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Kazuaki Nishimura
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
355-367
Published: March 05, 1961
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Gamma rays following inelastic scattering of neutrons by Fe, Cu, Zn, Ge and Se, have been measured with 3.11∼4.72 MeV neutrons using a ring geometry arrangement. The excitation functions for the following gamma rays were observed: 0.844, 1.23
*, 1.80
*, 2.11
* and 2.56
* MeV in Fe
56, 0.665, 0.965 and 1.33 MeV in Cu
63, 0.760 and 1.11 MeV in Cu
65, 0.810
*, 0.995 and 1.81 MeV in Zn
64,66,68, 0.590 MeV in Ge
74,76, 0.830 MeV in Ge
72, 1.01 MeV in Ge
76, 0.560 MeV in Se
76, and 0.660 MeV in Se
76,78,80, respectively. The asterisk indicates the transitions from the higher excited to the 1st excited states. An aspect of de-excitation of higher energy levels was also discussed by analyzing the ratio of probabilities of de-excitation through or not through the 1st excited state as a function of the incident neutron energy.
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Toshiyuki Ishimatsu, Naoyuki Takano, Yûki Hachiya, Takao Nakashi ...
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
367-371
Published: March 05, 1961
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Angular distributions and excitation functions of the Be
9 (
d,
p) Be
10 ground-state reaction were studied in the energy range of deuteron from 1.7 to 3.0 MeV. Six angular distributions were measured at the deuteron energies of 1.74, 1.97, 2.24, 2.51, 2.73 and 3.03 MeV. Each angular distribution has a forward peak characteristic of the deuteron stripping process for
ln=1. The yields in the backward directions, however, are predominant at the lower energies. The excitation curve taken at the laboratory angle of 30°, where the forward peak occurs in the angular distribution, shows a monotone and rather fast rise with deuteron energy. On the other hand, the excitation function of the total cross section of this reaction shows a comparatively slow variation and has a broad peak at about 2.1 MeV of deuteron energy.
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Hiroyuki Shibata
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
372-377
Published: March 05, 1961
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The penetrating showers observed with a large multiplate cloud chamber at 50 mwe and 250 mwe underground have been analyzed. The frequencies of the penetrating showers which are experimentally verified to be produced by mu-mesons have been interpreted with the Williams-Weiszäcker method and the constant photonuclear cross section of 1.4×10
−28 cm
2/nucleon. It has been also shown that the angular distribution of secondary penetrating particles in multiple productions produced by mu-mesons is nearly isotropic in the center-of-mass system of the target nucleon and photon which is virtually associated with the incoming mu-mesons.
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Takuji Tsuzuki
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
377-392
Published: March 05, 1961
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The quantum mechanical behaviors of a dilute gas in a vessel with finite volume are considered with special reference to the surface effect. It is shown that the thermodynamic function of the system with weak interaction between particles can be expanded in terms of permutation rings with the use of M. Toda’s formula, and the result is shown to be in harmony with that derived from the method of grand partition function. An approximate treatment for molecules with hard cores is also given.
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Sadami Tomita
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
393-396
Published: March 05, 1961
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The magnetic property and the electrical resistance of Mumetal and 50-permalloy were measured after low temperature heat-treatment ranging from 200°C to 600°C. It is observed that the maximum permeability of Mumetal is remarkably increased by this heat-treatment. These results can not be explained simply by the existing theories proposed by Néel et al. From the comparison between experimental results obtained in binary permalloy and polynary permalloy and the analysis of the relation between the maximum permeability and the electrical resistance, we introduce the idea of inhomogeneous internal structure to explain the change of μ
0, μ
m of permalloys by this low temperature heat-treatment.
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Hiroshi Fujita
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
397-406
Published: March 05, 1961
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Transmission electron micrographs of cold-worked aluminium show that the crystal grain consists of many subgrains the smallest size of which is less than 0.1μ. On subsequent heating, the subgrains grow by two kinds of process, i.e. the formation of subgrain-groups and the usual growth, and finally they grow up to a stable polygonal shape of 3∼10μ in size. The total area and the structure of sub-boundaries are likely to play a very important role for recrystallization because they act as the sinks of lattice defects in the intermediate course of migration to the recrystallization boundaries, but
the recrystallization in situ is not found as a special stage of subgrain-growth.
