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Volume 7 (1963)
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Volume 7, Issue 1
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Tsutomu HASEGAWA, Sadao HIRATA1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 1-6
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLarvae of Plusia nigrisigna WALKER show a distinct colour variation in late stages of their development. Generally their colouring are uniformly pale-green, but some larvae have a pair of conspicuous black spots around the ocelli. Thoracic legs of some of the latter type are entirely blackened, and on such individuals the cephalic spots are over more conspicuous.
In field servey, it was unable to find the larvae with black-spots before the fourth instar. But the larvae with black spots seemed to emerge afterward. Proportion of the individuals with cephalic spots in the population seemed to increase with advancement of larval maturity, because the spotted larvae were more abundant in the fifth (last) instar population than in the fourth. Proportion of larvae with cephalic spots was also variable along with growing stages of the host plant and with the seasons. The spotted larvae were generally more numerous on fully-grown cabbages than on younger ones, and more in autumn than in summer. The highest proportion of the spotted type was observed in autumn. It was noticed that the larvae changed their occupation-site on a plant from the upper leaves to lower ones as they grew, and that there was a relation between the occupation-site and the emergence of the spotted larvae.
When the non-spotted larvae of various instars were collected from fields and reared consecutively in a laboratory. The spotted larvae emerged in this population as larvae grew. And the proportion was far larger as compared with the proportion of the spotted larvae in the native field population.
The present information indicates that emergence of the spotted larvae is due to an accumulated effect of certain environmental factors. Although the factors responsible for colour variation was not determined yet, even light intensity and air temperature seem to be of importance. Yet, the day-length might not be so responsible.View full abstractDownload PDF (1614K) -
III. Seasonal Trends of Age-structure in Population of Pieris rapae crucivora, Plusia nigrisigna and Mamestra brassicaeSadao HIRATA1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 7-13
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the vicinity of the North Eastern end of Honshu, three crops of cabbages are produced each year: early summer, late summer and fall crops. To investigate the seasonal trends in population dynamics of the caterpillars in cabbage fields, egg, larvae and pupae of Pieris rapae crucivora BOISD., Plusia nigrisigna WALKER and Mamestra brassicae L. on cabbage plants were counted in fields of respective crops, during May to September, 1959.
The seasonal changes in the average number of eggs, each instar larvae and pupae of the three species per plant in respective fields are given in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. Among these species, Mamestra brassicae was the most abundant during June to early July, and Pieris rapae crucivora during the late July, August and September. Plusia nigrisigna did not attain a significant proportion of the total population at all. As to the total number of the insects observed throughout the overall season, Pieris rapae crucivora was the most numerous, Mamestra brassicae came next, and Plusia nigrisigna showed no significant proportion. The caterpillar population reached its highest level in early September. In general, 50 per cent or more of the initial population in each generation of respective species was destroyed during the egg and the first larval instar. Moreover, 80 per cent or more of the survivors failed to pupate. The rate of reduction in number of early summer population of Pieris rapae crucivora was particularly high when the population density of Mamestra brassicae was the highest.View full abstractDownload PDF (903K) -
Yasuhiro ITO1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 14-19
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSix unrecorded mites of the family Tarsonemidae in Japan were collected from various plants, and their morphological features were examined.The species are as follows:
1. Tarsonemus confusus EWING, 1939
2. T. scaurus EWING, 1939
3. T. setifer EWING, 1939
4. T. smithi EWING, 1939
5. T. occidentalis EWING, 1939
6. Daidalotarsonemus tessellatus DE LEON, 1956
Among the genus Tarsonemus, T. confusus, T. scaurus and T. setifer are common and widely distributed in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, but T. smithi and T. occidentalis are not so common. The identification of these five species was made only by their males due to the difficulty in finding morphological differences in their females.
The genus Daidalotarsonemus DE LEON, 1956 was recorded for the first time in Japan in this paper. Only a few females of D. tessellatus were collected on Evodia-plant in Tokyo.View full abstractDownload PDF (656K) -
Atsushi SUGIMOTO1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 20-25
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to establish a standard method for quantitative determination of insecticide residues using Adzuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis L., various procedures and techniques were examined in relation to their sensitivity and stability.
