Assuming that the quantum point contacts (QPCs) connecting the cavity to large reservoirs of source and drain have a transversal profile of harmonic potential that accommodates an extremely narrow Gaussian wave packet as the ground state, we deduce that quantum correction to the lowest mode transmission coefficient can be approximated as a summation over periodic orbits that are well coupled to both the entrance and exit openings. Energy averaging around the Fermi energy gives the damping factor so that only a few shortest periodic orbits contribute to conductance fluctuations. This confirms the experimental and self-consistent numerical results observed recently in quantum dots, that conductance fluctuations are dominated by a few discrete frequencies.

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Branches such as bifurcations or multiple branches are observed in the flow of eigenvalues for the inhomogeneous transfer matrix of the XXZ spin chain. The spectral flow for the XXZ anisotropic parameter Δ is obtained by directly diagonalizing the transfer matrix in the regime: −1≤Δ≤1, where the inhomogeneous transfer matrix is real and symmetric. The branches are considered as novel spectral behaviors, which are not decomposed into simple superpositions of level crossings. We may call them level bifurcations. We also observe that no branches appear in the homogeneous case. The appearance of some of the branches are confirmed through the Bethe ansatz method.

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The dynamic structure factor S(Q,ω) of liquid (l-) Mg was measured at 700°C using high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering. Based on the high-quality experimental data presented in this paper, we discuss the particle dynamics in dense l-Mg using the generalized hydrodynamic theory for phonon excitations. The particle motion in this liquid is influenced by collective longitudinal modes, similar to other simple liquid metals such as l-alkali metals. The Q dependence of quasielastic line width can be interpreted based on an existing theory modified from the de Gennes formalism.

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It is shown that both structural phase transitions in Cd₂Re₂O₇, which occur at T_s1=200 K and T_s2=120 K, are due to an instability of the Re tetrahedral network with respect to the same doubly degenerate long-wavelength phonon mode. The primary structural order parameter transforms according to the irreducible representation E_u of the point group O_h. We argue that the transition at T_s1 may be of the second order, in accordance with experimental data. We obtain the phase diagram in the space of phenomenological parameters and propose a thermodynamic path that Cd₂Re₂O₇ follows upon cooling. Couplings of the itinerant electronic system and localized spin states in pyrochlores and spinels to atomic displacements are discussed.

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Repulsion-induced order formation is shown to be crucial to the occurrence of the transition from rhombohedral boron nitride (rBN) to cubic boron nitride (cBN), by performing molecular dynamics simulations. Due to the repulsion among B (N), a face-centered-cubic (fcc) lattice of B (N) is formed under compression. This restores the stacking sequence of basal planes, which is disordered during the compression. The fcc lattice directly becomes the fcc lattice of cBN. These results imply the possibility of controlling the transition by controlling the repulsion.

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Density n_HS of photoexcited high-spin (HS) sites in a spin–crossover film (Nafion-[Fe(Htrz)₃]; Htrz = 1,2,4-4H-triazole) was systematically investigated against temperature T and excitation power density P. At low temperatures (≤35 K), the n_HS–P curve shows a nonlinear increase when P reaches a critical value (P_c). We interpreted the increase in terms of the dynamical phase transition into the condensed state of photoexcited HS molecules, and derived the P–T phase diagram. The P–T phase diagram and the n_HS–P curves were analyzed with an Ising-like model which includes a temperature-dependent field.

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We show that a two-band model with k-dependent superconducting gaps well describes the transmission and optical conductivity measured for MgB₂ thin films. It is also shown that the two-band anisotropic model consistently describes the specific-heat jump and thermodynamic critical magnetic field H_c. A single-gap anisotropic model is shown to be insufficient to understand consistently optical and thermodynamic behaviors. In our model, the pairing symmetry in each band has an anisotropic characteristic which is determined almost uniquely; the superconducting gap in the σ-band has anisotropy in the ab-plane and the gap in the π-band has a prolate form exhibiting anisotropy in the c-direction.