The results obtained in the present work are discussed in relation to a mechanism of the recrystallization which was proposed by the author.
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Takuro Tsuzuku
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
407-413
Published: March 05, 1961
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The growth of cavities by vacancy condensation in graphite and the transformation to dislocation loops have been theoretically investigated.
During the heat treatment of carbonaceous substances for graphitization, numerous vacancies and cavities presumably exceeding 10
−3 atomic per cent are introduced in several ways,
e.g., decomposition and evaporation of various impurities. By taking account of the internal surface energy and the configurational entropy of them, it has been concluded that these vacancies and cavities are driven to consolidate to fewer and larger ones lying extensively on the (00
l)-planes.
In the course of the steady dimensional growth, the cavity is expected to collapse to a prismatic dislocation loop under the compressive thermal stress in
c-direction (graphitization stress) caused by the interference between the anisotropically expanding crystallites. The criterion of such transformation has been determined by comparing the self-energy of the dislocation loop with the sum of the surface energy of the original cavity and the compressive strain energy to be released by the collapse;
i.e., the critical diameters are ranging from about 100 Å to 1100 Å in accordance with the various conditions concerning the crystal modification and the cavity thickness. These values are in fairly good agreement with the experimental results. It has been remarked that along this course the characteristic intercrystallite voids can be explained.
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Kenkichi Okada
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
414-423
Published: March 05, 1961
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Radiation damage effects by X-ray in rochelle salt are studied experimentally and theoretically. Double hysteresis loop is explained as a superposition of two biased single loops. Each biased single loop corresponds to each of the two oppositely polarized domains, of which the crystal is composed. Single domain crystals show biased single loops when damaged, and the internal bias thus induced can be compensated by an external dc biasing field. But the Curie point of the damaged crystals compensated by this suitable external field is lower than that of the virgin by
ΔT, which depends upon the X-ray dosage. In this respect the effect of damage differs from that of the stress. It is assumed that the irradiation gives rise to polar anisotropy centers which produce effective bias fields in undamaged ferroelectric regions. Irradiation time dependences of the spontaneous polarization, the coercive field and the internal bias are studied. A phenomenological theory is developed to explain the various phenomena. The polarization within the polar anisotropy center is estimated to be the order of 100 esu near the shifted Curie point.
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I. Various Patterns
Tadao Horie, Tsuruji Iwai
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
424-429
Published: March 05, 1961
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After having been heated in vacuum with or without metallic vapor at a reduced pressure, WO
3 single crystals show various patterns, that is, a pattern composed of green stripes, a bluish splashed pattern, a pattern of dark lines, and so on. Each of them has its own habits of orientation with respect to the crystal axes as well as of color. Which type of these patterns does come out entirely depends on the condition of heat treatment.
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K\={o} Yasuk\={o}chi, Kazuo Kanematsu, Tetuo Ohoyama
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
429-433
Published: March 05, 1961
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The magnetic properties of the two intermetallic compound β phase (Fe
1.67Ge) and δ phase (FeGe
2), in Fe-Ge system, were investigated. The β phase has B8
2 type of crystal structure and is ferromagnetic with the Curie point 485°K, saturation magnetization at 0°K 1.59 μ
B, and paramagnetic moment 3.14 μ
B per iron atom. The δ phase has C16 type of crystal structure and exhibits a parasitic ferromagnetic behavior in which the Néel point, asymptotic Curie point, saturation magnetization at 0°K, and paramagnetic moment are 190°K, +90°K, 0.11 μ
B, and 2.43 μ
B, per iron atom respectively. Brief discussions on the magnetic structures were given.
