Simple descriptions are made for various types of solitons in dimerized and trimerized states of one-dimensional interacting electron system in terms of the phase variables. Formation energies of these solitons are evaluated classically.

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The temperature dependence of radio frequency noise emission from the Nb–Nb superconducting point contact near the critical current is investigated. An anomalous temperature dependence of the RF emission intensity is observed above 7 K; a dip in the RF emission intensity is observed above 8 K. Strong temperature variation of the RF resistance associated with an anomaly in the cosφ term of the Josephson junction is considered to be one of the possible origin for the decrease of the emission intensity near the critical temperature.

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The AC susceptibility and the magnetization at various external fields of an Fe₆₅(Ni_0.74Mn_0.26)₃₅ alloy have been measured from 4.2 K up to 200 K. The AC susceptibility exhibits a sharp cusp around 60 K, while the magnetization curve shows a broad maximum around 60 K as well as an inflection point below the maximum point, which appears at a lower temperature with increasing external field. These behaviors are explained by a model in which ferromagnetic clusters are dispersed randomly in an antiferromagnetic matrix.

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The decomposition kinetics of an Fe–Cr alloy which lies in the unstable region has been studied by neutron small-angle scattering. The time evolution of scattered intensity is not consistent with Cahn’s classical theory of spinodal decomposition, but with the recent theories and the Monte Carlo simulations of the phase separation of alloys.

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Monodispersive dielectric dispersion has been observed in CsH₂PO₄ and CsD₂PO₄ in the frequency range between 1 MHz and 1 GHz. Critical anomalies found in the static dielectric constant and the relaxation time, ε_s^H and τ^H for CsH₂PO₄ and ε_s^D and τ^D for CsD₂PO₄, respectively, show pronounced deviations from the Curie-Weiss behavior. Simple relations of ε_s^D⁄ε_s^H=1.3 and τ^D⁄τ^H=5.2 for the values at the same T−T_c, where T_c is the transition temperature of each material, are found in wide temperature ranges above T_c. It is hard to explain these results by the tunneling model.

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The possibility of hydrogen chemisorption atop an anion vacancy of a LiF cluster is examined by the use of MBPCNDO MO. Only when an electron is localized at the vacancy, the hydrogen atom is trapped as an H⁻ substitute at the surface site.

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The results on the rapidity-gap correlations in proton-nucleus interactions at 200 and 400 GeV/c in nuclear emulsion are presented and compared with proton-nucleon interactions at the same energies. Some striking differences between the results in the two types of interactions have been observed and examined on the basis of existing models.

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In order to perform a detailed analysis of computer results for the localization of electrons in two-dimensional disordered systems, we first carry out a numerical calculation of wavefunctions for square lattice with the site-diagonal and/or off-diagonal random matrix elements. With a view to giving a reasonable prediction for infinite systems, we propose the way how we could predict the infinite limit from our results for finite sizes. For the analysis, we use the distribution function of |a_i|²—the amplitude of a given wavefunction at site i. Moreover, we introduce the entropy of mixing as a new criterion for localization in addition to previously proposed criteria. According to our criteria, we assert that the “apparently” extended behaviours of the wavefunctions for finite sizes are interpreted as actually spurious where the linear dimensions of the system size is smaller than the localization length.

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Effects of mutual interactions between parallel spin electrons on the soliton lattice of a Peierls system are examined in the case of a nearly half-filled band. Soliton lattice solutions of the charge density and the lattice displacements are obtained analytically by use of boson representation of fermion operators in the self-consistent harmonic approximation. The excitation spectra around these soliton lattices are calculated numerically in both cases of rigid and mobile lattices.

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The baker’s transformation is ergodic and has a constant invariant measure (density). This invariant density can not be achieved from an arbitrary initial density by infinitely many-time applications of the transformation without introducing coarse graining. This suggests that an appropriate coarse graining is necessary in deriving statistical measure from dynamics, especially to be consistent with thermodynamics.

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Derivation of a master equation is given in the case where a Boson subsystem can be eliminated besides reservoirs by using the time-convolution-less formulation of the damping theory within the conventional treatment, up to the lowest order expansion of the “kinetic coefficient” with respect to the coupling constant between the Boson subsystem and the remaining ones. Useful diagramatic expansion of Liouville operators, formula for the elimination of Boson operators and algebraic formulae of the spin coherent representation are given in Appendices.

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Dynamical correlation function of dynamical plane rotator model is expanded from the high temperature limit. It is also calculated by the random phase approximation at T>T_c.