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The inhomogeneous 3 Kelvin phase is most likely a superconducting state nucleating at the interface between micrometer-sized Ru-metal inclusions and Sr₂RuO₄ above the bulk onset of superconductivity. This filamentary superconducting state yields a characteristic temperature dependence of the upper critical field which is sublinear, i.e., H_c2(T)∝(T^*−T)^γ with 0.5≤γ<1 (T^*: nucleation temperature). The Ginzburg–Landau theory is used to analyze the behavior of the nucleated spin–triplet phase in a field and the characteristic features of H_c2 observed in the experiment are explained based on a two-component order parameter in the presence of a filament of enhanced superconductivity with a finite width.

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The wave vector (q)- and energy (ω)-dependent magnetic excitation spectra χ″(q,ω), have been studied in the temperature (T) range of 10K≤T<150 K on single crystals of La_1.48Nd_0.4Sr_0.12CuO₄, which has the static “stripe” order in the low-temperature phase. The incommensurability δ of the peak of χ″(q,ω) found by the q-scans and the peak width Δq exhibit characteristic T dependences. The observed profiles show a clear incommensurate structure even at rather high temperatures. The results indicate that effects of the slowly fluctuating “stripes” exist not only in the low-temperature tetragonal (LTT) phase but also in the orthorhombic phase (LTO1) of the present system.

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We investigate the nuclear spin–lattice relaxation rate (T₁T)⁻¹ in atomic-scale superconductor/magnet multilayered systems and discuss the discrepancy between two recent (T₁T)⁻¹ experiments on Ru in RuSr₂YCu₂O₈. When the magnetic layers are in the antiferromagnetic state, (T₁T)⁻¹ in the magnetic layers is shown to decrease with decreasing temperature due to the excitation gap associated with the magnetic ordering. The proximity effect of superconductivity on (T₁T)⁻¹ in the magnetic layer is negligibly small. Our result indicates that the temperature dependence of (T₁T)⁻¹ on Ru in RuSr₂YCu₂O₈ likely originates from the antiferromagnetism in the RuO₂ layers, but not from the superconductivity in the CuO₂ layers.

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We study supervised learning by Ising perceptrons for a class of non-monotonic teacher input–output relations employing the replica method with the Gibbs algorithm. We consider up to one-step replica symmetry breaking (1RSB) solutions. We find that the behaviour of the learning curve depends on the shape of the teacher input–output relation. In particular, for the class of teacher input–output relations, which represents an extension of the reversed-wedge problem, a peculiar type of learning, perfect anti-learning (PAL), exists, whereas perfect learning (PL) does not exist. Further, we find that the students’ vectors cannot tend to the teacher vector, that is, the students cannot learn the teacher completely. The theoretical results are confirmed by the results of Monte Carlo simulations.

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We investigate dynamics of an inference algorithm termed the belief propagation (BP) when employed in spin glass (SG) models and show that its macroscopic behaviors can be traced by recursive updates of certain auxiliary field distributions the stationary state of which reproduces the replica symmetric solution offered by the equilibrium analysis. We further provide a compact expression for instability condition of the BP’s fixed point which turns out to be identical to that of instability for breaking the replica symmetry in equilibrium when the number of couplings per spin is infinite. This correspondence is extended to the case of finite connectivity to determine the phase diagram, which is numerically validated.

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The 1s Lamb shift in hydrogenlike rhodium has been measured by observing radiative recombination into the 1s vacancy of bare rhodium produced and trapped in the Tokyo electron beam ion trap. The 1s binding energy was determined by measuring the radiative recombination X-ray energy and subtracting the electron beam energy from it. The electron beam energy was measured by simultaneously observing radiative recombination into the 1s vacancy of bare krypton, for which the level energy is precisely known from an existing experiment. The 1s Lamb shift in hydrogenlike rhodium has been found to be 28.7±3.4 eV. At the same time, the two electron contribution to the ground state energy of heliumlike rhodium and krypton have been determined. Experimental results are compared with existing theories.

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The oblique collision between an elastic disk and an elastic wall is numerically studied. We investigate the dependency of the tangential coefficient of restitution on the incident angle of impact. From the results of simulation, our model reproduces experimental results and can be explained by a phenomenological theory of the oblique impact.

