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Volume 39 (1995)
- Issue 4 Pages 289-
- Issue 3 Pages 193-
- Issue 2 Pages 109-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 39, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Haruhisa WAGO1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 1-13
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInsects have at least three types of barriers to invading foreign matter at the integument, intestine and hemocoel. The hemocoel has several types of hemocytes and is the final barrier to invaders. The granular cells and plasmatocytes called immunocytes play essential roles in insect immunity. The foreign or non-self surface is recognized by the immunocytes, and triggers cellular filopodial elongation in which microfilaments play an indispensable role in phagocytosis. On the other hand, encapsulation and nodule formation involve cooperation between the granular cells and plasmatocytes. In this case, a humoral mediator (cytokine) is related to cell-cell interactions. Insects also have anti-microbial substances, lectin, a prophenoloxidase-activating system (proPO-AS), and a complement-like factor. Cecropin, insect defensin, and attacin are well-known anti-bacterial substances. In general, they are induced on injury or infection as well as at molting or pupation and show a broad spectrum activity. Lectin is also produced by infection or at developmental stages, and plays an important role in agglutinating foreign cells or in mediating the binding of granular phagocytes to them. In lepidoptera, lectin production is closely regulated by the endocrine system and by phagocytosis of granular cells. Furthermore, proPO-AS is correlated with recognition of foreign materials, particularly with the bacterial cell wall component, peptideglycan or the fungal cell wall component, β-1, 3-glucan. Since proPO and the protein for binding to peptideglycan or β-1, 3-glucan are synthesized by oenocytoids and spherule cells, respectively, these hemocytes can be called immunocytes. The rapid attachment of granular cells depends on the proPO-AS, suggesting that proPO-AS serves as opsonin in granulocyte adhesion. Complement-like factors are also found in hemolymph, although their defensive role is not confirmed. Like antibodies vertebrates possess, as complement has opsonic or lytic functions, it appears that insect complement-like factors could be involved in cytolysis or opsonization of foreign cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (2564K) -
Hideho HARA, Yasutomo HIGASHIURA1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 15-23
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSZethenia rufescentaria MOTSCHULSKY (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is an important herbivorous pest of Japanese larch, Larix leptolepis GORDON, in Hokkaido. An outbreak of the moth occurred from 1989 to 1991 in eastern Hokkaido. About 20 parasitic insects, 1 predatory insect, and some parasitic fungi were recognized as natural enemies of the moth in the outbreak. The important observed mortality factors were starvation in the older larval stages, parasitic insects in the pupal stage, disappearance of pupae during winter (which seemed to be caused by predation by small mammals) and an entomophthoraceous disease in the larval stage. The disease is considered to be the most important factor causing the outbreak decline.View full abstractDownload PDF (2605K) -
Masaharu MATSUI1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 25-31
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo control B. argentifolii on tomatoes in plastic greenhouses, Encarsia formosa (EN-STRIP® produced by KOPPERT BV) was released once or three times at about twice the adult density of the whitefly. In control plots, the population density of the whitefly increased progressively to a high level causing sooty mold and irregular ripening of tomato fruits. In the release plots, the population density of the whitefly was held at a lower level and no damage was caused. Non-parasitization mortality of B. argentifolii was relatively high and seemed to be caused by host feeding and undetermined mortality factors. E. formosa can survive and reproduce in plastic greenhouses where daily maximum temperatures exceeded 35°C for 7-11 days.View full abstractDownload PDF (824K) -
Yoshifumi HASHIMOTO, Tomoko SOGA, Tohru YANASE, Tsuguo MATSUMOTO1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 33-37
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSix temperature-sensitive mutants (designated TS1-TS6) of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) were isolated and three were characterized. In BmN4 cells infected with each ts mutant, occlusion bodies were produced normally, but extracellular virus was produced in reduced amounts at 33°C. The ts mutant adsorption properties of TS3 were similar to the wild type but TS1 and TS2 showed lower levels. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that some polypeptides synthesized in the cells infected with TS2 and TS3 were different from those of the wild type virus. In these ts mutants, such alterations did not depend on the incubation temperature of cultured cells. Restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA of ts mutants suggested that most of the mutations occurred in the regions where homologous regions of BmNPV were localized, and the positions of these regions on the genome were similar to those of AcMNPV ts mutants.View full abstractDownload PDF (1104K) -
