The sensitivity of resonant antennas for continuous gravitational radiation emitted from a coherent source is discussed. Fourier integration of the antenna output over an extended period results in a signal-to-noise ratio proportional to the quality factor of the antenna. This holds true even for an antenna with an extremely large quality factor which has an antenna decay time longer than the available observation time. The method of cold damping is useful in this connection, increasing the bandwidth of the antenna without losing its sensitivity.

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The differential cross sections for the D(d, d)D, D(d, p)T and D(d, ³He)n reactions were measured at 13.2 MeV. The angular distributions of the differential cross sections were obtained from 12° to 90° in the c.m. system for the elastic scattering, from 3.6° to 90° for (d, p) and from 6.0° to 90° for (d, ³He). The differential cross sections for the (d, n) reaction, deduced from the data on the (d, ³He) reaction, coincide with those for the (d, p) reaction over the whole experimental angles.
Analyses were made with the DWBA theory. The differential cross sections for the elastic scattering were well reproduced by using the optical model potential with the Majorana exchange term.

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In ¹¹⁷Sn^m an E5 γ transition between the 314.2 keV (11/2⁻) and the ground (1/2⁺) states was observed by using a Compton suppression spectrometer. Its branching ratio was found to be (4.9±1.1)×10⁻⁶. A B(E5) value obtained here is (2.9±0.6)×10⁴ e²fm¹⁰. An effective charge of the E5 γ transition was deduced to be (0.23±0.03)e in Weisskopf estimate. This is of the same magnitude as those in ¹¹³Cd^m and ¹²³Te^m. In the single particle unit the effective charge was obtained to be (0.089±0.010)e by using the 1h_11⁄2 and 3s_1⁄2 wave functions deduced from the Woods-Saxon potential. A core polarization charge due to the 5⁻ state at 2367 keV in ¹¹⁶Sn was calculated to be 0.11e, by taking into accounts of the effects due to the pairing.

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The chemical turbulence of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction theoretically expected by Kuramoto and Yamada was experimentally studied. The turbulence is caused by the coupling between diffusion and nonlinear reaction, i.e., a diffusion induced chaos. Qualitative features of the turbulence are as follows: (1) the turbulence is characterized by frequent growth and decay of plural modes, (2) the alternation of modes corresponds to the irregular variation of the amplitude, (3) the extent of disorder varies gradually with controllable parameters and there seems to be no discontinuity between turbulent and ordered phases.

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A statistical theory of the random ordered phase, proposed by Ueno and Oguchi, is discussed in the quenched random site model with two kinds of atoms, which is ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic in the pure limits, respectively. The theory would be applicable to the mixed K₂Cu_xFe_1−xF₄.

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An effective mass theory for explaining valley splittings is formulated in the representation where kinetic parts are diagonalized. The theory is applied to n-channel inversion layers of Si. When intervalley matrix elements of the inversion layer potential are correctly included, the theory is shown to be the same as the Ohkawa and Uemura theory, which takes the representation where potential parts are diagonalized. It is also shown that other previous effective mass theories for valley splittings include only a part of intervalley matrix elements given by the present paper. Application of the present theory to donor states in Si is briefly discussed.

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The time course of the electrical current and the induced patterns are simultaneously observed in a nematic liquid crystal MBBA (p-methoxybenziliden p–n butylaniline) under the applied ac-field. Above the critical field, we find a damped oscillation of the current and the successive changes of the corresponding flow-patterns. The patterns have the characteristic figure and size of the intermediate states to be stable for the respective magnitudes of the applied field. The patterns are clear and regular at the peak value of the current. Such repetition of the regular and distorted patterns might suggest a key understanding the mechanism of the self-organization in the system far from equilibrium.

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It is well-known that a Fokker-Planck equation, which governs time evolution of a distribution function of a Brownian particle in μ-space, can be reduced to a diffusion equation, the so-called Smoluchowski equation, in coordinate space after relaxation in momentum space is established. In this paper new derivations of the Smoluchowski equation are given. One is based on a multiple time scale (MTS) method and the other on a projection operator (PO) method. Emphasis is put on the MTS method since it has the advantage of displaying the physics of the relaxation processes contained in the kinetic equation. This aspect of the MTS method is further elucidated by our derivation of a (linearized) Navier-Stokes equation from a conserving Fokker-Planck equation.

