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Volume 39 (1995)
- Issue 4 Pages 289-
- Issue 3 Pages 193-
- Issue 2 Pages 109-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 39, Issue 2
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Yoshihiko ABE, Koji MISHIRO, Masaaki TAKANASHI1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 109-115
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe presence of a symbiont of the brown-winged green bug, Plautia stali was confirmed. Long bacilliform microorganisms were commonly observed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of gastric caeca on the surface of the posterior midgut.
Each cavity of the caeca opened into the midgut cavity via a fine pore. Symbionts that had multipled in the mycetocytes were released in the cavity of the caecum following degeneration of the host cells. Thereafter, the symbionts were extruded into the midgut cavity through the fine pore. It is possible that the symbionts are smeared on egg surfaces by adult females during the oviposition, and the hatched larvae may ingest the symbionts. The mycetomes may produce vitamin A1 or carotin and vitamin E, because these substances were only detected in the caeca. Vertical transmission of the symbiont was inhibited by disinfectant, and larvae hatched from sterilized eggs did not become adults due to death from opportunistic infections caused by various microorganisms such as fungus, Serratia and/or a Staphylococcus-like bacteria. Application of Serratia-like bacteria on the egg surface caused high mortality of 2nd inster larvae.View full abstractDownload PDF (3585K) -
IV. Susceptibility of Four Clones Separated from Vivipara of Field Populations to Various InsecticidesHiroshi HAMA, Sachio ANDO, Akio HOSODA, Ken SUZUKI, Yutaka TAKAGI1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 117-125
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe susceptibility of four clones of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, which were separated from vivipara of field populations on the basis of aliesterase activity, to organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides was determined by two insect body dip methods: the standard method (keeping insects in case used for dipping), and the transfer method (transfering dipped insects into clean case). The LC50 of each insecticide determined using the transfer method was more than ten times higher than that using the standard method. Although the susceptibility of a susceptible strain (S) differed between organophosphorus insecticides, it was especially susceptible to chlorpyrifos-methyl, phosalone, and profenofos. Resistant strains with high aliesterase activity exhibited up to ten times higher resistance to most organophosphorus insecticides. The resistance ratios were especially high for thiometon, oxydeprofos, and phosalone, but, not so high for chlorpyrifos-methyl and profenofos. Organophosphate-resistant strains also exhibited resistance to carbamate insecticides. Resistance ratios were high for ethiofencarb and pirimicarb, but moderate to carbaryl and methomyl. Some combinations of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, such as malathion plus carbaryl exhibited synergism for resistant strains, but not for S strains. All tested clones were susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides.View full abstractDownload PDF (961K) -
Tsutomu SAITO, Takahiro OISHI, Akihito OZAWA, Fumitaka IKEDA1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 127-134
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of temperature, photoperiod and host plants on development and oviposition of Liriomyza trifolii (BURGESS) were studied in the laboratory. The regression equations relating temperature (X, °C) to development rates (Y, d-1) on kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were Y=0.0191X-0.1531 for the egg stage, Y=0.0155X-0.1380 for the larval stage, and Y=0.0070X-0.0710 for the pupal stage. The estimated threshold temperatures for egg, larval, and pupal development were 8.0°, 8.9°, and 10.1°C, respectively. The upper lethal temperature was about 35°C for the pupal stage. No effect was observed for different photoperiods on the developmental period of each stage on kidney bean at constant temperatures (15° and 20°C). The combined egg and larval development time was determined for kidney bean (6.5d), pak-choi (7.0d), eggplant (7.2d), gerbara (7.9d), cherry tomato (7.9d), cucumber (8.1d), tomato (8.3d), celery (8.3d), soybean (8.5d), melon (8.7d), and chrysanthemum (9.7d). Of these host plants, kidney bean and pak-choi produced individuals with comparatively-high pupal weight. The longevity and fecundity of female adults were determined for nine host plants: soybean (3.9d and 21 eggs), tomato (3.8d and 54.7 eggs), cherry tomato (5.4d and 75.6 eggs), melon (6.9d and 108.0 eggs), gerbera (12.9d and 156.4 eggs), celery (7.4d and 205.6 eggs), chrysanthemum (27.5d and 208.8 eggs), kidney bean (15.7d and 540.3 eggs), and pak-choi (24.6d and 637.7 eggs).View full abstractDownload PDF (977K) -
