The disintegration of RaB was studied by a β-ray spectrometer, with coincidence counter techniques. The β-ray spectrum of RaB obtained was complex, consisting of two components with end point energies 590±10 and 650±10 Kev.
This results was also confirmed by coincidence measurements between the internal conversion electrons of the 242, 295 and 350 Kev γ-rays of RaC and the β-rays of RaB, using a pair of 180° focussing spectrometers.
The relative intensities of the two β-ray groups obtained 5:4 was in accord with the excitation probabilities given by Ellis, and also with the transition probabilities calculated from the γ-ray intensities obtained by Muller et al.
Judging from these experimental results, the level scheme proposed by Ellis seems to be more plausible than that of Stern.

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The idea of the quasi-static change is based on the local equilibrium. It will be generalized on the base of molecular kinetics. Let us consider the quasi-chemical reaction of the type
∑ν_jsA_j→∑ν_ksA_k,
the rate of this reaction be \dotq_s and the distribution function of A_i be n_i. Then
\dotG=∑_iμ_i\dotn_i=−∑_s(∑_jν_jsμ_j−∑ν_ksμ_k)\dotq_s,
where μ_i is the chemical potential of A_i and G is Gibbs’ free energy. In the transient state some of \dotq_ss are yet very small and they are called the second coordinate. Then
∑ν_jsμ_j−∑ν_ksμ_k\fallingdotseq0,
on the coordinate. This is the generalization of the local equilibrium. Then the product term of G is the small quantity of higher order and may be neglected. Then it may be expressed by finite number of \dotq_s, which can not be neglected and is called the first coordinate. Such change of state, which is expressed by the finite parameter, is called generalized quasistatic one. In the following the living system is assumed to be in such state. Here
(∑ν_jsμ_j−∑ν_ksμ_k)\dotq_s,
of the first coordinate is the heat from the virtual heat source, which is the fundamental idea of this paper. Thermodynamics can not be applied to the first coordinate, but we can assume the empirical relation between q_s and the field of chemical potential, which can be introduced thermodynamically. Thermodynamical analysis of the phenomena of life is igven in the following.

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In transient phenomena, nature seems to prefer the pass of the maximum rate of reaction. The principle is called by Lord Rayleigh the principle of the least dissipation of energy. The other aspect of this principle is the equilibrium of the second coordinate. It is a very important law of nature and might be called the fourth law of thermodynamics. The most important meaning of this principle is seen in the application to the bio-physics. Foundation of this principle is endeavoured in the following.

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Living organism is the open system, in which chemical substances are taken from the external system and excreted. Let the free energy taken and excreted be Z₁ and Z₂ respectively, then the change of the free energy of the organism is
\dotG_k=Z₁−Z₂−D, (4.5)
where D is the free energy used to maintain life or for external work W. G_a be the free energy of the external system, then −\dotG_a=Z₁−Z₂ and the second law may by written in the form
\dotG_a+\dotG_k=−D<0. (4.8)
On the other hand \dotG_k can be written in the form
\dotG_k=R−D_r, (5.7)
where
R=Z₁−Z₂−W−D_f,D_r=D−W−D_f (5.6)
and D_f is the energy loss in our body. This is the fundamental equation of thermodynamics of life. R is the repair of free energy of the organism and D_r is its depreciation.

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Explicit expressions for the logarithms of activily coefficient of dilute ionic solutions right up to c^3⁄2 and for the osmotic pressure right up to c^5⁄2 are calculated according to Mayer’s theory by the use of Fourier transformation. The two prototypes which Mayer supposed, by his rough evaluations, to lead to the terms of higher order are proved to be included in the present approximation. The results of calculations are compared with the existing theories. Calculated osmotic coefficients for 1–1 electrolytes are compared with experimental values, yielding to mean ionic diameters values which are more reasonable than in Debye Huckel’ s theory.

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Spectral and energy distributions for external photoelectrons ejected from Cs₃Sb photo-cathodes were determined by the method of interchangeable emitters. Precautions were taken to secure electrically uniform surfaces.
The energy distribution had an usual form for hν=2.14, 2.27, 2.84, 3.06, 3.39 and 3.96 ev. The results indicated that Cs₃Sb were semiconductors with a small values of δ=0.2∼0.3 ev. Here δ is the energy difference between the Fermi level and the top of the occupied band of energy states. The photoelectric work function (\varphi′) was found about 1.8±0.1 ev. The work function obtained from the contact potential techniques were about 1.5∼1.6 ev. On the other hand, the thermionic work function was found about 1.3∼1.5 ev, using Richardson’s formula. Typical values of m [parameter depending both on the form of occupied band arid on the energy dependence of the photo-electric excitation probability] obtained both from energy and spectral measurements were 1. Thermoelectric measurements showed that all samples were P type.

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The sizes of electron avalanches were measured by noise pulses just before the disruption on mica. Because the breakdown does not occure at the instant of the application of the transient over voltage, owing to the statistical time lag, we can count the number of the noise pulses during the interval from the instant of the application of the voltage to the instant of the disruption, which were about 10⁻² sec. in our experiment. Measuring the distribution of the noise pulses at once, we have estimated the avalanche size just sufficient to cause the disruption to be 10⁸ electrons.