Tadasu MORI, Kenji KIGUCHI, Masahiko KOBAYASHI1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 39-49
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHistological changes at the sites of muscle attachment during the larval-pupal transformation of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The muscle-epidermal cell junctions and epidermal cell-cuticle junctions of B. mori are similar to those of other insects: muscle and epidermal cells come into contact at sawtooth-like structures with numerous desmosomes. The epidermal cell-cuticle junction has socket-like structures with numerous hemidesmosomes, where muscle attachment fibers originate and traverse the cuticle, reaching the epicuticle. These basic components of the muscle attachment site do not change during larval-pupal transformation. General larval-pupal apolysis occurs around the time of gut purge, and progresses gradually while the larva is actively spinning a cocoon. By contrast, at the muscle attachment region, the inner layers of the cuticle are not digested by the molting fluid until later, and the papal cuticle begins to be secreted from the epidermal cells without apolysis of the larval cuticle around the time of completion of cocoon formation. The continued attachment of the epidermal cells and cuticle at the sites of muscle attachment enables the larva to continue the spinning behavior despite the onset of general apolysis.View full abstractDownload PDF (8252K) -
Takashi KUBOTA, Masakazu SHIGA1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 51-58
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method for successive rearing of chrysopids on eggs of Tribolium castaneum (larval diet) and on a 2:3 mixture (by weight) of commercially-available yeast autolysate (AY-65 or Amber BYF Series 100®) and honey (adult diet) was established. Using this rearing method, the survival rate and developmental speed until eclosion, sex ratio and body length of resultant adults, and the adult age-specific survival rate and fecundity were examined under two temperature conditions. Of the five chrysopid species (Chrysoperla carnea, Mallada alcestes, Mallada boninensis, Chrysopa septempunctata, Chrysopa Formosa) that could be reared successively, Cp. carnea and M. alcestes were found to be suitable for successive mass production. To compare their rm values, Cp. carnea and M. alcestes were reared on eggs of T. castaneum and on a 2:3 mixture of Amber BYF Series 100® and honey at 26°±0.5°C under a 16L:8D photoperiod. The rm values were 0.12 for Cp. carnea and 0.09 for M. alcestes, which were not significantly different. The mixture of yeast autolysate and honey was also found to be a suitable adult diet for production of fertile eggs by C. septempunctata over several generations.View full abstractDownload PDF (961K) -
Mitsutaka SAKAKIBARA1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 59-64
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris, which is a serious pest of mulberry and fig trees, was collected from different localities between 24°N and 36°N in Japan. The egg periods were checked under constant temperature conditions. Most populations showed similar developmental zeros (slightly lower than 11°C). However, there were great variations in the effective cumulative days (ECD). The highest ECD was found in the Hino strain which had been reared over 30 generations in the laboratory and mainly overwinters in the egg stage in the field. The obtained ECD does not explain how so many eggs of this strain overwinter without hatching, so factors delaying egg development were investigated. The hibernaculum of this species is mostly under mulberry bark. The results show that the host plant per se had large growth-retarding effects on P. hilaris eggs. However low temperature and wet conditions also had some effect.View full abstractDownload PDF (1357K) -
Seiji KANEKO, Masaoki INO, Yûichirô TAKAMIZAWA1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 65-73