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Hiroshi Watanabe
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
433-439
Published: March 05, 1961
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Magnetic and crystallographic properties have been studied of the system (La
1−ySr
y)MnO
x with varying values of
y and
x. It is found that the compounds with
y=1 crystallize in the perovskite-like structures provides that
x is lower than a certain limit. Perovskite-like SrMnO
x, containing both Mn
3+ and Mn
4+ does not show any spontaneous magnetization above the liquid nitrogen temperature, and their paramagnetic Curie temperature is negative, in contrast with the well-known ferromagnetic behavior observed in La-rich manganites. Hence in these compounds no evidence of strong positive Mn
3+–Mn
4+ interaction is obtained. The susceptibility measurements show that Mn
3+–Mn
3+ interaction in Sr-rich cubic perovskite is negative. This fact is consistent with Jonker’s results that in cubic perovskite manganites such as (La, Ca)MnO
3Mn
3+–Mn
3+ interaction is positive for large cell dimensions while it is negative for small cell dimensions.
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Masami Tomono
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
439-453
Published: March 05, 1961
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A single crystal of
n-type germanium was heated with a small piece of indium on it, and subsequently cooled rapidly to cause regrowth of the
p-type germanium on the substract germanium from the indium melt. After removal of the indium, the growth pattern on the surface of the regrown germanium was observed. In some cases relatively large growth pyramids were observed, while in others flat patterns with threefold or sixfold symmetry were observed. After the detailed examination, it was concluded that the former represents the growth due to the screw dislocations and its center is dislocation array resulting from thermal strain. The shape and size of the growth pyramid vary with the number of screw dislocations which exist at center. The latter seems to be caused by surface nucleation.
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Tomokuni Mitsuishi
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
453-455
Published: March 05, 1961
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Intermetallic Compounds produced by the interdiffusion of Cu and Sn were examined by electron diffraction. In addition to the known phases, a new phase of structure A4 type is found.
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Tokutaro Hirone, Hisao Yamamoto
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
455-458
Published: March 05, 1961
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The diffusion coefficient of cobalt into silver has been measured as a function of temperature over the range from 745°C to 943°C by the tracer and lathe-sectioning technique. It has been found that the diffusion coefficient can be expressed as follows;
D=(104)exp\frac59.9
RT10
3 cm
2⁄sec.
The value of activation energy, 59.9K cal/mol, obtained by the present experiment is in good agreement with the result of the screening theory of impurity diffusion, but considerable discrepancy is found between the observed and theoretical frequency factor. The amount of diffused cobalt showes an abnormal decrease near the diffusing surface, which may be caused by the low solubility limit of cobalt in silver.
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C. C. Hsiao, J. E. Osborn, D. B. Rozendal
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
459-462
Published: March 05, 1961
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A theory of mechanical breakdown of a model high polymer solid is given. On the basis of considering a static, a quasistatic, or a dynamic system, the orientation dependent mechanical strength of a linear model polymer solid is analyzed. The maximum breaking strength obtainable is six times that of the unoriented strength and is found to occur in the direction of orientation for a fully oriented static system.
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Ken-ichi Katayama
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
462-468
Published: March 05, 1961
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The precise methods of obtaining X-ray line profile and broadening in crystalline high polymer using X-ray diffractometer are discussed in detail, and the causes of X-ray line broadening in highly oriented linear polyethylene ‘Marlex 50’ are investigated. It is found that the main causes are crystallite size effect and lattice-distortion, and the strain distribution function is approximated by Cauchy-form 1⁄(1+
k2x2). Therefore, the separation of two effects can be made by means of Hall’s equation. Using 110 and 220 reflections on the equator, recrystallization of crystallite by annealing, break-up of crystallite with elongation and change in lattice-distortion are observed.
The obtained values of strain (1∼2%) are larger by one order of magnitude than those of cold-worked metals, and not changed so greatly by annealing and deformation, whereas crystallite size varies widely (100Å∼larger than 700Å).
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Denjiro Watanabe
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
469-478
Published: March 05, 1961
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In the present paper, some discussion is given of the nature of the lattice modulation which is believed to cause the satellites to flank main reflections in electron diffraction patterns of the ordered Au
3Mn alloy and also in the case of CuAu (II) as well as of Cu
3Pd. Two types of modulation, i.e. a periodic change of lattice spacing and of scattering factor, are considered. It is pointed out that the valence electron may play an important rôle for the lattice modulation. In order to clarify this problem, a detailed X-ray study will be necessary.