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Nonstationary shock waves in a magnetized plasma are studied with theory and particle simulations. In a strong shock wave, the amplitude oscillation occurs. This arises from the ion reflection. The oscillation period is ∼0.3 times the ion gyroperiod, which is equal to the time in which reflected ions return to the shock wave. In the oscillation, the magnetic field is strong when the potential is small, and vice versa. At the phase of strong magnetic field, the field profiles are sharp. The field values predicted by the theory for stationary shock waves agree with simulation results obtained when the wave profiles are sharp.

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X-ray diffraction study was performed for the atomic arrangements in Pt-rich (87.5 at.%) Cu–Pt alloy with the cubic structure both in the disordered and ordered states using single crystal samples. In the disordered state obtained by quenching from temperatures above 800°C, short-range order (SRO) diffuse scattering intensity maxima were observed at X-point (100, 110 and their equivalent positions) and at L-point (1/2 1/2 1/2 and its equivalent positions). The appearance of the two kinds of intensity maxima is as previously observed in alloys with less Pt concentration, but the intensity ratio of the two maxima is different. The Warren–Cowley SRO parameters, α_lmn, were determined from the observed SRO diffuse scattering intensities and a significant lower value has been found for α₂₀₀. The short-range ordered structure is interpreted as being formed as a result of competition between the X-point ordering tendency and the L-point ordering tendency in the alloy. At temperatures lower than 430°C, an ordered structure forms with superlattice reflections both at the X- and L-points. Inspection of the intensities of the reflections shows that the structure is cubic and of the Tang’s type [Acta Crystallogr. 4 (1951) 377], which is expressed as the ABC₆-type structure. This, together with our previous finding in Pt-rich Pt–Mn alloys [Takahashi et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 71 (2002) 681], is the first experimental confirmation of the presence of long-range ordered state in the alloy with such a low solute concentration as 12.5 at.% and this ordering behavior is characteristic of Pt-based alloys.

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The phase diagram and elastic stiffness constants in Martensite alloys with the symmetry change from the cubic m\\bar3m to the tetragonal 4/mmm and the orthorhombic mmm symmetries are discussed on the basis of the Landau-type free energy function expressed in terms of the strain components, u₁, u₂ and u₃. It was found that some of elastic stiffness constants corresponding to the shear deformation become extremely small not only in the vicinity of the transition temperature but also near the morphotropic phase boundary where the Landau-type free energy function is isotropic or less anisotropic in the order parameter space.

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A global phase diagram of Maier–Saupe model for nematic–isotropic phase transition on the external field versus temperature plane is obtained, where due to non-polar property of the system two sets of order parameters and the conjugate fields are required to describe completely the phenomena. The phase diagram is argued in the context of a similarity of the model to the three-state Potts model. Inhomogeneity at the thin system sandwiched by parallel walls is expressed in terms of an effective external field, where effects due to homeotropic, homogeneous, planer and oblique anchoring walls are classified systematically. A shift of the transition temperature together with the property of phase transition is explained systematically on the basis of the phase diagram of bulk system, where the changes of the order of phase transition is related to a critical point and a tricritical one appearing in the phase diagram.

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In a recent article, we have presented a hard-like equation of state, HLEOS, based on the hard-like behavior of fluids at high densities. It has been shown that the hard-like behavior of any real fluid starts at the common bulk modulus point for each isotherm. To confirm our claim, we have shown that the structure factor of real fluids for such conditions may be predicted just using the Percus–Yevick equation for hard fluids. We have introduced and presented an analytical expression for effective pair correlation function at contact, g_eff(σ), for real fluids that it shows a new corresponding states. The HLEOS predicts thermodynamic properties of all kind of fluids, including non-polar, polar, and hydrogen-bonded systems such as Ar, Xe, CH₄, DMB, N₂, C₂H₄, CO, C₂H₅OH, and H₂O successfully. The hard-like EOS has two temperature-dependent parameters, which are related to the soft and hardness of the repulsive branch of the potential. This EOS is also able to predict some known regularities for fluids such as the common bulk modulus point, and common compression point. We have used the HLEOS in prediction of the sound velocity and density for fluids and compared it with the other equations of state.

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The band gap, the single-particle energy, and the effective mass are calculated for semiconducting carbon nanotubes in a random-phase approximation within a k·p scheme. The energy gaps are shown to be strongly enhanced due to the Coulomb interaction, while effects on the effective mass along the axis direction are small. For realistic values of the interaction parameter, effects of the dynamical screening are sufficiently weak, and the conventional screened Hartree–Fock approximation is shown to work quite well. Further, the band gap contains a term with a residual logarithmic dependence on the tube diameter d after being scaled by 1⁄d.