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree sensitive actographs were constructed for monitroing the activities of cockroaches. Type 1 was a floating-tire type consisting of a hanging circular corridor. The locomotion of the insect was detected by an infrared beam. Type 2 was a vibration type having a circular floor of aluminum foil as the track. The floor vibration was picked up by a small speaker. Type 3 was a new running wheel type having six photointerrupters to detect slight rotation of the wheel. The signals from these devices were analyzed automatically and quantitatively by personal computer. Each actograph gave satisfactory recordings of the activities of normal and operated (or decapitated) cockroaches. Type 1 had the highest sensitivity of the three types, but the results were sometimes noisy. Type 2 could record locomotive activity without positive feedback caused by movement of the apparatus. Type 3 had the highest S/N ratio. It could collect quantitative data for comparing the activities of normal and operated cockroaches.View full abstractDownload PDF (2316K) -
Characteristics of Pupal Diapause and Storage of Diapause PupaeMasami SHIMODA, Makoto KIUCHI, Kenji KIGUCHI1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 75-80
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe roles of photoperiod and temperature in pupal diapause induction and the effect of cold storage on diapause pupae in the sweet potato hornworm, Agrius convolvuli, were investigated. Diapause was induced in almost all insect under photoperiods ranging from 4L-20D to 12L-12D, and day length of 16h or more prevented diapause at 23°C. The critical daylength (50% induced) at 23°C was 13.4h. Temperatures of 23 or 24°C were most favorable for diapause induction under 12L-12D photoperiod. Diapause induction was suppressed strongly by lower (17°C) and higher (27°C) temperatures. These responses to photoperiod and temperature with respect to diapause induction were similar to those found in the California strain of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The sensitivity of diapause induction to photoperiod and temperature extended to almost all larval stages, and the maximum sensitivity to prevent diapause was in the feeding period of the 5th instar. Diapause pupae kept at 25°C emerged sporadically from 30 to 200 days after pupation, indicating that low temperature is not necessary to break diapause. However, cold treatment at 10°C for 1 month shortened the duration of pupal period, and the treated pupae emerged within 21 days at 27°C. Diapause pupae could be kept at 10°C for 8 months, and they emerged normally and laid an average of 271 eggs. Cold storage of dapause pupae could be useful for maintenance of laboratory colonies.View full abstractDownload PDF (784K) -
Ken FUNAYAMA, Yuji TAKAHASHI1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 81-83
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDevelopment of chlorpyrifos resistance in a leafroller moth was confirmed at apple orchards in southern Akita Prefecture. Recovery of susceptibility to chlorpyrifos was not confirmed from 1991 to 1992. Resistance to chlorpyrifos suggests a dominance tendency. Cross-resistance between salithion and chlorpyrifos was not confirmed.View full abstractDownload PDF (365K) -
Taketo FUNAO, Yutaka YOSHIYASU1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 84-85
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe developmental time and survival rate of nymphs, and the longevity and fecundity of adult females of Orius sauteri (POPPIUS) were examined using the following three diets at 25°C, 15L-9D conditions: Aphis gossypii GLOVER (aphid), corn pollen (pollen) and pollen+aphid. The developmental time and survival rate (in parentheses) of nymphs fed on aphid, pollen and pollen+aphid, were 14.9 days (90.0%), 17.2 days (21.2%) and 13.3 days (93.3%), respectively. The mean total number or eggs deposited per female was 29.2 on aphid, 15.4 on pollen and 30.4 on pollen+aphid. The mean longevity of females was 15.3 days on aphid, 10.1 days on pollen and 16.3 days on pollen+aphid. These results suggest that corn pollen alone is not sufficient for rearing O. sauteri. However, Aphis gossypii is a sufficient diet for rearing this species, compared to Thrips palmi, a suitable diet reported by NAGAI (1993).View full abstractDownload PDF (821K) -
Yoshinori KUNIMOTO1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 86-88
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe number of the Udo longicorn beetles in Japanese Angelica fields in Nara Prefecture markedly increased in late June, and then decreased gradually until October. Male and female adults moved about 7-8m in the fields. The lengths of stay in the fields differed between male and female beetles. The duration of male stays were longer than those of females. Some adults dispersed from the fields.View full abstractDownload PDF (970K) -
Kazuhiko HACHIYA1995 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 89-90
Published: February 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnagrus flaveolus, a mymarid egg parasitoid of the small brown planthopper was found in paddy fields in Hokkaido, Japan. The percent parasitism measured by the “trap method” was high (66%-96%) in all the paddy fields from late June to early August, and the egg parasitoid seemed to be an important natural enemy of the planthopper.View full abstractDownload PDF (256K)
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