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Iwao Shibuya, Toshio Mitsui
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
479-489
Published: March 05, 1961
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On the assumption that the ferroelectric phase transition in (Glycine)
3·H
2SO
4 is of the order-disorder type, expressions for Bragg reflections and critical scattering of X-rays are given in terms of a long-range order parameter and pair correlation functions. Temperature dependence of the critical scattering is discussed on the basis of the Bragg-Williams approximation and of a modified Fröhlich theory. Experimental observations agree with theoretical predictions, and prove that the phase transition is of the order-disorder type. The observed critical scattering exhibits a pronounced peak at the Curie point, suggesting that the local field theory is not a good approximation. The shape of the peak appears to be quite different from that in the ferromagnetic case. It has been found that the sulfur atoms do not shift appreciably when the glycine groups rotate. A method for evaluating the pair correlation function is proposed.
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Iwao Shibuya
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
490-494
Published: March 05, 1961
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Studies of the temperature dependence of Bragg reflections and critical scatterings of X-rays have been carried out for the ferroelectric NaNO
2 in a manner analogous to those made by Shibuya and Mitsui for (glycine)
3·H
2SO
4. Experimental observations agree with theoretical predictions which are based on an assumption that the phase transition in NaNO
2 is of the order-disorder type. A long-range order parameter and the spontaneous polarization are estimated as functions of temperature by using the temperature variation of Bragg reflections. The observed intensity of the critical scattering drops rather abruptly just above the Curie point in a manner similar to the case of (glycine)
3·H
2SO
4.
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Yoshiro Kainuma, William N. Lipscomb
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
495-500
Published: March 05, 1961
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The property of
Ps function in electron diffraction was studied on the basis of the dynamical theory of diffraction. It was proved that
Ps function in electron diffraction has the property similar to the
Ps function in X-ray diffraction, as expected from pseudo-kinematical theory, i,e. kinematical theory using the complex atomic scattering factor.
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Tadasu Suzuki
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
501-509
Published: March 05, 1961
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The atomic scattering factor and the electron distribution were studied by X-ray diffractometry in order to know the electronic state of oxygen in crystalline Cu
2O. The intensity measurements were performed within an experimental error of about 1 to 3%. The atomic scattering factor of oxygen was determined referring to the scattering factor of copper, and was compared with theoretical values of O
2−, O and O
2+. The observed value corresponds best to the scattering factor of O
2−. However, a small deviation from the ideally ionic O
2− state, for example the state of O
1.85−, is possible, which may be expected from the positive hole model for Cu
2O crystal. The electron distribution in some special planes of the unit cell of the crystal was determined by three dimensional Fourier synthesis. The electron distributions were found to be almost spherical around each atom except the overlapping of the electron cloud in the region between neighbouring Cu and O atoms.
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Tsutomu Watanabe
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
510-528
Published: March 05, 1961
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A method by which we can get mass spectral pattern of a polyatomic molecule from the data of appearance potentials of various ions and those of optical measurement has been obtained. It is theoretically expected that the total molecular ionization cross section and relative yields of ions do not so much depend on the incident energy, except the low incident energy region, and that the total cross section does not always rise linearly with the increase of incident energy at a threshold.
Applications to CH
4 and CD
4 have been carried out and the results are in plausible agreement with mass-spectroscopic data. In the course of the application, we have taken two ionized states (
2A
1,
2T
2) into account and have assumed that the potential energy surfaces of ionized states are not so different from that of the ground state of the parent molecule with respect to almost all normal modes except one or two. It is also theoretically expected that we have a larger abundance of parent ion in the CD
4 case than in the CH
4 case by isotope effect. The experimental data shows the tendency predicted by the theory.