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The specific heat of liquid ³He has been measured at temperatures from 0.5 to 1.4 K and at pressures up to 27.6 atm. The high-temperature behaviour of the specific heat under pressure has been observed for the first time. For each pressure, the specific-heat data above 0.6 K are found to be well represented by the formula C_p⁄R=A+BT+CT³. The coefficient B has a strong pressure dependence and becomes negative at high pressures. The results are compared with previous investigations and with the data obtained from the entropy of compression.

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The spin structure of two-dimensional triangular lattice has been determined classically by starting with the assumption that the four-spin exchange interaction is larger than the two-spin exchange interaction. It is found that the four-spin exchange interaction favours a novel spin structure as in the case of solid ³He.

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The spin dynamics of a quasi-two-dimensional, ferromagnetic Heisenberg system (CH₃NH₃)₂CuCl₄ (T_c=8.91 K) are studied by measuring the proton spin-lattice relaxation rate in the temperature range between 4.2 and 300 K. In the ferromagnetic state, the relaxation rate is explained by the two-magnon process. The relaxation rate in the paramagnetic state includes an effect of the rotation of the CH₃- or NH₃-groups and a temperature-dependent magnetic contribution peculiar to a ferromagnetic system. A weak frequency dependence observed at room temperature as well as an analysis of the absolute rate indicate an existence of a two-dimensional long-time tail in the spin correlation function for the above system.

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Measurements of the magnetization and neutron diffraction have been made on the single crystal of (Fe_1−xMn_x)₂P compounds. The compounds exhibit only ferromagnetism in all the magnetic ordering region for x≤0.015, ferromagnetism at low temperature and incommensurable screw-antiferromagnetism with long period at high temperature for 0.015<x≤0.03 and only antiferromagnetism for x>0.03. For 0.015<x≤0.03 compounds, the ferromagnetic moment is induced easily by the applied field in the paramagnetic regions. The paramagnetic Curie temperature are about twice larger than the Curie or Néel temperatures. The magnetic properties of these compounds were discussed briefly by the theory of spin fluctuation in the itinerant electron magnet.

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Magnetic properties of typical ferromagnetic metals are discussed on the basis of the previously-developed unified theory with the use of relatively small number of physical parameters including the longitudinal and transverse (exchange) stiffness constants for the spin fluctuation. From the analysis of existing experimental results we discuss on the temperature variation of the amplitude of local spin fluctuation (local moment) and the degree of short rang order in Pd₂MnSn, Fe₃Pt, CoS₂, Fe, Co, Ni and MnSi.

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The magnetizations of pseudo-binary Y_1−xR_xCo₅ (R=Pr, Sm) single crystal compounds were measured at 4.2 K along the principal crystallographic axes. The magnetic moment per formula unit increases linearly with increasing x. The estimated values of the magnetic moments of Co atom in the compounds are independent of x and R elements. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants K₂⁰ and K₄⁰ were determined from the analysis of the hard magnetization curve. The values of K₂⁰ and K₄⁰ for Pr compound system increase quadratically with increasing x, and those of Sm compound system increase almost linearly with increasing x. We estimated the contribution of the single ion anisotropy and the two ion anisotropy for PrCo₅ and SmCo₅ compounds. For PrCo₅ compound, the two ion anisotropy constant was the same order of magnitude as the single ion one and of opposite sign to it, and for SmCo₅ compound, the former is negligibly smaller than the latter. The calculated value of the single ion anisotropy constant using point charge model is compared with the experiments.

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The T³-dependence of electrical resistivity of Cr at low temperature is derived by a simple model for the spin-flip scattering process of conduction electrons by antiferromagnetic spin waves. In the calculation of the transition probability, Sokoloff’s RPA expression of the dynamical susceptibility is used. It is found that the calculated value of the coefficient of the T³-term in the resistivity is comparable with the experimental one. In the stage of numerical estimation, the real situation of band structure in Cr is much taken into account.

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Experiments on the Mössbauer effect of ¹²⁵Te and the X-ray diffraction for antiferromagnetic MnTe₂ were performed. Temperature dependence of the spin direction has been observed for a magnetic ordering of the first kind fcc lattice. The angle between the spin direction of Mn and the principal axis of electric field gradient increases from 23° at 4.2 K to 30° at 60 K and decreases to 0° at 70 K. Discontinuous changes are found in hyperfine field and quadrupole splitting at 60 K. An analysis of X-ray diffraction intensities for (742), (732) and (721) reflections shows that u parameter increases by 0.0015 at 60 K as temperature decreases and that Einstein temperature increases from 95 K to 105 K below 60 K. The crystallographic phase diagram of MnTe–Te system is given.

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Experimental searches were made for evidences for the charge- or spin-density wave state in the trigonal-prismatic pseudo-linear chain compound ZrTe₅. Negative evidences for such phase transitions were provided by the absence of lattice modulation, ohmic resistivity at high electric fields, and by temperature and angular dependences of electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility.