When the weevils were exposed to dry deposits of insecticides, the dry film method, in which a dry film of insecticide was applied on the bottom surface of petri dish, was found to be better for determining a smaller amount of insecticide than the other method of applying dry deposit on filter paper. In several insecticides, LD-50 of dry film per container was nearly independent from the kind and size of container. Petri dish seems to be better as a container than test tube, because the former can easily make the dry film. The film should cover larger part of inner surface of the container as that the slope of dosage-mortality line becomes steeper, a petri dish is also more suitable than a test tube on this point. The number of weevils per container should be smaller for determining a smaller amount of insecticide, because LD-50 of insecticide becomes larger as the number of weevils per container increases.
A toxic effect of hexane-extractable matter of rice plant on the weevils was observed when the volume of the extract per dish was rather large, but not when it was small. Under the latter condition, 0.5ppm of parathion and γ-BHC in rice plant were detectable. The extract of apple skin masked the toxicity of parathion upon the weevil remarkably, 1.6ppm of parathion and 0.4ppm of aldrin in apple skin were detectable.
A column chromatographic procedure using a mixture of silicic acid and Celite was employed for separating insecticides from the plant extract. One microgram of parathion could successfully be separated from the extract corresponding to 25 grams of apple skin.View full abstractDownload PDF (739K) -
Erste Mitteilung. Die Systematik der sogenannten “grauweißen Bakterien”Setsuo IWANAMI, Masatake ONO1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 26-30
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDaß im Magensaft der flacherie-erkrankten Seidenwürmer im ersten Stadium der Erkrankung Streptokokken, im mittleren Stadium auch sogenannte “grauweiße Bakterien” und im letzten Stadium nur die letzteren befindlich sind, haben unsre Vorgänger dieses Forschungsinstituts bakteriologisch festgestellt.
“Die grauweißen Bakterien”, welche Bezeichnung nur davon herrührt, daß ihre Kolonien grauweiß aussehen, und keine systematische Terminologie ist, umfassen die verschiedenste Arten der Bazillen, so coliähnliche, die Gelatine nicht auflösen, und auch andere, die diese auflösen.
Wir haben die sogenannten “grauweißen Bakterien” und andere farbige gram-negative Bazillen, die im Magensaft der flacherie-erkrankten Seidenwürmer enthalten sind, systematisch untersucht und das Vorhandensein folgender Gattungen festgestellt, von denen die meisten zur Familie Enterobacteriaceae und die übrigen zu anderen gehören:
Citrobacter
Escherichia
Hafnia
Enterobacter
Klebsiella
Rettgerella
Pseudomonas
Aeromonas
Alkaligenes
B5W
Achromobacter
Serratia
Erwinia
Flavobacterium.View full abstractDownload PDF (625K) -
Erste Mitteilung. Über die Gattungen der Bakterien, die die peritrophische Membran anflösen könnenMasatake ONO, Chohei ICHIKAWA1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 31-37
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) Die peritrophische Membran im Mitteldarm, die bei gesunden Seidenwürmern zäh ist, ist bei flacherie-erkrankten mehr oder weniger aufgelöst. Wir haben im Jahre 1956 schon festgestellt, daß der Magensaft flacherie-erkrankter Seidenwürmer die peritrophische Membran auch in vitro auflöst.
2) Auch der Magensaft gesunder Seidenwürmer löst die Membran auf, wenn einige Arten Bakterien eingeführt werden, und derjenige erkrankter Würmer löst sie nicht mehr auf, wenn er desinfiziert wird, indem man ihn eine Stunde lang bei 105°C warm hält.
3) Die Bakterien, durch deren Einführen der Magensaft die Membran auflöst, sind diejenigen, die von flacherie-erkrankten Würmern isoliert werden, besonders die sogenannten “grauweißen Bakterien”.
4) Bei den Gattungen, deren Vorhandensein im Magensaft erkrankter Seidenwürmer wir festgestellt haben, die also früher als “grauweiße Bakterien” bezeichnet waren, ist der Grad des Auflösens nach dem Ergebnis unsrer Untersuchung sehr verschieden.
5) Die Gattung Aeromonas löst die Membran so stark und schnell auf, daß sie bei 30°C in einem bis drei Tagen ganz flüssig wird, und die Gattung Alkaligenes etwas weniger stark und schnell. Alle untersuchten Stämme dieser zwei Gattungen haben dasselbe Resultat. Von den Gattungen Klebsiella und Pseudomonas lösen die meisten Stämme die Membran ziemlich stark auf, während sie von den Gattungen Escherichia, Erwinia und B5W wenige Stämme nur schwach auflösen.