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We investigate effects of electron–electron interaction on the transmission probability of electrons through a tunnel junction in a strong magnetic field. We start with the Hartree–Fock approximation, and we show that the coulomb interaction, which gives rise to the divergence of Fock correction, should be replaced by the dynamically screened interaction. We also show that we should use the bare coulomb interaction for Hartree term. We take into account higher order contributions using a simple renormalization group approach. The temperature dependence of the transmission probability is qualitatively similar to that of a one-dimensional system.

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Effects of impurity scattering on tunneling conductance in dirty normal-metal/insulator/superconductor junctions are studied based on the Kubo formula and the recursive Green function method. The zero-bias conductance peak (ZBCP) is a consequence of the unconventional pairing symmetry in superconductors. The impurity scattering in normal metals suppresses the amplitude of the ZBCP. The degree of the suppression agrees well with results of the quasiclassical Green function theory. When superconductors have d+is-wave pairing symmetry, the time-reversal symmetry is broken in superconductors and the ZBCP splits into two peaks. The random impurity scattering reduces the height of the two splitting peaks. The position of the splitting peaks, however, almost remains unchanged even in the presence of the strong impurity scattering. Thus the two splitting peaks never merge into a single ZBCP.

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We present here the low temperature electrical transport and magnetic properties of intermetallic rhenium boride compounds. We newly discovered the superconductivity of Re₇B₃ (T_c=3.3 K) and its superconducting properties were discussed. We also discussed the physical properties of Re₃B (T_c=4.8 K), of which supreconductivity was discussed by Strukova et al. The crystal structures of these compounds (Re₃B and Re₇B₃) are orthorhombic (space group Cmcm) and hexagonal (P6₃⁄mc), respectively, and have differnt B–B bonds each other. The magnetization (M–H) curves of these compounds show a typical type-II superconducting behavior. The lower critical field, H_c1(0), the upper critical field, H_c2(0) and the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) parameter, κ are, 8 mT, 5.2 T and 35 for Re₃B and 6 mT, 0.9 T and 17 for Re₇B₃.

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Neutron diffraction studies have been carried out on a single crystal of oxygen-deficient perovskite TbBaCo₂O_5.5 in the temperature range of 7–370 K. There have been observed several magnetic or structural transitions. Among these, the existence of the transitions to the insulating phase from the metallic one at ∼340 K, to the one with the ferromagnetic moment at ∼280 K and possibly to the antiferromagnetic one at ∼260 K, with decreasing temperature T correspond to those reported in former works. We have studied the magnetic structures at 270 K and 250 K and found that all Co³⁺ ions of the CoO₆ octahedra are in the low spin state and those of the CoO₅ pyramids carry spins which are possibly in the intermediate spin state. Non-collinear magnetic structures are proposed at these temperatures. Two other transitions have also been observed at the temperatures, ∼100 K and ∼250 K.

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We have investigated the crystal structures and magnetic properties of the α- and δ-phases of an organic radical p-NPNN (p-nitrophenyl α-nitronyl nitroxide), which yielded the first organic bulk ferromagnet, β-p-NPNN (the β-phase). The results are compared with those of the β- and γ-phases, which show distinct magnetic ordering due to intermolecular ferromagnetic couplings. Common structural features are found in the four phases. Unlike the other phases, the α-phase exhibits a weak antiferromagnetic interaction. This is attributable to phenyl–phenyl overlapping found only in the α-phase. The crystal structure of δ-p-NPNN contains a packing motif similar to that of the γ-phase. Though the δ-phase exhibits ferromagnetic interactions, it shows no magnetic ordering down to 0.46 K. It is suggested that ferromagnetic two-leg spin ladders are formed in the δ-phase, instead of a two-dimensional network as in γ-p-NPNN. This low dimensionality explains the absence of a magnetic transition.

