The experimental data of nucleon-nucleus collisions of energies around 100 GeV have been analysed.
It is pointed out that the transverse momentum, p_T, of shower particles is also an adequate parameter to analyse the nucleon-nucleus collision. The transverse momenta, both in the average value and in the distribution, are similar to the case of the nucleon-nucleon collision. Both the median angle and the average number of shower particles increase with the number of heavily ionizing prongs, N_h.
The latter observations exclude the possibility that, for primary energy at least up to several tens GeV, the target of events with high N_h is effectively a single nucleon. Although conclusive evidence to reject the model of cascade development (of nucleon-nucleon and pion-nucleon collisions) is not presented, this model seems to be disagreement with the data of p_T. The existing data can reasonably be explained by the model of a simultaneous collision between an incident nucident nucleon and a lump of nucleons. That is, the model of simultaneous collision is preferable to the cascade model.

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The decay of ⁴⁷V has been investigated by using a two-directional focusing beta-ray spectrometer and NaI scintillators (2 in. 3 mm thickness). Two weak gamma-rays of 1.54 and 1.87 MeV have been found and their intensities are 1.4 and 0.9 percent of the positron decay, respectively. The upper limit for 0.16 MeV gamm-ray is 0.08 percent of the positron decay. The maximum energy of the positrons from ⁴⁷V is 1.90±0.04 MeV.

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The energy dependence of the angular distributions of protons elastically scattered by the odd nuclei, B¹¹, Al, P, Co and Cu, was measured in the energy range from 6 to 7.4 MeV by using the 105 cm Kyoto University Cyclotron. No remarkable energy dependence of the pattern of the angular distributions was found in all the energy and angular ranges studied. It may be concluded that a less energy dependence of the angular distributions of protons elastically scattered by the odd nuclei is due to a less contribution of the compound elastic scattering and moreover a less energy dependence of the compound elastic scattering.

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The angular distributions of the reactions Na²³(p, α)Ne²⁰ and K³⁹(p, α)A³⁶ leading to the ground and first excited states of the residual nuclei have been measured at 6.9, 7.1 and 7.3 MeV of the incident proton energy, respectively, by the use of a semiconductor detector.
For the reaction Na²³(p, α)Ne²⁰ the angular distributions of these alpha particles are almost 90° symmetrical at 7.1 MeV of the incident proton energy, and they are slightly unsymmetrical about 90° at 7.3 and 6.9 MeV. For the reaction K³⁹(p, α)A³⁶, the angular distributions are almost 90° symmetrical at all energies of the incident protons.
It is considered that the reactions Na²³(p, α)Ne²⁰ and K³⁹(p, α)A³⁶ leading to the ground and first excited states of the residual nuclei, at around 7 MeV of incident proton energy, occur through a compound nucleus process and in the former reaction the number of the compound states excited by the about 7 MeV protons are probably not so many as to justify the statistical assumption.

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Nuclear-active component (N-component) in extensive air shower was observed by means of a large multiplate cloud chamber and two standard neutron monitors which were installed in EAS array consisting of 16 density detectors. High energy N-particles above 10 Gev were observed by the multiplate cloud chamber, while N-particles of energy larger than 200 Mev were observed by the neutron monitor separately. The integral energy spectra of N-particles are shown to be represented by E^−0.7±0.1, E^−1.1±0.2 and E^−1.5±0.2 for the events observed at distances 0–5 m, 5–10 m and more than 10 m, respectively, from shower axis. And the integral energy spectrum of total N-particles is expressed by E^−1.0±0.1. The lateral distribution of N-particles above 10 Gev is obtained as r^−1.4±0.2 within 25 m from the axis. The lateral distribution of low energy N-particles is expressed by r^−1.0±0.2 for the distance 5–30 m and the distribution becomes flatter within 5 m. These lateral distribution of each energy region can be well fitted by an exponential function, exp(−r⁄r_o), rather than the above power function. The characteristic length, r_o, are obtained as 20 m, 7 m and 1.2 m for the energies ≥2×10⁸ ev, ≥10¹⁰ ev and ≥10¹¹ ev, respectively. The lateral structure of energy flow carried by low energy N-particles is represented by r^−1.8±0.2 and larger air shower has slightly steeper structure of the energy flow. Total number of N-particles of energy larger than 200 Mev, N_N, varies with the size of EAS, N_e, as follows;
N_N^∝ N_e^1.0±0.1(10⁵<N_e≤3×10⁶)
N_N^∝ N_e^0.6±0.1(N_e>3×10⁶)
This experiment has been done at Mt. Norikura, 2770 m above sea level.