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Tsutomu Watanabe
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
529-533
Published: March 05, 1961
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Validity of the additivity rule in the ionization cross section of molecules is investigated. So far as the present calculation is concerned, we have concluded that the rule is considered to be approximately valid within the allowance of 20% under the condition where electrons are impacted with incident energies more than 80 eV and the internuclear distance between every couple of atoms in a molecule is more than 2.5a
0. If the internuclear distance is less than 2.5a
0, one must take account of the diffraction effects due to the interference of waves scattered by the neighbour atoms. Numerical computation was carried out to the cases of C
nH
2n+2 and C
nF
2n+2. The results for C
nH
2n+2 were found in plausible agreement with mass spectroscopic data but those for C
nF
2n+2 were found in small disagreement with data.
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Akiyoshi Mitsuishi
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
533-537
Published: March 05, 1961
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The reflection spectra of CdTe were measured in the spectral region from 20 μ up to about 400 μ at the two different temperatures, 90°K and 300°K. The Reststrahlen band was found at 65 μ with peak reflectivity of 92% at 90°K and 67 μ with the peak reflectivity of 77% at 300°K. The reflection spectra were analysed by Kramers-Kronig dispersion relation to obtain the optical constants
n and
k. Combining these values, the fundamental lattice dispersion frequencies of the bulk material were determined to be 140 cm
−1 (71.2 μ) at 300°K and 144 cm
−1 (69.5 μ) at 90°K. The damping constant was also obtained.
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Masayasu Ueta, Masamitsu Hirai, Mikihiko Ikezawa
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
538-546
Published: March 05, 1961
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Photoconductivity of KCl and KBr crystals containing U centers has been investigated as a function of illuminating photon energy, in both the regions of U absorption and the fundamental absorption bands of host crystals. The maximum conductivity occurs where the fundamental absorption starts. The photoconductivity curve is similar to the spectral distribution of the quantum efficiency of U→F conversion as reported previously. The wavelength of light which enhances the maximum conductivity shifts to the longer wavelength side if the U center concentration is below 5×10
16/cc. This fact is in agreement with that of the quantum yield dependence on the concentration. The behaviour of Br-ion band in KCl crystal upon the photoconductivity was also investigated and it was concluded that localized excitons which may be considered to be produced by photons absorbed in Br band, have the same property as the free excitons in the host crystal so far as the effect on U centers is concerned.
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Iwao Hosokawa
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
546-558
Published: March 05, 1961
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Theoretical pressure distributions on a non-lifting, circular-arc aerofoil at various transonic speeds are obtained by application of a new method recently published by the author. The method consists essentially of a refinement of the linearized transonic flow theory in which the nonlinear characteristics of the fundamental equation are taken into account. The results reveal most of principal phenomena observed in experimental studies throughout the whole Mach number range.
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Kanefusa Gotoh
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
559-570
Published: March 05, 1961
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The stability of free boundary-layer flows of a viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting fluid is investigated. It is found generally that a uniform magnetic field parallel to the steady flows has an effect of stabilizing the flows. When the magnetic field is weak, i.e. when the Alfvén number
A is less than unity, the flows are unstable with zero critical Reynolds number (
Rc=0). But when the magnetic field is so strong that
A>1, the flows are absolutely stable (
Rc=∞) provided
Rm⁄
R>1 where
Rm is the magnetic Reynolds number. For small values of
Rm⁄
R, the flows are unstable even for
A>1, so long as (
Rm⁄
R)
A2<<1.
It is also shown that an oblique magnetic field cannot stabilize the flow, however strong it may be.
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Ichiro Tsuboya, Makoto Sugihara
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
571
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Seiji Ikegami, Ichiro Ueda, Yukihiko Ise
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
572-573
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Ichizo Uchida, Kimihiko Satake
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
573
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Yoshitaka Kôi, Akira Tsujimura, Tadamiki Hihara, Toshimoto Kushi ...
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
574
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Louis Gold
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
575-576
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Noriko Nishimaki, Kazuko Kojima, Tadanobu Kojima
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
576-577
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Yoshitaka Furukawa
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
577
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Yasuharu Yoneda, Kouzou Nishioka
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
578-579
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Sigetosi Tanisaki
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
579
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Kazutake Kohra, Hiroshi Watanabe
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
580-581
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Chokichiro Shibata
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
582A
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Kazuko Kubo
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
582B
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W. P. Wolf
1961 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages
582C
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