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We have studied the valence states and thermoelectric properties of Yb₂T₃Sn₅ (T = Pt and Pd) with two inequivalent Yb sites. For Yb₂Pt₃Sn₅, the 4f-hole occupation number n_f is estimated to be 0.4 at 300 K from the magnetic susceptibility and L_III-edge absorption spectrum. Intermediate-valence behaviors manifest themselves in a largely negative value of the paramagnetic Curie temperature, −216 K, a broad peak at 300 K in the magnetic part of the resistivity, and a large minimum in the thermopower, −38 μV/K at 60 K. The specific heat shows no transition down to 0.6 K. These results are explained by a model in which Yb ions in one site are divalent and those in the other site are in a valence fluctuating state with a Kondo temperature of 200 K. Thus, Yb₂Pt₃Sn₅ is a rare example of the heterogeneous mixed-valence system. An isostructural compound Yb₂Pd₃Sn₅ has a larger unit-cell volume by 2.4%, which allows the Yb ions in both the sites to be divalent.

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Neutron diffraction experiments have been carried out to study the nature of the magnetic order of the pseudo-binary alloy system Ce(Ru_0.90Rh_0.10)₂(Si_1−yGe_y)₂. Response of the ordered atomic magnetic moment, μ, the transition temperature, T_N, and the magnitude of the magnetic modulation vector, q, to the chemical pressure and also to the applied hydrostatic pressure, P, were examined at low temperatures. When y changes, all of μ, T_N and q show a sudden alteration of the manner of the y-dependence at around y∼0.08. The P-dependence of q shows quite different features for different y’s of 0.0, 0.2 and 0.25. On the basis of these observations the possibility of a pressure-induced alternation of the magnetic regime of the order is discussed.

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We report the pressure effects on lattice constants, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat and electrical resistivity in the orthorhombic PrCu₂. Anisotropic compression is realized to be κ_a≈κ_c<κ_b even under hydrostatic pressure. Above 1.2 GPa, susceptibility shows a remarkable maximum at T_max. This fact implies that the pressure-induced magnetic ordering occurs above 1.2 GPa. Also the results of specific heat and electrical resistivity reveal the anomaly at P=1.2 GPa to be due to an antiferromagnetic ordering. The temperature–pressure phase diagram is presented up to 2 GPa.

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Cyclotron resonance (CR) and magnetic resonance measurements on single crystals of GdSb have been performed at temperatures between 1.4 K and 30 K in the frequency range from 50 to 110 GHz. By using a high-quality crystal with the residual resistivity ratio of about 500, two CR absorption lines are observed at low temperatures for B||[001] in addition to an antiferromagnetic resonance. The effective mass values are estimated to be 0.26m₀ and 0.50m₀, respectively, which are reasonably consistent with the results of dHvA measurements. On the other hand, in the case of a low grade crystal, a magnetic resonance of Gd impurities is observed. The absorption line of the impurities shows broadening and g-shift at low temperatures.

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We studied Zn-substitution effect on the high-T_c superconductors, underdoped La_2−xSr_xCu_1−yZn_yO₄ (x=0.10; y=0, 0.01, 0.02), optimally doped (x=0.15; y=0, 0.02), and overdoped (x=0.20; y=0, 0.03, 0.06) in a temperature range of T=4.2–300 K, using Cu nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spin–echo technique. We found full disappearance of the Cu NQR signals for the Zn-substituted, Sr-underdoped x=0.10 samples below about 40 K, partial disappearance for the Sr-optimally doped ones below about 50 K, but not for the overdoped x=0.20 ones. From the Zn-doping, the Sr-doping and the temperature dependence of the wipeout effect, we associate the wipeout effect with Zn-induced Curie magnetism or its extended glassy charge–spin stripe formation.

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The rotation patterns of the nuclear magnetic resonance of ¹¹B (I=3⁄2) in a nonlinear optical CsLiB₆O₁₀ single crystal were measured in three mutually perpendicular crystal planes. We observed sixteen different spectra which could be divided into two groups corresponding to two kinds of boron atoms, B(1) and B(2), having different boron–oxygen rings and lying at crystallographically inequivalent sites. From these results, the quadrupole coupling constants and the asymmetry parameters were determined at room temperature for the first time. For the 4-coordinated B(1), e²qQ⁄h=0.23±0.03 MHz and η=0.456±0.004, and for the 3-coordinated B(2), e²qQ⁄h=2.58±0.03 MHz and η=0.276±0.004. The directions of the principal axes of the electric field gradient tensors were also determined. The spectra for the two groups have different principal values of the electric field gradient tensor and originate from magnetically inequivalent sites. The principal Z-axis of the EFG tensor nearly coincides with the normal to the plane of the boron–oxygen triangle. We found an interesting correlation between the asymmetry parameter and the largest nonlinear optical coefficient.

