-the physical conditions of the conserved forest and the residential attribution in the new town and its neighboring district. As a result, it is clear that the important factors of the residential attribution are distance from a house, dwelling years, age, residential district, and the important factors of the physical conditions of the conserved forest are length of neighboring road, scale of conserved forest.
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  • Masanori SAWAKI
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 181-186
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study is based on the survey for the new town inhabitants in the Flower-town district of the Kobe-Sanda International Garden City, which is located outside of the suburban greenery conservation area. As the results of this survey, it shows that about 49% of the inhabitants are nature oriented people, and that about 12% of the inhabitants have much interest in nature, especially nature life. They are also contriving to call some birds and insects into their garden, and beside some of them are living near the forest. Most of the inhabitants want to conserve the mountain forests around there and the green area in the new town. New town located near natural area, such as Flower-town, will have to be planned and designed for the nature oriented people removing from urban area.
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  • Keechan KWUN, Daishu ABE, Noboru MASUDA, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Satoshi Y ...
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 187-192
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to clarify the interrelationship between the physical conditions of the conserved forest existed in the newtown and the residential responses to the conserved forest conducted by questionnaire survey from the viewpoint of landscape, utilization, and natural supplying characteristics for the future use of the conserved forest.As a result, it is clear that the evaluation structure of residents is influenced by public availability, accessibility, and visible opportunity relating to the location of conserved forest.It can be also concluded from the viewpoint of the evaluation that the loose slope of topography and well-strutured footpath are very important factors for theirutilization characteristics, and the high density and diversity of arbor layer, and the twolevel forest in height play an important role in their contributing to the landscape and natural supplying characteristics.
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  • Katsue YASUHARA, Hirokazu OKU, Nobuhiko TANAKA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 193-198
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Forest Association Reserve and Special Animals Habitat Reserve in Forest Reserve System were examined to clarify the present situation of the conservation of biotic communities. From two viewpoints which are management plans and ecological situations, 374 Forest reserves were studied. Both management ideas and ways in the functional categories of National Forest and vegetation patterns showed the tendency of the isolation of forest reserves.
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  • Makoto IDE, Naokuni HARADA, Hiroshi MORIYAMA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 199-204
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    Species composition of understory vegetation and seed dispersal were surveyed at a fragmented secondary forest in the campus of The Nat. Inst. of Agro-Environ. Sci., in Tsukuba. Almost all the tree species were bird-dispersed plants, and 40 percent of them were dispersed from the surrounding landscape to the forest. The species composition of fragmented secondary forest was related to the composition of seeds dispersed from the surrounding landscape. The street tree population (Sophora japonica) planted near the fragmented forest collected 49 percent of the amount of seeds dispersed from the surrounding landscape and supplied the seeds of Soph ora japonica to the forest 4.3 times as many as the amount of seeds dispersed from the surrounding landscape. These suggest that street tree population of native species located in the vicinity of fragmented forest may be useful in maintaining desirable composition of seed inputs.
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  • Satoru OHKUBO, Kazuhiro KATOH
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 205-210
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    In suburban areas, management of fragmented forests have become to an important problem. To estimate the future species composition of tree layer, present species composition and size distribution of seedlings and saplings of arbor species were investigated in the suburbs of the Tokorozawa city, Japan. The results are as follows. 1) The species composition were varied with the distance from parent trees, and the internal factors such as vegetative structures and understory coverage. 2) Almost individuals of the present canopy species such as Quercus se rrata and Celtis sinensis were very small (max.=4.8mm), but that of Q. myrsinaefolia, Chamaecyparis pisifera, and C. obtusa were comparatively larger. The latter of the results indicates that Q. myrsinaefolia, C. pisifera, and C. obtusa may dominate under canopy in the future.
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  • Tadashi FUJIMURA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 211-216
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    This study aims to clear the relationship between the changes of secondary forests and the decline of farm forest type usage on the Tama Hills.
    The secondary forests are divided into 7 types by vegetation investigation. One of these types is the evergreen broad leaved forest. One of the rest of types are the deciduous broad leaved forests, divided by the combination of 2 types in crown and 3 types in forest floor structure. Through the analysis of relationships between the destribution of 7 types and slope direction, and angle of inclination, and cutting time, the following changes of secondary forests are founded.
    1) A part of conifer planting forests which had been cut after 1965, Quercus serrata and Quercus accutissima forests which were cut after 1975 at north gently slope and at south steep slope have changed into the forests mixed with tree species which is unsuitable for firewood, for example Cornus contraversa. It is caused by the decline of forest management after cutting. 2) The secondary forest floor dominated by tall Pleioblastus chino or by bush has increased, which is caused by the decline of brush cutting. This change brings the coppies to difficulty in continuity.
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  • Tamotsu HATTORI, Akiharu KAMIHOGI, Seiji KODATE, Emi KUMADAKI, Toshio ...