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The irreversible behavior of the system of harmonic oscillators is examined extensively in terms of the direction cosines of the particle coordinates to the normal coordinates. The Langevin equation and the damping equation for the specified one or two of the oscillators are obtained by taking average over the configuration of the surrounding oscillators. Wiener-Khinchine theorem is examined. By evaluating the energy flow between two different thermostats, it is shown that it obeys the macroscopic law of heat conduction. Other special examples are also given.

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The temperature dependences of tetragonal-cubic phase transition of Co–Mn manganites are given; this transition is shown to be of the 1st order. The phase diagram in the usual chemical meaning is shown. The cation distribution of the Co–Mn oxide spinel is measured by Fe–Kα radiation; Mn ions tend to occupy B-site preferentially. The lattice parameters of specimens which were quenched from 1000°C are given. The critical fraction of Mn ions on B-site for the abrupt occurrence of bulk crystal distortion is 60%.
The meaning of the thermal hysteresis of electrical resistance and the anomalous peak of differential thermal analysis, appearing at the reduction and oxidation temperature and at the tetragonal-cubic transition temperature, is discussed. The hysteresis and anomalous peak corresponding to the tetragonal- cubic transition are distinct from those corresponding to the reduction and oxidation.

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The change in electronic behavior of the Germanium surface caused by γ-ray or electron irradiation has been studied. This change is observed by picturing the field effect patterns of the surface recombination velocity, i. e., S∼E patterns, on the cathod ray oscilloscope.
As the result of this experiment, the surface electric charge gradually increases negatively as irradiation progresses. After the irradiation, a complex structure appears in S∼E curves.
It is assumed by analyzing these curves that either a new surface level appears or level density increases as a result of the irradiation.

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Clamped dielectric constants of barium titanate crystal in tetragonal and cubic phases are calculated based upon a molecular model. The mechanism of anisotropy of the dielectric constants in tetragonal phase can be explained by using this model. In this article the shift of only the Ti ions is taken into account. The results of the calculation can explain the origin of the dielectric anomaly of barium titanate to some extent. A quantitative analysis of the mechanism of the transitions between cubic, tetragonal and orthorhombic phases is also attempted.

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The crystal structure of B8₂ type, in relation to B8₁ type, is discussed with the assumption of covalent bond between the dissimilar atoms in the honey-comb layer lattice of this structure. The covalent bond is interpreted in terms of hybridized orbitals. This concept explains the stability of the crystal structure and the fact that the most of constituent metalloid atom in B8₂ type of structure belong to IVb group. Furthermore this description leads us to an important conclusion that the spin moment of the constituent transition metal atom is governed by a simple rule. This rule is discussed on the basis of the experimental results made by author and is found to explain satisfactorily the results for magnetic moment. Then D8₈ type of structure is also discussed as a variant of B8₂ type of structure.

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The photoconductions in the (ab)-plane of anthracene single crystal are measured in various gas ambients. In order to examine the depth of the surface region in which the free carriers are influenced by absorbed gases, bulk and surface currents are measured separately by colour filters. The magnitude of the surface current is increased to a factor of about three when the ambient is changed from nitrogen to oxygen. The water vapor eliminates the effect of oxygen and about the same value as in nitrogen ambient is obtained. On the contrary, the bulk current is little influenced by adsorption. The range of influence of adsorption is estimated to be less than 0.1 mm from the surface of the crystal.

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Some unusual magnetic properties of cobalt titanate. CO₂TiO₄, have been found at low temperatures. X-ray and susceptibility measurements show that this material forms an inverse spinel and becomes ferrimagnetic below 55°K. On lowering the temperature, the spontaneous magnetic moment increases at first and then decreases to zore at 30°K. When the sample is cooled down in a magnetic field through 30°K, a displaced hysteresis loop along the magnetization axis has been found at 4.2°K.
It is also found that the magnetic torque curve has a 360° period showing a unidirectional anisotropy, and the easy direction of magnetization at 4.2°K is opposite to the direction of the field applied during cooling.

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A new process for the production of npn or pnp junction crystals is developed. In this process, n type single crystal of silicon is contacted to the molten silicon doped with suitable amount of donor and acceptor impurities. These impurities diffuse simultaneously from the melt directly into the crystal. In the case of silicon acceptor impurity has a higher diffusivity than donor impurity. So the npn junction crystal is produced.
An analysis of experiments using the following model is giver: solute diffusion layer exists directly under the melting crystal. Thickness of this layer is found to be 0.1 mm for the melting speed of 20 μ/sec and crystal rotation rate of 120 rpm. Similar experiment is carried out on germanium npn junction.