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The electronic structure of disordered Ni–Pd alloys is investigated by means of the KKR method which is combined with the CPA and the local-spin-density approximation. Good overall agreements with the measurements are obtained for the magnetic moment distribution and for the hyperfine field at Ni nucleus. The origins of the large magnetic moment at Ni site (∼1.2 μ_B) and the positive hyperfine field on the Ni nucleus, both in Pd-rich region, are discussed in the light of the present calculation which can reproduce them quantitatively.

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Effects of hydrostatic pressure on electronic properties of acceptor-type intercalation compounds of graphite with HNO₃ and SbCl₅ have been studied. The c-axis compressibility of each compound shows characteristic behavior reflecting the structure of intercalant layer. The de Haas-van Alphen data reveal pressure-induced changes of the Fermi surface—slight swelling and distortion away from a cylindrical (two-dimensional) shape. The pressure dependence of the c-axis resistivity is much enhanced in intercalated samples compared with pristine graphite, as expected from sensitiveness of c-axis conduction to interlayer overlap. HNO₃-compounds exhibit a resistivity anomaly around 5 kbar at room temperature, which is indicative of the onset of a structural phase transition.

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The samarium M_4,5 emission and absorption spectra of Sm-metal and SmB₆ were studied. It was found that the spectra of these materials are in close resemblance. The emission spectra obtained by higher excitation energies exhibit appreciable effects of self-absorption because of the presence of absorption peaks in the same energy region. Contrary to the case of the L-edge absorption the M_4,5 absorption of SmB₆ showed no distinct indication of the difference due to Sm³⁺ and Sm²⁺ ions. The spectra of Sm₂O₃, SmS and SmSe were also studied, and it was observed that they have common features among themselves regardless of the difference in the valence of Sm ions.

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Coherent potential approximation (CPA) is applied to evaluate the total density of states (DOS) and local density of states (LDS) for hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H). Three configurations SiH, SiHHSi and SiHSi are considered for the silicon-hydrogen bonding states. Instead of calculating the electronic states of a-Si: H, the effect of hydrogenation is renormalized into an effective Si^*–Si^* bond so that the problem may be reduced to that of a-Si^* with random effective bonds. The calculated Si^*–LDS and DOS for three configurations are compared with other theory and experiments.

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An order-disorder theory of the first-order cubic-trigonal transition in a superionic conductor RbAg₄I₅ crystal is presented. Under a suitable choice of parameter values the fractional site occupancy by silver ions could be reasonably reproduced. The temperature dependence of an elastic stiffness constant c₄₄ is discussed.

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The charge distribution among graphite layers in graphite intercalation compounds, C_12uM (n≥3, M=K, Rb, Cs) is calculated on the basis of a two-dimensional band structure for each layer. Electronic states in each layer are described within the framework of the tight-binding method taking into account the polarization of π orbitals of carbon atoms. It is shown that more than 90% of the excess electrons transferred from donor intercalants are localized on the bounding graphite layers. The stage dependences of electronic specific heat and resistivity of the compounds are discussed in relation to the calculated charge distribution.

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X-ray photoemission spectra of the 3p electrons of transition-metal ions in VCl₃, CrCl₃ and CrBr₃ have been measured. The results are compared with the existing theoretical spectra calculated on the basis of the ligand field theory. The spectra of V³⁺ and Cr³⁺ can be explained to some extent by the multiplet splitting due to the interaction between 3d electrons and a 3p hole in the crystal field. In contrast with the case of Ni²⁺, the values of the Slater-Condon parameters for V³⁺ and Cr³⁺ in their halides are nearly equal to those of the free ions and the effect of the hole-induced covalency has little influence on the spectra.

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The irreducible representation for the (unmodulated) soft mode system in NaNO₂ is 1-dim. and hence lacks its antisymmetrized square; nevertheless NaNO₂ exhibits incomm. transitions (prototypic→incomm. ferroic→comm. ferroic). Of such transitions a theory is constructed. It takes one soft B_2u mode and one hard B_1g mode into account, so that in this respect it is the same as the theory by Levanyuk et al. But it is different in the method of formulation and many various details. It may be regarded as a correction of the theory by Aizu in 1978. A full account is given of the process of deducing the free energy function. Although the function is ultimately pruned into a simplest one, the qualitative and the quantitative results deduced from that function are found to agree with the experimental results on NaNO₂, except some part of them.