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 217-222
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    The secondary forests in Flower Town were investigated from the viewpoint of fragmented forest (forest island), in order to clarify the actual conditions of the forests. It was recognized that number of species in a fragmented forest and its area was significantly correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. The fragmented forests were characterized by the invasion of the trees for landscaping and by the absence of the rare species occuring in the near non-fragmented forests. In the small-sized fragmented forests, it seemed that the herbaceous plants were relatively inhibited by arid soil condition. We examined that the necessary areas and numbers of the fragmented forests for conservation.
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  • Yoshiaki HASHIMOTO, Akiharu KAMIHOGI, Tamotsu HATTORI
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 223-228
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    This study intends to discuss a gideline of forest area for conservation of arthropod fauna in newtown. Using the ant biodiverstiy as indicator of arthropod biodiversity, we analyzed the relation between forest areas and arthropod species richness in the forests. There was positively correlation between forest areas and arthropod species richness in the forests. Fragmentation of forest reduced the variety of environmental strucutre in the forest for the inhabitant arthropods. We may conclude that it is necessary to conserve large area forests (more than 1ha) for maintenance of the arhropod species richness and thier habitat diversity in the forests.
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  • Yoshikazu HAYAMA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 229-234
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    The purposes of this paper were to clarify relationship between the vegetation and avifauna in the urban forest at breeding season. Kodomo Natural Park in Yokohama city were choosen for these purposes. As the result of this study we appeared that (1) The small size needleleef tree forest which stand near by the deciduous tree forest is important for birds.(2) The avifauna was influenced by the type of forest floor and tree forms.
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  • Tomohiro ICHINOSE, Kazuhiro KATOH
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 235-240
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    Bird communities on the 20 fragmented woodlots during the wintering and breeding seasons to analyze the factors that influenced the distribution of birds were surveyed in the Tokorozawa City, Saitama Prefecture, Central Japan. Our the results showed that woodlot area is the best predictor of the number of individuals and the species richness. Based on the species composition of bird, the fragmented woodlots were classified into four types: those are core woodlots (type A), woodlots surrounding core ones (type B), woodlots in the field area (type C), and isolated or small woodlots (type D). Besides the woodlot area, the connectivity between woodlots and the landuse surrounding woodlots were recognized as factors influencing avian communities. The necessity of controlling these factors for avian conservation was pointed out.
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  • Mituyo OSADA, Ami OMATOI, Seiwa MORI, Sadatoshi TABATA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 241-246
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    In this study, we observed the relationship between uraban children's play and the livingthings. We chose a pond named “Tonbo-ike” in Honmoku Public Park as as study area, becase this pond has been in the process of restoration for inhabitant environment of the biota. The result of the study showed that ;(1) children have the latent demands for the livingthings and play in nature.(2) Children who have played at “Tonbo-ike” like the livingthings, go to this park frequency, have participated in the events to come in contact with the livingthings, have the experience of catching Dragonflies, and evaluate this pond as a desirable environment with many livingthings. The “tonbo-ike” bring out Children's latent demands for the biota and its environment, and materialize the demands as actually experiences.
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  • Jiro SAKAGUCHI, Masakazu SUZUKI
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 247-252
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    In TSUKUBA SCIENCE CITY, street trees were planted in pairs to make rapid greening and unify crowns. Though it was characteristic design for planting, it becomes clear that not every tree could accomplish the primary design concept after 20years' observation. This paper considers the methodology of planting design inspecting the design concept and its result by means of research of tree's vitality and evaluation of these appearances. As a result, we found that the impact of pair planting design is various in species, for example, Acer buerger ianum and Quercus myrsinaefolia tend to disturb each other but Liriodendron tulipiferaand Liqu idambar styraciflua does not have such tendency. These analysis shows that it is necessary to co ncern about secular changes and control the way of maintenance for street trees.
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  • Sung-kyo CHOI, Takahiro NAKA, Eijiro FUJII
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 253-258
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    The characteristics of spatial composition and its plantings are analyzed in a seaside settlement, which has the both of farmer-dominant and fisherman-dominant areas. A farmer's house mostly faces to south, and on the contrary a fisherman's house does not always face to the south, because of its close connection to the sea located at the northwest of the area. A farmer's house is enclosed by several kinds of trees and the spatial character is relatively close, and on the other hand the fisherman's house is rarely enclosed by hedge or a fence and the spatial character is rather open. The differences in a spatial character between the two areas and the spatial character of each area are considered to be originated from each occupation.
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  • Ayumi TAKANO
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 259-264
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    It is the poupose of this paper, to define “The light which shine through the chinks of branches and leaves”. By using fish eye lens, the condition of canopy, could be categorically measured computer analysis.
    This study falls into two section. The former section is concerning to development measuring program. The program was made of 4 steps. In first step, the photgraphic data is inputted by scanner. In the next step, it deal with piccel data, calculated each categorical rates of 8-color. Finally program, they print out as numerical value.
    The latter section is analytical study for canopy conditions. When we available to use different 8-color rank with the computer color palette. At this analytical simulation study, adequate set up colors are ; black, dark green, sky blue, light green and white, in the case ofusing the canopy data.