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A single crystal of anthracene with (010) orientation is grown from melt by Bridgman method. A large and transparent crystal with a mirror-like cleavage plane can be grown with an insertion of seed. From the remarkable double refraction and the optical axis, three axes of the crystal are determined by visual observation. The three principal indices obtained for 5893 Å are 1.550±0.010, 1.775±0.010, and 2.04±0.08. The absorption coefficients in the fundamental absorption tail are measured for polarized radiation along various crystal axes.
The absorption coefficient measured along the b-axis is five times larger than that of the a-axis. The absorption along the c-axis is a little different from the others, but it is not so distinguished as is expected from the arrangement of the molecules. All the absorption coefficients decrease exponentially for wavelength.

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The second moments in powdered sample have been found to be 23.5±3 gauss² at −110°C and 8.3±0.5 gauss² at room temperature. These values were interpreted by assuming the flipping and rotation of the NH₃ group. The change of the second moment occurs at about −50°C, which is lower than the Curie point of this crystal, 47°C. The line shape in a single crystal depends upon both orientations and temperatures; a fact suggesting a slight change of atomic configuration on both sides of the Curie point.

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Theory and experimental techniques developed in the study of the uniaxial anisotropy in iron-cobalt ferrites have been applied to the disaccommodation phenomena in ferrites. The results have shown clearly and quantitatively that the underlying mechanisms are essentially the same in these two phenomena, i.e., process of reorientation of the ionic configuration through vacancy migration mechanism. Differences are only in the magnitude of the anisotropy induced and of the activation energy of the migration. It has been shown by applying fine techniques of controlling the amount of cation vacancies that the disaccommodation of high quality manganese-zinc ferrites with μ₀=5300 is easily controlled and the value Δμ₀/μ₀ of less than 0.02% at 10³ seconds after A.C. de-magnetization has been obtained without loss in quality.

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The effect of Fe³⁺ ions on the line width of Cr³⁺ spin resonance in K₃(Cr_0.01Fe_xCo_0.99−x) (CN)₆ is studied with varying the concentration of Fe (or Co) ions.
At room temperature the resonance lines of Cr³⁺ ions have small widths in spite of coexistence of paramagnetic ions Fe³⁺. However, with decreasing temperature, line widths of Cr³⁺ ions are broadened and the resonance fields are shifted to lower fields. The widths at lowest temperatures exceed the calculated dipolar width, suggesting the existence of certain amounts of exchange coupling between Cr³⁺ ions and Fe³⁺ ions. The temperature variations of the line widths and the shifts are reasonably interpreted in terms of the random modulation of the interactions between Cr³⁺ ions and Fe³⁺ ions by the rapid spin-lattice relaxation of Fe³⁺ ions following the generalized theory of magnetic resonace by R. Kubo and K. Tomita (J. Phys. Soc. Japan 9 (1954) 888).

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Evaporated films of nickel and cobalt formed on amorphous bases were studied by the radial distribution method of electron diffraction. The mean thickness of films was the order of 10Å. Such thin films are not continuous and consist of crystallites with size of the order of 10Å.
For nickel crystallites, the lattice constant and the amplitude of thermal vibration are the same as those of massive crystals but anomalous neighbours of h.c.p. type are found. These results are the same as those for silver which were studied in the previous work (J. Phys. Soc. Japan 13 (1958) 1015).
For cobalt crystallites at room temperature, the amplitude of thermal vibration turns out to be twice as large as that of massive cobalt crystals and the numbers of neighbours are found to be equal to those which are calculated for a mixture of h.c.p. and diamond structures. At high temperatures, cobalt crystallites become to be h.c.p. and gradually transform to f.c.c. structure. The amplitude of thermal vibration is 0.15Å at 250°C and 0.17Å at 430°C both of which agree with the values for massive crystals.

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The dynamical theory of electron diffraction is applied to the interpretation of the electron microscopic images of a crystal lattice containing a stacking fault and its moiré pattern which is formed by the super position of a crystal with a stacking fault upon a crystal without any stacking fault.
Numerical calculations are carried out for several cases.
The theory predicts that the nature of stacking fault, i. e. intrinsic and extrinsic, can be known from the contrasts of the image.

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Real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant are measured at frequencies from 80 c/s to 120 kc/s for printing paper and cellophane with varied water content. Dielectric dispersion at low frequencies is observed above the critical water content, 3% for printing paper and 6% for cellophane. The intensity of dispersion increases and the logarithm of loss maximum frequency decreases both linearly with increase of water content above this critical value. From these results and others, it is concluded that the low frequency dispersion of cellulose may be attributed to the rotational segmental motions of cellulose which start through the sorbed water molecules breaking the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Dielectric dispersion of cellulose triacetate is also studied, the results being essentially similar to cellulose.