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The internal magnetic-field profile was investigated for a superconducting Pb-20%Tl rod by a modified Campbell method. A large surface current was observed and it can be interpreted as carried by dislocation cells in the surface region. The shear modulus of the fluxoid lattice was estimated directly from the stress-strain relation in the reversible range of the ac field, and it was found agreeable with Labusch’s expression derived for the point pins. The pinning mechanism in the present specimen is investigated and an expression of the pinning force density is derived for the existence of dense pinning-centres. The obtained magnetic-field dependence of the pinning force density agrees well with the observed data.

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The magnetic flux distribution in a nonideal type 2 superconductor during the decrease of an external magnetic field below the lower critical field H_c1 is discussed by the use of a modified critical-state model. The modification of the model is carried out by a semi-macroscopic investigation on the local force balance around trapped fluxoids in this field region. The present model leads to the magnetization curve which agrees well with the experimental data by Kes et al.

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Fluctuation-induced conductivity (FIC) in indium films containing paramagnetic impurities (gadolinium) is investigated. The FIC is well described as the sum of the Aslamazov-Larkin (AL) term, the Maki-Thompson (MT) term and the third term. The sum of the AL term and the MT term is insufficient to express the FIC. The pair-breaking parameter δ depends not only on the normal state sheet resistance but also on the concentration of gadolinium impurities in the manner predicted by Thompson. Experimental data are analysed also by the use of the formulae proposed by one of the present authors (K.O) in which the magnetic impurity effect is explicitly taken into account.

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Measurements of magnetization were carried out at temperatures from 4.2 to 200 K on the single crystals of Mn_1−xFe_xP compounds for x≤0.15 and magnetic susceptibilities have been measured on polycrystals of Mn_1−xFe_xP and Mn_1−xCr_xP compound systems. The Mn_1−xFe_xP compounds for x<0.12 and Mn_1−xCr_xP compounds for x<0.06 show antiferromagnetism at low temperatures and ferromagnetism at high temperatures and the antiferro-ferromagnetic transition temperature increases with incerasing x for the former system and decreases for the latter system. The Mn_1−xFe_xP compounds for 0.12≤x≤1 and Mn_1−xCr_xP for 0.06≤x≤0.55 have only antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism, respectively. The magnetization curves for the single crystal compounds were analyzed on the basis of the theory of Hiyamizu and Nagamiya.

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We discuss some general aspects of the satellite lines in the magnetic resonance spectra of low-dimensional paramagnets. We point out that the so called 3ω₀-transition does not appear in a first-order treatment.

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The Fourier-transformed exchange matrix for the crystalline structure of Mn₃Sn and Mn₃Ge is analyzed in the case of a propagation vector parallel to the hexagonal principal axis and two modes of spin ordering are predicted, a helix of ferromagnetic basal net planes and a helix of triangular basal net planes. The effect of anisotropy energies is studied for the triangular spin ordering with zero propagation vector to uniquely determine the spin configuration and to account for the observation. Triangular helix, observed in Mn₃Sn at low temperatures, is also discussed.

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Homogeneous glasses of iron-rich BaO–Fe₂O₃ system (39–63 mol% Fe₂O₃) with a small amount of B₂O₃ are prepared by a splat cooling technique. Mössbauer spectra are measured from room temperature to 4.2 K. The room temperature spectrum of the glass with Fe₂O₃/BaO<1 consists of a simple paramagnetic doublet, indicating that the glass is formed by Fe³⁺O₄ tetrahedral network of fairly uniform configurations. At 4.2 K, a well resolved hyperfine sextet is observed with the internal field of 450 kOe. The magnetic ordering temperature determined from temperature variation of hyperfine spectrum is 70 K, which is by an order of magnitude lower than that of the corresponding crystalline phase. No evidence for superparamagnetism is observed. The magnetic structure of the glass is suggested to be of short-range antiferromagnetism. Both paramagnetic and hyperfine spectra of the glass with Fe₂O₃/BaO>1 are interpreted to consist of the spectra of tetrahedral and octahedral Fe³⁺ ions.