Shoji ASANO, Nobukazu SUZUKI1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 135-141
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe biological activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki formulation (KM301WP) was investigated in a bioassay with the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura, using a diet incorporation method. Mortality occurred first at days 1-2, increased at days 3-4 and reached a plateau at days 4-5 after larval infection. The time-mortality curves were similar between larval instars except for degrees of susceptibility. Younger larvae were more sensitive. The first instar was most sensitive, followed by the second instar but there was no large variation between the third to fifth instars. Larval development and growth were greatly suppressed at sub-lethal doses. The EC50 based on the suppression in weight gain for 7 days was about 20% less than the LC50 of mortality on day 7. The susceptibility of neonates differed between bioassays and also between egg masses. Low temperature (15°C) affected responses of S. litura to the B. thuringiensis formulation, showing twice the sensitivity compared to the LC50 in the 20°-30°C range. The present study showed that neonates of S. litura can be used for bioassay of B. thuringiensis formulations using the diet incorporation method because they are the most susceptible larval stage, easy to handle in small vials, easy to rear without changing diet for 7 days, and reliable for estimating LC50 and EC50. It is important to mix neonates from different egg masses before use to reduce variation in susceptibility.View full abstractDownload PDF (968K) -
Kazuo NOZATO1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 143-149
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe distribution, seasonal changes in the number and population growth of Aphis gossypii on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and on crops were investigated in the field (warmer region of Japan) and in the laboratory from 1992 to 1994. Colonies of A. gossypii were found on H. rosa-sinensis in some prefectures (Okinawa, Kagoshima, Miyazaki, Kochi and Wakayama). Some alatae transferred from Cayratia japonica to H. rosa-sinensis deposited larvae and the populations grew on the new host plans in late autumn. Many aphids grew on H. rosa-sinensis from December 1993 to May 1994, and many alatae emerged from these colonies during the growing season. Some alatae emerging from the colonies on H. rosa-sinensis deposited larvae and the populations grew on Cucumis sativus, Solanum melongena and Citrus unshiu crops which are injured by the aphids in warmer region of Japan, from late April to mid May. Some alatae emerging from the colonies on H. rosa-sinensis also grew on Cayratia japonica in May. It seems that the aphid grows on C. japonica in the field from May to November.View full abstractDownload PDF (770K) -
Tsutomu SAITO, Hiroshi HAMA, Ken SUZUKI1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 151-158
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe susceptibilities of six clones of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii GLOVER (five resistant and one susceptible strain) were tested by topical application to organophosphates (malathion, fenitrothion, diazinon and dichlorvos), carbamates (carbaryl, methomyl and pirimicarb), pyrethroids (permethrin and fenvalerate) and an organochlorine (DDT), with and without esterase inhibitors (K-2 and DEF) and mixed-function oxidase inhibitors (PB and S-421). Compared with the susceptible clone, all the resistant clones showed moderate resistance to each organophosphate (max. 45 fold) and carbamates (max. 70 fold) except pirimicarb to which extremly-high resistance was observed (>1, 600 fold). Cross-resistance was demonstrated in organophosphates. A resitant clone showed very high levels of resistance to pyrethroids, permethrin (ca. 4, 600 fold) and fenvalerate (ca. 16, 000 fold). The results suggest that resistance to organophosphates may not be cross-resistant with pyrethroids. Low susceptibility to DDT was observed in all tested clones. The highest co-toxicity coefficient in combination with esterase and oxidase inhibitors was 250 and 94 for organophosphates, 430 and 914 for carbamates (carbaryl and methomyl), and 120 and 199 for pyrethroids. The aliesterase activity of each clone appeared to correlate with the degree of resistance to organophosphates but not to pyrethroids. The results suggest that esterase plays a major role in the mechanism of resistance to organophosphates, and both esterase and mixed-function oxidase play a major role in resistance to carbamates (methomyl and carbaryl). However, neither enzyme may be responsible for resistance to pyrethroids.View full abstractDownload PDF (934K) -