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The hfs of the spectrum of Zr I was investigated, natural zirconium sample being used; and in some lines the hfs of Zr⁹¹ was observed. The magnetic moment of Zr⁹¹ calculated from the measured splittings in the line λ4687.80 (4d³5s⁵F₅−4d³5p⁵G₆) and other lines is
μ(Zr⁹¹)=−1.3±0.3 nm..

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In this paper is given an approximate analysis for the detached shock wave in front of a circular cylinder and a sphere moving with supersonic speed. Assuming the flow behind the detached shock wave to be similar to the rotational flow of an incompressible fluid, we can determine various quantities relating to the shock in such a way that the shock conditions may be satisfied in the neighbourhood of the nose of the shock wave. It is found that the vorticity correction does not alter the non-dimensional curvature of the shock at the nose but makes its location further away from the body than in the case without vorticity. Our theoretical result is compared with some experiments and a fairly good agreement is found between them.

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The steady two-dimensional flow around a circular cylinder submerged in a viscous fluid for the case R=40 is investigated, integrating numerically the exact Navier-Stokes equations. The main results are as follows, (i) The steady flow solution exists even for the Reynolds number as high as 40. Moreover, it seems that the solution goes over smoothly to the solution of the Kirchhoff discontinuous flow theory which seems to be the limiting flow for the case R→∞. (ii) The flow pattern and the coefficients of pressure and drag are in good agreement with the experimental data.

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Electron diffraction investigation of the primary oxide of iron (γ-Fe₂O₃ or Fe₃O₄) produced on the α-Fe layer, which was deposited on oxidized zincblende cleavage face by evaporation, showed that the orientation of the oxide with respect to α-Fe was:
{100}_oxide⁄⁄{100}_Fe,⟨110⟩_oxide⁄⁄⟨100⟩_Fe.

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Electron diffraction powder patterns from extremely minute crystallites of evaporated silver show a peculiar intensity anomaly: the most remarkable part of it is that the ratio of the integral intensity of the (200)-reflection to that of the (111)-reflection is far smaller than the one calculated, and the former reflection is much broader than the latter. The anomaly can be ascribed to a stacking disorder in the (111)-plane in the minute silver crystallites. The calculated line profiles can be made to coincide with the observed ones, if the following parameters are adequately determined: α, the probability with which the stacking fault occurs; L₁ and L₂, the dimensions of the crystallites parallel and perpendicular respectively to the (111)-plane of the crystallite; and \sqrt⟨u²⟩_AV., the amount of the average lattice distortion due to small inhomogeneous lattice distortions in the crystallites. For example they turned out to be, for one specimen, α=0.84, L₁=20 Å, L₂=47 Å; for turned specimen, α=0.70, L₁=14 Å, L₂=33 Å and \sqrt⟨u²⟩_AV=0.14 Å.

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Properties and use of thermocouple psychrometers consisted of fine wires of constantan and manganin have been studied. In Part I various effects on psychrometric measurements have been examined experimentally such as transference of heat through wires and also through air between dry- and wet-junctions, ventilation, lag of indication, and conditions have been shown to avoid misleading causes. The thermocouple psychrometer is of rapid response owing to its small thermal capacity, and its wet-junction is cooled sufficiently by slight ventilation mostly due to its small size which makes effect of radiation on wet-junction small.

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Fine structures due to refraction effect in electron diffraction patterns of cubic magnesium and cadmium oxides are studied when the sample have a fibrous orientation around [001] axis and the electron incidence is nearly perpendicular to the axis. In the case of magnesium oxide, most of the reflexions split into doublets corresponding to the ordinary refraction effect due to a mean inner potential of about 15∼16 volts; (002) reflexion, however, splits into quartet corresponding to the double refraction effect, which was formerly pointed out by Sturkey, the separation of which is also in accordance with the theoretical expectation. The intensities of the two spots corresponding to a double refraction are found to be remarkably different; the spot of larger deviation is weaker than that of smaller deviation. In the.case of cadmium oxide, though the fine structures of the fibrous reflexion are less apparent than in the case of magnesium oxide, it is noted the fact that the (111) reflexion splits only into doublet showing anomalously small separation, although well separated quartet according to a large double refraction effect is expected. The doublet, however, is to be considered as the two inner spots of the quartet, while the outer two are inappreciably weak on account of a much exaggerated intensity difference between the doubly refracted electron rays than that of (002) for magnesium oxide.

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Static friction of cleaned glass surfaces was accurately measured, with the aim of establishing a practical scale for the cleanness of the surface and Comparing the power of various cleaning procedures. The coefficient of static friction μ of a cleaned glass surface is characteristic of the cleaning procedure adopted. Samples prepared by one and the same procedure yield the same value of μ within a few per cent., if close attention is paid to the practice of treatment. Some practical problems on the technique of cleaning, preservation of cleaned samples, etc. are dealt with. The relation between μ and the nature of the surface is briefly discussed in conclusion.

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