The elastic and inelastic (leading to the first excited states of target nuclei) scatterings of protons by medium weight nuclei (Ti, Cr, Ni, and Zn) were studied by observing the dependence of their angular distributions on bombarding energies from 8 MeV to 14 MeV. The angular distributions of protons elastically scattered from oxygen were also measured in the same energy range. There are appreciable regularities in the elastic scatterings by medium weight nuclei as regards the dependence of their angular distributions on the bombarding energy and on the atomic number except in the case of the bombarding energy of 8 MeV. The elastic scatterings from oxygen show an anomalous behaviour at energies about 9 MeV. The angular distributions of protons inelastically scattered from medium weight nuclei can be fitted by the predictions of the direct interaction theory with Born approximation at about 14 MeV, but at the lower bombarding energies they seem not to do so, although they have the prominent forward peaks. The distorted Born approximation or the admixture of amplitudes due to compound process seems to be necessary to explain the angular distributions. In addition, it is found that the yield of the inelastic scattering varies with the bombarding energy appreciably.
For Ni target, the dependence of the yield of the inelastic scattering leading to the first excited state on the bombarding energy was measured in detail by changing the incident proton energy finely at intervals of about 50 KeV. We recognized that there were resonance-like behaviours with spacing of about several hundred KeV.

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The probable mechanism of the C¹²(n,n′)3α reaction when induced by d–T neutrons has been deduced from a study of 403 stars in nuclear emulsions. The angular distribution of the inelastically scattered neutrons show a forward peak, and it is concluded that the reaction occurred mainly through the compound nucleus and that the asymmetry at about 90° is caused by the interference of several levels. The possible decay mode of the C¹² nucleus was also investigated, and an approximate branching ratio was obtained, assuming that the decay mode via Be⁹ was negligible. Then, comparing the angular distributions of the inelastically scattered neutrons which correspond to the different decay modes, Sacks’s model for the direct break-up of C^13* was found to be in disagreement with the present experimental results.

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A high energy jet shower suitable for detailed analysis was found in one of the emulsion chambers flown in 1956 as the “Emulsion Chamber Project”. The charged secondary particles of this jet were analysed in the usual way and especially the energy of π⁰-mesons was determined by making use of the cascade showers developed from the γ-rays decayed from these π⁰-mesons. The energy of incident particles was obtained by the use of usual median angle method, and was estimated to be 5×10¹³ eV(γ_c=165).
Next, by making use of the fact that transverse momenta of points are constant and by analysing cascade showers developed from γ-rays produced by the decay of π⁰-mesons, the energy of secondary particles was estimated. It was thus found that the differential momentum spectrum obtained is of the form dP⁄P³. Also inelasticity coefficients K′, K″ and K in the definition of the Bristol group were estimated to be 0.15, 0.10 and 0.5 respectively.
Further, the results of the present analysis were compared with various theories.

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The changes of saturation of magnetization of the ordered Ni₃Mn and Pt₃Co alloys caused by plastic deformation were used as the criterion to decide whether the slip in metals is “homogeneous” or “inhomogeneous”, i.e., whether it takes place in atomic steps on many successive atomic planes or in large steps on widely separated single atomic planes. It was found that in the ordered Ni₃Mn alloy, the saturation magnetization decreases with the amount of elongation at room temperature, while in the ordered Pt₃Co alloys, the intensity of magnetization at temperature near the Curie point increases with the amount of compression. These changes, which are roughly proportional to the amount of deformation, are probably understood only from the point of view that new disordered regions with Curie point different from that of the ordered state are produced during the deformation, being associated with homogeneous slip on successive atomic planes.

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Photocurrent of AgCl was measured using light and voltage pulses of about 50 μsec duration between −150°C and −50°C. Experimental results show that the life time of electrons has a maximum between −80°C and −110°C depending on the treatments of the samples. Darkening of the crystals was also measured at lower temperatures, showing that the darkenability increases with temperature higher than −80°C. The results were discussed with models containing sensitivity centers and recombination centers and it seems to be clear that the temperature dependence of the life time is concerned with the darkening properties of the crystals.

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The general non-isothermal diffusion theory of rectifiers has been derived by using the non-isothermal diffusion equation deduced from the formal theory of conduction. The rectification equation obtained depends clearly upon temperature distribution in a barrier. If a temperature difference exists between the both ends of the barrier, then the appearance of thermoelectromotive force is predicted from the present theory. Taking into account the non-isothermal property of the barrier, the present theory shows the tendency that the values of the dielectric constants of barrier materials for Cu₂O and Se rectifiers determined from the capacitance-voltage characteristics seem to approach those of the bulk materials of Cu₂O and Se, respectively.

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The formation of alloy phases by successive deposition of constituent metal vapours in vacuum was investigated by electron diffraction method for some binary alloy systems. It was concluded that the temperature of the surface layer of primary deposit is raised by the deposition of secondary metal vapour. This temperature rise, which contributes to the formation of alloy phases, is mainly due to the latent heat of condensation of the metal vapour which deposits on the substrate, and consequently metal pairs which have larger latent heat of condensation may form alloys easier than those which have smaller ones. It was also suggested that some structural defects in the substrate layer would contribute to the formation of alloy phases.