II. Morphology of Torreya nucifera race reared on non-host plant, Cryptomeria japonica D. DONAkihiro MIYANOSHITA, Sadahiro TATSUKI1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 159-162
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOur previous work showed that Cryptomeria japonica D. DON feeders and Torreya nucifera SIEB. et ZUCC. feeders of Aspidiotus cryptomeriae KUWANA are separate host races due to distinct morphological characters and virtually monophagous feeding habits. However, in the present work some A. cryptomeriae crawlers of the T. nucifera feeding race, which had been experimentally transferred to the non-host plant, C. japonica, grew to adults. The morphological characters of the C. japonica (non host) feeding T. nucifera race of A. cryptomeriae females were compared to those of the T. nucifera feeding T. nucifera race to examine whether the host plant had any effect on morphological characters. The two populations of A. cryptomeriae were reared under the same conditions except for the host plant. There were no significant differences between them for five morphological characters (p>0.05, t-test) except for pygidium length. Linear discriminant analysis using two characters (anal location and dorsal macroduct length) showed that the T. nucifera feeding race reared on C. japonica kept their normal morphological characters. Furthermore, eggs layed on the non-host plant by the adult A. cryptomeriae females reared on the non-host plant did not hatch. These results strongly suggest that the T. nucifera feeding race has very stable morphology that is not affected by the host plant. Even when A. cryptomeriae crawlers develop to the adult stage on non-host plants, they may not reproduce the next generation.View full abstractDownload PDF (569K) -
Jun'ichi KANEKO, Kazuhiko KONISHI1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 162-164
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGregopimpla kuwanae was the most common parasitoid of cocoons of the silver Y moth. Other less common parasitoids were: Ephialtes capurifera, Acropimpla pictipes, Coccygomimus instigator, C. pluto, Scambus planatus, Scambus sp. Itoplectis alternans spectabilis, Netelia sp. (Ichneumonids), Copidosoma floridanum (Encyrtid), Phryxe vulgaris, Winthemia cruentata, Nemorilla floralis (Diptera, Calcidoidea). The rate of parasitism of cocoons was about 70%. In several cases, two species of parasitoid parasitized the same individual.View full abstractDownload PDF (346K) -
Takuya HIROSE1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 165-167
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (417K) -
Takashi SHINOKAWA1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 168-170
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe tadpole shrimp, Triops longicaudatus, was found in several rice paddies in Kochi Prefecture. Annual fluctuation in its occurrence is due to loss of floating eggs by occasional overflow of paddy water.View full abstractDownload PDF (868K) -
Shinzaburo SONE, Yumi YAMADA, Shin-ichi TSUBOI1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 171-173
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA new pesticide screening method, called the ST (Seedling Treatment) method, was developed for leaf hoppers and plant hoppers in the process of selecting nitromethylene heterocycle insecticides. The ST method is characterized by easy chemical application, easy observation, long observation period and reproducibility. These merits enable evaluation of slow-acting compounds, such as chitin-synthesis inhibitors, and hormone analogues. The ST method can be used to examine compounds with different modes of action.View full abstractDownload PDF (2591K) -
Jin Kyo JUNG, Chul-Sa KIM, Michio HORIIKE, Chisato HIRANO1995 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 174-176
Published: May 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn oligosaccharide was isolated from honeydew excreted by Nephotettix cincticeps. It was identified as melezitose based on HPLC retention times, qualitative and quantitative profiles of products formed by HCl hydrolysis, hydrolytic responses to invertase, α-and β-glucosidases, and 13C-NMR spectra.View full abstractDownload PDF (307K)
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