6) Von den übrigen Gattungen der gramnegativen Bazillen, die wir aus flacherie-erkrankten Seidenwürmern isoliert haben, Citrobacter, Hafnia, Enterobacter, Rettgerella und Flavobacterium lösen gar keine Stämme die peritrophische Membran auf.
7) Der Magensaft gesunder Würmer von Antheraea pernyi GUER.-MEN., Mamestra brassicae LINNÉ und Calostilos miranda BUTLER löst die peritrophische Membran der Seidenwürmer nicht auf.
8) Der Magensaft flacherie-erkrankter Seidenwürmer löst auch die Häutchen auf, aber im geringeren Grade.View full abstractDownload PDF (929K) -
I. Recovery of γ-BHC, Dieldrin and Methylparathion from Mulberry LeavesHirosi SUGIYAMA1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 38-44
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the field of sericulture, rapid and rigorous determinations of insecticide residue is an important problem to prevent the pesticide injury to silkworm larvae. In the present research, quantitative infrared analyses of residues of pp'-DDT, γ-BHC, dieldrin and parathion, and their formulations on mulberry leaves were carried out with the use of the potassium bromide disk method in infrared spectrophotometry.
The standard curves of these chemicals were made at first using the potassium bromide disk method, and then recovery tests were made with both purified agents and commercial formulations, which were sprayed on mulberry leaves. Out of the spectral characteristics of each agents, three absorption bands were employed as a key band group; i.e. 955, 913 and 782cm-1 of infrared spectra of γ-BHC, 1085, 1005 and 770cm-1 of pp'-DDT, 1178, 1042 and 848cm-1 of dieldrin and 1355, 1035 and 925cm-1 of methylparathion and ethylparathion. Separation of insecticide residues from mulberry leaves was made by double extraction with n-hexane-acetonitril, followed by cleanup procedure with an alumina column.
Results of recovery experiments were shown in Table 1. The recovery rate was 70∼80% for γ-BHC and dieldrin and 94∼95% for methylparathion. No interference in determinations was noticed with the existence of an emulsifier in commercially formulated products, except in the BHC emulsion. Even in the BHC emulsion, absorption band due to emulsifier appeared in the 1200∼1000cm-1 range, so that determinations were succesfully made, employing the key band group of 955, 913 and 782cm-1.
The determination of the absorption ratio was possible as low as 0.01∼0.015% (20∼30μg/200mg KBr). The time required for the whole procedure, including separation and cleanup of insecticide redidues was one to two hours.View full abstractDownload PDF (831K) -
Susumu JOHNO1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 45-48
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens STÅL has two distinct wing-forms, macropterous and brachypterous form, which was proved to be induced by the influence of population density during larval development. Here, the author intended to analyze the mechanism of this density effect upon the wing-form determination.
The stimulus inducing the density effect upon the wing-form determination is not only to be the interaction among larval individuals but that of adult individuals of the same species and even adults of the small brown planthopper, Delphacodes striatella.
The mutual stimulation among individual larvae took some parts in determining the wing-form, but it was not the total. The underfeeding during the larval period took another part also. The influence of visual stimulus has no important part in the determination of the wing-form, because percentage of the macropterous female was almost equal with both cases of the rearing under dark or light conditions.
Finally, the difference of the determining factor of the wing-form in both sexes was studied. In female, the brachypterous form was induced largely by the low density. In male, however, it was determined mainly by the climatic factors, such as temperature and day-length. The percentage of the brachpterous male increased under the condition of short day-length and high temperature and under the low temperature irrespective of day-length.View full abstractDownload PDF (507K) -
Their Role as a Reservoir of New Imported PestsKeizi KIRITANI, Tamotu MURAMATU, Sigeaki YOSHIMURA1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 49-58
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe rôle that mills and factories dealing with imported cereals play as a reservoir for new kind of pests was studied in the Kinki district for the period of 1957 to 1960. Thirty six of flour mills, fourty four of barley cleaning mills and ten of feed mixing factories were inspected 113, 135, and 35 times, respectively. Thus each mill or factory was examined at least three times. Mills and factories dealing with domestic cereals only were excluded from the surveys. Apart from these investigations, collection of insects was carried out at 163 different places mainly composed of consumers in Kyoto prefecture in 1956. Flour mills and barley cleaning mills were almost the same in their faunal composition. But they differed a considerable degree from feed factories which are characterized by the high finding frequency of Alphitobius diaperinus, Dermestes spp., Necrobia spp., Tribolium castaneum and Plodia interpunctella.