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Experimental studies have been made of the processes in which the changes of the carrier concentration and minority carrier lifetime are introduced into silicon by heat treatment at the temperature range 400–1200°C. In the low temperature heat treatment, the formed denors are less in the vicinity of crystal defects. In the high temperature heat treatment, the decrease of carrier density in p- and n-type crystals is observed in addition to the annihilation of the formed donors. These behaviors are closely related to the crystal defects. The characteristics of the processes involved are discussed and explained by the introduction of the recombination centers with a capture cross section of 2×10⁻¹⁵ cm² for hole (at 300°CK).

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The deformation zone of KCl single crystal decorated with potassium colloid particles is investigated with electron microscope using a replica technique. The deformation zone is formed independently on the imperfections contained originally in the crystal. The slip lines near the deformation zone observed with light microscope are consisted of a number of fine slip lamellae. The thickness D of the slip lamella, the slip distance s and the height h of the slip step were estimated as D=720A, s=270A and h=240A for three adjacent slip lines. It is suggested that several hundreds of screw type dislocations are attached to every new cleavage step at the deformation zone. The attempts were made for the explanation of the mechanism by which new cleavage steps are formed at the deformation zone.

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Evidence that the existence of crystalline Fe(OH)₃ has not been demonstrated by Abe is presented and doubts cast on the existence of β-FeOOH are dispelled. The green rust observed by Yoshioka is shown to be identical with that found by Keller and outline structures are suggested for these compounds.

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Using thin evaporated films of gold-copper-zinc ternary ordered alloys, the line-up of anti-phase domains has been observed as parallel lines on transmission electron micrographs of bright field, down to a domain size of about 8Å.
The lattice modulation accompanying anti-phase domains, i.e. the periodic error of lattice spacing or scattering factor with the same period as a domain size, has again been verified to play an important role in forming the satellites around the direct spot on a diffraction pattern, and hence, in forming the parallel lines on electron-microscopic images. Two-thirds of the intensity of the satellites have been estimated in the present alloy films to arise from the modulation, and the rest probably from double diffraction.

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Proton resonance in crystal water of Mg(H₂O)₆Cl₂, Mg(H₂O)₆Br₂, CaI₂6H₂O, SrI₂6H₂O and MgI₂8H₂O was studied in temperature range from −90°C to +110°C and the same in CaCl₂6H₂O, CaBr₂6H₂O, SrCl₂6H₂O and SrBr₂6H₂O was studied in the range above room temperature, all in powdered states. Line shapes were recorded by the radiofrequency spectrometer with an automatic field scanning apparatus connected to the sweeping coils of a permanent magnet. Transitions of second moment and line shapes were observed for all the above salts. Experiments on single crystals of Mg(H₂O)₆Cl₂ and CaI₂6H₂O were also carried out at room temperature. In Mg(H₂O)₆Cl₂, Mg(H₂O)₆Br₂, CaI₂6H₂O, SrI₂6H₂O and BaI₂6H₂O, water molecules of hydration have the states of hindered rotational motion below melting point, but in CaCl₂6H₂O, CaBr₂6H₂O, SrCl₂6H₂O and SrBr₂6H₂O, these rotational states were not observed. The angle between the rotational axis of a water molecule and its inter-proton direction was estimated to be about 90° in the case of Mg(H₂O)₆Cl₂. In the cases of CaI₂6H₂O and SrI₂6H₂O these angles are calculated to be 45° or 60°, and these results suggest the precession of the rotational axis, if rotational motion of water molecules is assumed to occur about an axis perpendicular to the inter-proton axis. Sharp peaks appearing in chlorides and bromides of Ca and Sr are interpreted as the narrowing due to random re-orientation of the rotational axis.

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A direct transition between l-type doublet of OCS molecule was observed either as emission or absorption using the three-level maser action. The pumping radiation was supplied by a klystron 2K33 at the frequency correspanding to J=2←1, and the l-type doubling transition at 12.78 Mc/sec for J=1 was observed by a modified Pound-Knight circuit. Generally the low frequency transition of molecules is shown to be detectable using the bandwidth of about 1 s⁻¹, if the corresponding microwave transition at 24,000 Mc/sec has the absorption coefficient larger than 10⁻⁸ cm⁻¹. The line-width can possibly be reduced to several kc/sec at the sacrifice of sensitivity. The application of this type of spectrometer is also discussed.

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The present paper solves completely the problem of stationary temperature distribution in a hollow n-layerd circular cylinder whose boundaries are kept at given temperatures varying both in the tangential and in the longitudinal direction. The first part of the paper takes into account heat transfer at the surfaces of separation, and the second part treats the case of a continuous variation of temperature at each surface of separation. The results are very complicated.

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