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The cyclotron resonance absorption of two-dimensional electrons in semiconductor heterostructures in high magnetic fields is investigated. It is assumed that the ionized impurity potential is a dominant scattering mechanism, and the theory explicitly takes the Coulomb correlation effect into account through the Wigner phonons. The cyclotron resonance linewidth is in quantitative agreement with the experiment in the Wigner crystal regime at T=4.2 K. Similar to the cyclotron resonance theory of the charge density waves pinned by short-range impurities, the present results for the long-range scattering also show the doubling of the resonance peaks. However, unlike the case of the charge density waves, our theory gives the pinning mode independent of the bulk compressibility of the substrate materials.

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Pressure dependence of the charge distribution along the columns of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) molecules in Cs₂TCNQ₃, which is a semiconducting 1/3-filled Hubbard system with the optical energy gap of 0.3 eV at ambient conditions, has been studied by the infrared and visible absorption experiments. An electronic phase transition is found to occur at around 3.6 GPa, in accordance with the previously reported insulator-to-metal transition. Our result suggests that this phase transition accompanies a symmetry change in the relative position of the TCNQ⁻ radical molecules sandwiching the TCNQ⁰ neutral molecule. In addition, the π^∗ electrons, which are localized on the TCNQ⁻ molecules in the low-pressure phase, are delocalized significantly in the high-pressure phase. However, in the high-pressure phase the π^∗ electrons still maintain the localizing character. The charge-transfer degree of the neutral-like and radical-like molecules of the high-pressure phase is estimated to be ρ=0.46–0.50 and 0.75–0.77, respectively.

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The luminescence properties of CsPbBr₃ films prepared via the amorphous phase by crystallization are dominated by free-exciton emission, and only a weak trace of emission due to trapped excitons was observed, in contrast to the case of bulk CsPbBr₃ crystals. In particular, the films in the microcrystalline state show by more than an order of magnitude stronger free-exciton emission than in the polycrystalline state. The enhanced free-exciton emission is suggestive of excitonic superradiance.

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Systematic results of the photoemission spectra for different core levels such as, Tm 4p, 5p and 3d in the mixed valent Tm-monochalcogenides (TmS, TmSe and TmTe) obtained by both experimentally and theoretically are reported. The effects of the electron–electron correlation due to the interaction between core-holes and 4f-electrons or the interaction between different configurations are considered to explain the spectral features, depending on the principal (n) and orbital quantum numbers of the core levels. Any sharp peak corresponding to a spin–orbital term is not observed especially from the n=4 states. Instead, the multiplet structures are dominantly observed, and the physical identity of the spin–orbital peaks is totally or partially dissolved into the multiplets. Moreover, the electron-correlation effect is found to be dependent on the valence components (Tm²⁺ and Tm³⁺). In the case of the Tm 4p core level, in which the principal quantum number is identical with the valence 4f, the correlation effect is stronger, and the configuration interaction is therefore considered to explain the spectral features. The photoemission spectra for the shallow core level Tm 5p also show the effect of electron correlation, but weaker than that for Tm 4p. This has been confirmed by the resonant photoemission spectroscopy taken at Tm 4d–4f absorption edges. In addition, the feature of Tm 3d photoemission spectra is discussed. All the experimental spectra are compared with the calculated ones. It is therefore understood that the electron correlation effect plays an important role on determining the various features in Tm 4p, 5p and 3d photoemission spectra.

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We study analytically modulational instability in an extended media, taking the one-dimensional quintic complex Ginzburg–Landau equation model as an example. We show that the quintic term can affect the conditions for modulational instability (MI), and the propagating regime. Numerical simulations demonstrate the validity of analytical predictions. The model presents a rich variety of patterns propagating into the system. The main feature of the travelling shock waves is the propagation of a secondary modulated wave at the same time with a stable plane wave.

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