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The relation between the magnetic moment and the lattice constant of the compounds MnAs substituted by P or Sb is investigated by the magnetic measurement under high magnetic field and X-ray diffraction. From the experimental data, it is confirmed that the low spin state is stable below T_N (Néel temperature), and the low spin to high spin transition accompanied by large anisotropic change of the lattice constants occurs above T_N by substituting P to As in a wide range of composition exceeding 3%. Our conclusion is that this anisotropic change is related to that of the electron configuration.

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The phonon dispersion of a single crystal of ferromagnetic Invar alloy, Fe₆₅Ni₃₅ has been measured along the high symmetry directions at several temperatures in the small momentum region, q≤0.35 Å⁻¹, by the inelastic neutron scattering. Marked softening of the [110]T₁ and [111]T acoustic modes is found below the Curie temperature, T_c=499±2 K. On the contrary, temperature dependent character of the longitudinal modes is quite normal such that their elastic constants increase upon cooling. These results present a striking contrast to the ultrasonic results, which show the anomalous depression for [110]L mode near T_c.
Zero sound anomaly of the transverse mode in the Fe₆₅Ni₃₅ alloy is well interpreted by the coupling of the transverse phonons and the electrons of the 3d band. The specific relation between the elastic softening and the Invar properties is discussed.

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The angular distributions of photon pairs from positrons annihilating in ReO₃ single crystals were measured along three principal crystallographic directions. The observed curves showed marked structures and anisotropies. A comparison with simple models indicates that main features of these structures and anisotropies can be attributed to the shape of the Fermi surface and the higher momentum components which reflect t_2g character of the conduction electrons in this compound.

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A detailed calculation is presented of the electronic structure of an impurity atom of boron in ferromagnetic nickel for the purpose of analysing the recent experimental data of NMR of ¹²B. Observed two NMR signals are identified as arising from ¹²B at the octahedral interstitial and substitutional sites, respectively, on the basis of the calculation of the hyperfine field H_hf and the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time T₁. The calculation predicts a general interrelation among the sign and magnitude of H_hf, the temperature dependence of H_hf and T₁, which seems to be confirmed by the data on boron and also by those on other impurity atoms. The decrease of the saturation magnetization of nickel caused by an impurity atom of boron is quantitatively discussed also.

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We calculate the frequency-dependent electrical resistivity, R(ω), of nearly and weakly ferromagnetic metals by applying the Mori formula to the two-band model. Because of the scattering due to spin fluctuations, the complex resistivity at low temperatures has a pronounced frequency dependence, which yields the notable enhancement of the optical mass and the significant deviation from the Drude formula of the conductivity. It is suggested that optical measurements in the far-infrared region may provide a valuable tool for probing the spin-fluctuation spectrum, D(ω), which is shown to be expressed at T=0 K by D(ω)=(N_se²⁄m)×[2∂R′(ω)⁄∂ω+ω∂²R′(ω)⁄∂ω²], where R′(ω) is the real part of R(ω) and is obtainable by the optical experiment.

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Photoconductive properties (photoresponse, dependences of photocurrent on temperature and light intensity, etc.) of lead phthalocyanine single crystal doped with various levels of oxygen were measured and the role of oxygen in the generation and the recombination of photocarriers was studied. Experimental results are explained on the model that a hole-like carrier is indirectly photo-generated via the charge transfer state at an oxygen center and recombines with the ionized oxygen.

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Metal-nonmetal transition in amorphous Si–Au system has been investigated by means of electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power. It is found that the Au atoms act as acceptors and form a narrow band in pseudo-gap of amorphous Si. The metal-nonmetal transition occurs at x=14% and is assigned to the Anderson transition. In the nonmetallic region, the transport is dominated by the variable range hopping conduction in the lower temperature range and by the ambipolar conduction in the host band in the higher temperature range.

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Interference effects of Γ and X electric-break-throughs in vicinal planes of Si (100) n-channel inversion layers are investigated by the use of the extended zone effective mass equation due to Ohkawa and Uemura. The surface band structure proposed by Tsui et al. is well explained by the interference effects. It is predicted that mini-gaps except the second lowest lying one have a large dependence on an azimuthal component of tilting angles.

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Two relaxation dispersion functions which give Cole-Cole arc in Argand diagram but with different dispersion functions from that of Cole and Cole are proved to be inconsistent with a general theory of relaxation dispersion. Therefore, an earlier result of isomorphism of Cole-Cole dispersion function with its representation is re-affirmed.