    From the measuring experiment, following results were obtained:(1) labstraction of a constituen telements of canopy of sheding leaves, (2) ration of these elements as one of indexes.
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  • Tarou YOSHIOKA, Youichi KUMAGAI, Kaoru SAITOU
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 265-270
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Development of computer technology enable us to visualize rich imformation. 3D modeling and ray tracing technics now produce even photo-realistic woods view. Yet the techniques are still based on ‘What there are’ not ‘What you see’. Brain phisiology founds that actually ‘What there are’ is NOT ‘What you see’. That says the visual imformation are reorganaized at neuron level and in the brain. As a matter of fact the art techniqucs are based on the function of visual nervous system. Thus now we need think about not only how we increse the imformation but also how we organaze imformation. This paper propose the model appling Japanese art technique for reorganaing visual imformation as we see.
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  • Ryuichi AKATANI, Akira ANDO, Akira KANZAKI, Youya CHIDA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 271-276
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    The aim of this study is to analyze the construction of vision and sense at the vista of a river in order to give shape to a scheme for the view of the river.
    As methods for this study, we selected several viewpoints on a bridge crossing the middle reaches of the Kitakami river. Going to the Kitakami river we studied about the distribution of eye catching point in the vista of the river and of the border, with sense of domain (here and there). This study was analyzed by angle of depression.
    The construction of the view of the river that a situation of eye catching point disagrees with a situation of the border with sense of domain has been definitely shown by the result of the study. So we obtained useful data to give shape to a scheme through this study.
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  • Noboru MASUDA, Daishu ABE, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Satoshi YAMAMOTO, Tsuyo ...
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 277-282
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for designing riverfront space which focuses on conserving and creating identity of river.This study is achieved from the viewpoint of water expression spatial nature and river alignment of the riverfront space. The method used in this study is the cognitive evaluation by means of simulation models. The simulation models are established through photomontage using an image processing system.
    Through this study the following findings are obtained. Firstly, it is the most important that the river alignment is a main factor for conserving and creating identity of river in cognitive evaluation. Secondarily, it is suggested that not only a curved line of river alignment but also a surface feature of the river naturalness is important for conserving and creating identity of river. Finally, the landscaping on floodplain plays an important role in creating a desirable riverfront.
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  • Katsunori FURUYA, Jungnum BAE, Masaaki YUI, Hiroshi ISHII, Takamasa KO ...
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 283-288
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The vistas in natural landscape are crucial to the experience of the visitor. We attempted to clarify the characteristic recognitions of various vistas. The followings are the result of investigation. It is not only favorite or naturalness but also landscape movement, dynamism and scale, when we recognize vistas. The standards of evaluation on favorite are variety of landscape elements, broadness, movement, complexity, symbolic elements and brightness. We favor the existing conditions as follows ; various complex landscape elements, far mountains, nearclearing, symbolic elements and aqua-scape. As the characteristic consciouse recognitions, we tend to watch the complex elements, skylines and waterside lines.
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  • Jungnam BAE, Katsunori FURUYA, Masaaki YUI, Kenji NUMAMOTO, Takamasa K ...
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 289-294
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study dealt with observation on the effect of building's position on view of natural landsacpe. 200 pieces of representative photographs representing affected vocal pionts of natural landscape were produced, by which 29 pieces among then were selected. Evaluating using SD Method, the seclected photographs were classified into 6 groups. Test of recognition for vocal point was conducted through set of photographs selected from each group. Based on this testing, 22pieces of simulation photographs which involving some alternatives of architecture's placings were produced. The disparity in appreciation to those simulations and the natural landscapes was evaluted with ME Method. Besides, the harmonious of simulated landscape were ranged using comparative evaluation.
    In the case of buliding existed in focal point of natural landscape, recognition of natural landscape varied; when there were an interesting object and symbol, recognition showed the decreasing of value as much as 60-70%, when there is a contrast on natural landscape, recognition showed decreasing as much as 40-50%, and when there was no interesting object but vocal point lied in the center, the recognition decreased as much as 20-50%.In the case of building did not exist in the vocal point of natural landscape, and when there were vocal point and interesting object, the recognition showed decreasing no more then that of the existing of building. In two of other setting, recognition showed variation in decreasing of value, may be much more or viewer than that of there is building existed in the natural landscape.
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  • Kouichi ICHIHARA, Katsumi TOYOKAWA, Takeshi YAMADA
    1993 Volume 57 Issue 5 Pages 295-300
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Bridge is so big that it can be seen from afar. It will be main factor of landscape. Figure and color of bridge must be careful to design for good landscape. In this paper, 49 compound hotographs are made by computor graphics. Using them, scenery evaluation test is done. And frequency distribution data of every evaluation scale are analyzed by the quantification Ill, and the grouping of a pair of adjective is done. It is assuming that landscape of bridge is explained by hierarchy process, and evaluation values of every bridge are caluclated by fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. The result of them, dark blue green or light blue gray bridge and suspension bridge or arch bridge are viewed highly.
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