From the point of view of preventing infestation in the domestic products by newly imported or established pests, the discovery of the species foreign to the domestic fauna is a matter of first importance. They are Alphitophagus bifasciatus, Alphitobius ovata, A. diaperinus, Carpophilus marginellus, Gnathocerus cornutus, Laetheticus oryzae, Necrobia rufipes, N. ruficollis, Palorus subdepressus, Tribolium confusum, and Anagasta kuehniella. Secondly, there are other species that are found in both mills and farm-storages, but their propagation is much more favored by the special condition of mills than in farm-storages. They are Attagenus megatoma, Cryptolestes spp., Carpophilus hemipterus, Dermestes spp., Lasioderma serricorne, Palorus ratzeburgi, Rhizopertha dominica, Sitophilus sasakii, Tenebrio obscurus, Tribolium castaneum, Cadra cautella, Homalopsycha agglutinata, and Pyralis farinalis.
In conclusion, it is important to employ the method appropriate to the economic status of the species in order to prevent their further spread into farm-storages as well as mills that are yet free from the foreign pests.View full abstractDownload PDF (1251K) -
Chisato HIRANO1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 59-62
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe nutritional effects of unsaturated fatty acids, ether extract of rice plant, and soybean oil on larvae of Chilo suppressalis Walker were investigated by means of aseptic rearing of the larvae on synthetic food medium. Soybean oil, ether extract of rice plant, oleic and linoleic acids have neither growth promoting acivity for the larvae and nor improving effect on pupation and adult-emergence, at lower dietary levels. These substances, at higher doses, have a growth inhibiting activity for the larvae. Linolenic acid at every dietary level has no effect on larval growth in early larval instars, but shows a highly toxic effect when the larvae attained the the fourth or fifth instar of their growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (507K) -
Ken'ichi KOJIMA, Tadayoshi ISHIZUKA, Akio SHIINO, Setsuo KITAKATA1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 63-69
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mechanism of metabolic detoxication of parathion in the rice stem borer was examined in relation to parathion resistance.
From each of susceptible and resistant larvae, O, O-diethyl phosphorothioic acid, O, O-diethyl phosphoric acid, des-ethyl parathion, des-ethyl paraoxon and monoethyl phosphoric acid (or phosphoric acid) were detected, but there were differences in quantities of each metabolite. But there were almost equal amount of des-ethyl parathion, O, O-diethyl phosphorothioic acid and monoethyl phosphoric acid (or phosphoric acid) in the susceptible and resistant larvae. However, O, O-diethyl phosphoric acid was the predominant metabolite in the susceptible larvae while des-ethyl paraoxon was predominant in the resistant larvae. It seems that alkyl-phosphate bond of paraoxon is a “weak link” which is responsible for selective toxicity between parathion susceptible and resistant larvae of the rice stem borer.View full abstractDownload PDF (834K) -
XI. Developmental Stages of Scotinophara (Pentatomidae)Takashi KOBAYASHI1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 70-78
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe developmental stages of three Japanese species, Scotinophara lurida (BURMEISTER), S. horvathi DISTANT and S. scottii HORVÁTH, which are very injurious to a rice plant, sugar cane and some cereal plants or grasses, together with their generic diagnoses and biological notes, are given in the present paper.
The eggs and larvae of the present genus are easily distinguishable from those of the related genus Dybowskyia, by the chorion which is punctated and is not provided with minute spines on reticulation and the antenniferous tubercles which are well developed.
The three species of the Japanese Scotinophara are discernible each other by the key presented in the text.View full abstractDownload PDF (1474K) -
Yoshifuyu TSURUOKA, Chieko SUGIYAMA1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 79
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (118K) -
Masatake SHIBUYA, Akira NAGATOMI1963 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 80
Published: March 31, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (772K)
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