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The irreducible representations of normal modes of WO₃ are presented at the points Γ, X, M and R in or on the Brillouin zone of the hypothetic cubic phase. The atomic displacements at each phase are decomposed into the normal modes referring to the diffraction data. The normal modes concerned with W atoms condense at all the transition points except for the orthorhombic-monoclinic transition, where a linear combination of three rotational modes of WO₆ octahedra, R₂₅^x+R₂₅^z+M₃^y, condenses.
Antiferrodistortive structures in the phases above room temperature are due to the condensations of the M, X and R modes. Ferridistortive structure in the monoclinic (II) phase is due to the condensation of both Γ₁₅^z and M₃^′z modes. WO₃ is shown to have ferridistortive structures with first-order successive phase transitions.

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Dielectric properties of Ca₂Ba(C₂H₅CO₂)₆ single crystals have been studied at hydrostatic pressure of about 0.9 kbar. It has been found that the high-pressure phase V is ferroelectric. D-E hysteresis loop at 60 Hz is observed only on annealed specimens, but not on as-grown crystals. It is suggested that the ferroelectric phase V of Ca₂Ba(C₂H₅CO₂)₆ corresponds to those well-known ferroelectric phases II of Ca₂Sr(C₂H₅CO₂)₆ and Ca₂Pb(C₂H₅CO₂)₆ which are realized at atmospheric pressure.

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The real part ε′ and the imaginary part ε″ of the complex dielectric constant of TGS powders have been measured precisely at 1 kHz as functions of temperature from 40°C to 58°C. Powders separated into different particle sizes using sieves ranging from 25 μm to 210 μm in mesh size were used as specimens. A well defined peak of ε′ at 49°C (T_c), indicating ferroelectric phase transition, was observed on the specimen with particle size less than 25 μm, as well as on the specimens with larger particle sizes. The thickness of the nonferroelectric surface layer should be far smaller than 20 μm, the thickness reported by Mansingh and Bawa. Both components of the complex dielectric constant showed remarkable particle size dependence. Behaviors of ε′ and ε″ below T_c are explained by considering the domain wall motion, and the origin of ε″ above T_c is attributed to the ionic conduction.

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The plastic flow in bcc ³He was investigated by the same method as that used for hcp ⁴He in a previous paper. The flow stress in bcc ³He is smaller than that of hcp ⁴He roughly by an order of magnitude. In contrast to hcp ⁴He it is difficult to observe the yield drop at the initial stage of the plastic deformation in bcc ³He. The observed results are analysed as shear flow of polycrystalline aggregates. At high strain rates the shear flow takes place by the operation of three pencil glide systems, and below a certain strain rate it proceeds by the pencil glide on two systems and climb of the dislocations of the systems. The strain rate dependence of the flow stress suggests that dislocations move at a constant velocity independent of the flow rate.

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Br₂⁻ molecular ions in simple cubic CsBr produced with ⁶⁰Co γ-rays at liquid nitrogen temperature have been studied by EPR. EPR spectra have been analyzed in terms of the usual spin-Hamiltonian on the assumption of axial symmetry of the molecular ions. The parameters are determined to be g_⁄⁄=1.9824, g_⊥=2.171, A_⁄⁄=432.8 G and A_⊥=73.0 G for the ⁸¹Br₂⁻ molecular ion by using the value of 28.5 G for the nuclear quadrupole term. These molecular ions decayed thermally above 165 K.

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Piezoreflectivity of graphite has been measured between 3 and 6 eV. The piezospectrum is interpreted as arising from three transitions relevant to the optical spectrum, M₁ transition at 3.8 eV, degenerate M₁, M₂ transitions at 4.5 eV, and M₂ transition at 5.2 eV. These energies yield γ₁−γ₃=0.35 eV and γ₀=2.26 eV as the band parameters along the M–L line in the Brillouin zone. The strain coefficients of the parameters are obtained as, Δγ₀⁄γ₀≅53 per unit strain in the basal plane and Δγ₁⁄γ₁≅Δγ₃⁄γ₃≅37 per unit strain along the c-axis.