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Averages of the second and the fourth powers of chain end separation for a chain composed of N bonds in hindered rotation under no stretching force are calculated to those terms of the order of unity and of N, respectively. These averages are made use of to discuss the non-Gaussian behavior under a stretching force, and this stretching effect is examined especially for free rotation, hindered rotation in a n-fold periodic potential, and trans-gauche configurations. Average fractions of trans and gauche configurations in a stretched state are obtained from calculating internal energy of the chain.

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A new method is proposed to calculate the altitude profiles of positive ion density in the ionosphere from the ion current obtained by a rocket borne Langmuir probe.
For a spherical probe, moving relatively to a plasma, the form of ion sheath is deformed from the spherical one. It is assumed that the radius of the ion sheath perpendicular to the moving direction is equal to that of the probe at rest, for the forward sheath a rotating ellipsoid is applied, and in the backward the ordinary relation between the total current and the current density at the surface of sheath is used.
Positive ion densities of the ionosphere are determined by using above relations and observed total current. Good accordance of the calculated values with the simultaneous observations of the electron density at E-layer from h′−f curves will suggest the validity of the method.

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The reflectance and transmittance of a very thin inhomogeneous film are calculated under the assumption that it consists of equal ellipsoids placed in a plane, and the incident light wave is diffracted by each ellipsoid. The result shows that the Wolter’s formulae are maintained, if the thickness and the dielectric constant therein are replaced by the mass thickness and polarizabilities of the ellipsoid appropriate for the polarization of incident light. The film behaves something like an anisotropic film owing to the differences of polarizabilities of the ellipsoid along its axis, and the optical properties depend on the incident angle. The latter dependence, k-dispersion, comes from the two-dimensional local field. The optical thickness of the thin inhomogeneous film is discussed.

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The unsteady boundary layer whose velocity profile depends on two independent variables only is called ‘semi-similar’. The conditions for the semi-similar boundary layer are obtained. The simplest ones are the time-dependent or the space-dependent semi-similar boundary layers, such that one of the independent variables is the time t or the distance x parallel to the main flow, respectively. It is found that the former can take place only for the main flow velocity T(t){ax+Y(y)}, and the latter for X(x)⁄{Y(y)−t}, where a is a constant, and X, Y and T are arbitrary functions, y being the coordinate perpendicular to the main flow and parallel to the wall. Non-similar boundary layers occuring in the two-dimensional or axisymmetric stagnation flows are time-dependent semi-similar. Detailed numerical calculations are made for the stagnation boundary layers impulsively starting from rest with constant speed.

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An approximate method is presented for calculating the unsteady quasi-two-dimensional incompressible laminar boundary layer. The velocity profiles are assumed to be given by one-parameter families of curves, the parameter being essentially the non-dimensional shearing stress at the wall. The profile parameter and the momentum thickness are determined by the momentum- and energy-integral equations. The accuracy of the method is examined by comparing the results with exact solutions. Quartic velocity profile gives good results for decelerating main flows, while the Hartree velocity profile proves to be satisfactory for accelerating main flows.

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Velocity and attenuation of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in styrene butadiene rubber are measured in the temperature from 0° to 50°C at frequencies 1, 3 and 5Mc/s and real and imaginary parts of longitudinal wave modulus (K+4G⁄3) are calculated. Comparing the results with the data of bulk moduls (K) previously obtained for the same sample by the suspension method (J. Phys. Soc. Japan 15 (1960) 2324), we find that relaxation times, their temperature dependence and the spectra of distribution of relaxation times are quite similar for volume and shear deformationns. This may be a consequence of the fact that both the deformations are associated with the same molecular motions. Shear modulus (G) is obtained for comparison at a single frequency 1 Mc/s in the temperature between 0° and 20°C.

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The sorption and the desorption of water vapour on borosilicate glass have been studied at temperatures between 3.8° and 46.6°C and at a pressure of 10⁻⁵ Torr using the constant pressure method. A part of the sorption process is diffusion of water molecules into a surface layer of glass which is named “hygroscopic surface layer.” The activation energy of diffusion is 7∼11 Kcal/mole, and the diffusion constant is about 10⁻¹⁸cm²/sec.
The sorption and the desorption on borosilicate glass surface covered with a thin film of diffusion pump oil, Lion A, Octoil, S, Apiezon C or Myvane, have also been investigated. The results are similar to those for clean glass surface.

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Bending creep-rupture tests have been made over a time range from 0.1 to 10⁴ seconds on a large number of standard mortar specimens. The observed creep curves consist of the three stages of transient, steady-state, and accelerating creep, and each creep stage can be interpreted as a kind of stochastic process from a statistical point of view. A new rheological model based on the Eyring theory of absolute reaction rates accounts quantitatively for the stress dependence of the transition probability densities for these creep stages, as well as for the time law of the creep-rupture process.

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Since Fig. 1(b) on page 2320 was pridted in a wrong manner, the correct is shown here (Editor).
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

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