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The polarized spectra of the triplet absorption in AgNa(NO₂)₂ have been investigated in the temperature range of −265∼70°C. The intensity of the E⁄⁄b absorption decreases remarkably when the temperature is raised and approaches to T_c. Above T_c, it remains constant and is about 30% of the value at sufficiently low temperatures. The intensity of the E⊥b absorption shows no significant change near T_c. These results are discussed in comparison with those in AgNO₂ and NaNO₂. Discussions are also given on the temperature dependence of the triplet absorption and the phase transition in AgNa(NO₂)₂.

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The Zeeman effect of R-absorption lines in ruby was observed in a high pulsed magnetic field up to 520 kOe using an optical multichannel analyzer. The experiment was done under a thermal equilibrium condition (T=130 K) and the Zeeman line intensity is satisfactorily explained. When a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the C₃-axis, the excited \barE and 2\barA states show a level mixing and the observed pattern indicates a clear Paschen-Back effect The observed g_⁄⁄-values of the excited states are −2.49±0.05 and 1.49±0.05 for \barE and 2\barA, respectively. g_⊥-values for these levels were estimated to be smaller than 0.1 at 500 kOe.

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X-ray scattering intensities from thiourea, SC(NH₂)₂, have been carefully measured in several phases. Measurements of the diffuse scattering intensity near the point (0, 6, 0) were performed above T_c=169 K for c^*-direction and b^*-direction. The result suggests that the ferroelectric transition at T_c is due to the lattice instability of the transverse optical mode. The scattering intensity around (0, 6, δ) observed just above T_m=202 K shows a strong anisotropy elongating along the c^*-direction.

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Charge changing collisions leading to negative ion formation have been studied for H⁺, C⁺, O⁺ and S⁺ ion beams passing through vapors of Cs, K and Na. Collision cell method is used, and the energy range studied is from 0.5 keV to 5.0 keV. Fractions of outgoing particles in three charge states 1, 0 and −1 have been determined as a function of target atom thickness Π (atoms/cm²). Except the hydrogen case, the fractions of negative ions at very thick targets are as high as 53 to 95% of the total beam. The maximum conversion coefficients of primary positive ions into negative ions have also been determined. The result shows that except the hydrogen case, cesium is the most efficient target in the energy range studied and converts 29% of C⁺ ions, 24% of O⁺ ions and 15% of S⁺ ions into negative ions at the optimum energies and Π values.

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The Born cross sections for the charge transfer processes involving highly excited hydrogen atoms are expressed in closed forms for s-s and s-p transfers. In the calculation of the transition matrix elements, we have made use of the sum rules of the atomic wave functions in the momentum space derived from the Coulomb Green function. The momentum transfer effect of the electron is important and cannot be neglected throughout the energy range where the Born approximation is valid. We have also obtained an approximate expression for the cross section σ(n→n′) averaged over the initial azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers and summed over the final ones. The averaged cross section satisfies a scaling law in the resonance case n=n′, that is, σ_n(E)=n⁴σ_1s(n²E). Applications will be given in the subsequent paper.

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To examine the effect of methyl groups on the optical absorption of retinal in ethanol solution, the π-electronic states of desmethyl retinals are calculated by extending our previous LCAO–ASMO–SCF–CI method to include 2p_z- and pseudo π-orbitals in methyl branches of polyene chain. The effect of ethanol solvent is also taken into account in the two ways: (1) the effect is assumed to be implicitly included into the parameters of calculation; (2) the interaction of retinal with its neighboring ethanol molecule is explicitly calculated regarding ethanol as a point-dipole. It is thus shown that the observed λ_max’s of desmethyl retinals with all-trans, 9-cis or 11-cis form can reasonably be explained by taking account of the change in structure due to the substitution of methyl group(s) by hydrogen atom(s).

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To calculate the optical absorption of formamide and its related compounds, the INDO method for valence-shell electrons is extended to include the change in valence-state electron configurations. All the molecular integrals are parametrized as functions of electron densities. The singlet states of those amides are then determined with a due account of CI, including all the singly-excited and the simultaneous doubly-excited configurations. It is thus shown for formamide that the lowest four transitions can be assigned as n-π^*, NV₁, n′-π^* and NV₂, and that the calculated absorption agrees with the observation. It is also shown from the calculation on related compounds that the methyl substitution of hydrogen atom(s) exerts a considerable influence on NV₁- and NV₂-transition, and that the calculated directions of NV₁-transition moment are in a satisfactory agreement with the observed ones.

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Flute mode oscillations are excited in a single-ended Q-machine plasma by applying three phase voltage to electron emissive grids (coated with BaO) heated by the thermal radiation from the hot plate. Synchronous quenching is also observed: A relation a²+αb²=const. is obtained between the amplitudes a and b of the spontaneous and excited flute modes (whose frequencies are f₀ and f_ex), respectively. The factor α depends on the frequency discrepancy and the position of observation: α=0.17 and 0.3 for (f₀−f_ex)⁄f₀=0.28 and 0.13, respectively.

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Experimental as well as Computer Simulation studies have been systematically performed on the spontaneous generation of magnetic fields associated with laser-produced plasmas from massive solid targets in vacuum. The experimental studies have been performed by employing a pulsed ruby-laser beam, aluminum plane target and magnetic probe(s) located in the vicinity of target surface to measure generated magnetic fields. Numbers of new interesting facts have been found experimentally on the time evolution of spatial distribution of magnetic field generated, and possible physical interpretations for them are given. The comparisons of our experimental results are made with those from our computer simulations, as well as with the other experimental results which have been performed in the existence of background gases, rather than in vacuum.

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The present paper deals with a weakly nonlinear wave propagating along a slender magnetized plasma of high β and shows that a compressive area-wave as well as a rarefaction wave propagates into the plasma due to the mirror effect. The steepening of the compression wave is balanced with a dispersion caused by a radial motion and a solitary wave is formed.

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Several functionals, whose Euler-Lagrange equations are the kinetic equations for the velocity-distribution functions, are derived. The extremal values of these functionals are proved to be proportional to the Ohm conductivity σ^I or to the Hall conductivity σ^II. The complementary variational principles for σ^I and σ^II, which give both lower and upper bounds, are derived by use of these functionals. These principles are applied to a plasma composed of electrons and singly charged positive ions. The results of computations by use of simple trial functions show that the complementary variational principles derived in this paper are very useful.

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In the present paper it is shown that solitons are formed and propagate in a convective motion of a low-β plasma in the presence of a weak static electric field normal to an applied magnetic field. The theory is based on a model equation of Hasegawa and Mima and also on the two-dimensional ion-fluid equation with a Boltzmann distribution from which the model equation is derived, both of which are reduced to the Korteweg-de Vries equation.

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The present paper shows that in a plane normal to an applied magnetic field, envelope solitary vortices comprising convective cells of small scale propagate through a nonuniform bounded plasma of low β as envelope solitons of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation. It is shown further that the modulational instability is enhanced resonantly for certain wavenumbers and vortices of large scale is excited by the ponderomotive force. Discussions are based on the model equation of Hasegawa and Mima that is the geostrophic vortex equation, and a generation of zonal flows by the Rossby wave is noted.

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General natures of steady motions in one-dimensional nonlinear lattices are studied. Each constituting atom is then assumed to interact only with its nearest neighbors.
One of the conclusions is that the Toda lattice is very special in the sense that the degree of freedom of steady wave in it is less restrictive than those of other nonlinear lattices.

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By using the inverse scattering method the soliton solutions are examined analytically and numerically under both (I) vanishing and (II) nonvanishing conditions. The two-soliton solution for (I) shows that two solitons collide as if they were particles. For the case (II) there appears a “paired soliton” which generally pulsates with a period (“pulsative soliton”) but degenerates to a stationary one (“pure soliton”) in a limited case. There exist two types of pure solitons, envelope bright and dark solitons, between which some cases of collisions are examined. The collision between solitons of same types is similar to that of (I), while the other collisions are different from the previous case.

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Two-time correlation function of the time-dependent ideal random function is obtained as exp [−ω_k²(t₁−t₂)²⁄2] where ω_k is determined by means of a function which governs the time development of the ideal random function. The result compares well with the width of the frequency spectrum of the pseudo-three dimensional electrostatic plasma turbulence in a uniform, loss-less, magnetized plasma, and also with a numerical simulation for a plasma diffusion normally across a magnetic field

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The median spin I_m of the ground state band levels and the γ-ray multiplicity M_γ of residual nuclei produced by equilibrium and preequilibrium Dy(α, xn) reactions were found to be nearly constant as the incident α energy increases beyond ∼60 MeV. Neutrons emitted forward at the pre-equilibrium stage carry away large fraction of the angular momenta.

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