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³⁵Cl NQR spectrum in NbCl₅ has been investigated from 4.2 K to 480 K. The lines of about 7 MHz have larger multiplicity and show positive temperature dependence in contrast to the usual negative one for the line of about 13 MHz. The former lines are further separated into two groups having different temperature dependences. The expressions for the chlorine coupling constant are derived according to Townes-Dailey’s method on the basis of the p_π-d_π bond. The NQR data are analysed and the lines are assigned to the axial, equatorial and bridging chlorine atoms in the Nb₂Cl₁₀ dimer. The theory is applied to other related compounds.

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⁹³Nb NQR spectrum in NbCl₅ has been investigated from 4.2 K to 480 K. The coupling constant shows an unusual positive temperature dependence at low temperatures. The EFG tensor is calculated with the d²sp³ octahedral bond functions. The experimental data are analysed in terms of the contributions from the σ- and π-bonds. It is shown that the positive temperature dependence can be explained by the p_π-d_π bond mechanism. The theory is also applied to the related compounds and the consistency with the analysis of the halogen coupling constants is shown.

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The ESR spectrum of the Tl²⁺ center in KH₂PO₄ was studied in the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases. The data in the paraelectric phase and in the upper region of the ferroelectric phase show that the center has the symmetry of the K⁺ site and reflect with fidelity the lowering of symmetry at the ferroelectric phase transition. At lower temperatures there is an additional decrease in symmetry which is explained in terms of a dynamical charge compensation involving the protons.

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The temperature dependences of the spontaneous polarization of triglycine selenate (TGSe)—deuterated triglycine selenate (DTGSe) system were measured at several hydrostatic pressures p and DTGSe concentrations x, and the tricritical lines in the p-x plane were determined. It is found that two tricritical lines exist in TGSe–DTGSe system, and are confluent at p=2±1 kbar, x=0.38±0.1 and T=32±2.5°C. This confluent point is the first example of the tetracritical point in ferroelectrics.

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Kerr effect in CCl₄ is explained based upon electrostriction with the model of ellipsoid cavity, which is deformed from the spherical cavity in ordinary Lorentz field. The deformation is determined by the condition of energy equilibrium considering the change of dipole interaction and Lennard-Jones potential in the ellipsoid cavity.
The discussion is also made about the induced anisotropy of the electronic polarizability taking account of the experimental value of Kerr constant.

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The spatial distribution of gas temperature in the cylindrical positive column of a low pressure glow discharge has been theoretically investigated. Although the theory has been based on the Elenbaas-Heller equation, here the energy input of neutral particles included in the equation has been given by the elastic collision with electrons. According to this, some fresh and remarkable features never found so far, have been obtained. Concrete calculations have been made in He, Ne, and Ar by making use of the quasineutral theory of the positive column recently presented by the authors, and several characteristics have been produced. These results will be contributed to elucidate the mechanism of positive column in gas discharge media including gas laser plasmas.

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It is theoretically shown that Bose-Einstein condensation of high-density excitons composed of pairs of excess quasiparticles gives a consistent explanation to non-equilibrium phenomena observed in superconductors with quasiparticle injection.

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Numerical calculations are carried out to analyze the spatial structures of the stationary deflagration waves formed in the stab targets. In the analysis, the radiative energy transport is taken into account. The profiles of the radiative energy flux differ depending on the states of the outer-layer aluminium of the target (solid or plasma). However the radiative energy transport plays a negligible role in the deflagration-wave structures formed by the light-ion beam.

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Structures of dislocation multipoles of the primary slip system in slightly deformed Cu–Al single crystals have been investigated by electron microscopy. They are closely related to the operation of the secondary slip systems, especially the cross one. The multipoles are divided into many blocks by shifting along operated cross slip planes, and various types of the multipoles including elongated dislocation loops and zigzag dislocation lines are formed.
Formation processes of these multipoles are discussed.

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Faulted loops and voids in quenched high purity aluminum were observed with an electron microscope and it was investigated how the quenching rate and the aging temperature affect the formation of faulted loops and voids. The clustering process of vacancies during the quenching and the aging is simulated by using a model which takes into account vacancy clusters containing up to sixteen vacancies for the formation of faulted loops. Comparing the simulated results with the experimental ones, it is confirmed that the density of faulted loops is determined by the concentration of quenched-in vacancies and does not depend on the clustering process during the quenching in the present experimental circumstances. It is conclucled that the cluster composed of around ten vacancies is the origin of faulted loops in the clustering process at room temperature, because the calculated density of them agrees well with the observed one.

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The infrared transmission and reflection spectra of Co^IICo₂^IIIO₄, CoAl₂O₄, ZnFe₂O₄ and MnFe₂O₄ and the single crystal Raman spectra of Co^IICo₂^IIIO₄ and CoAl₂O₄ have been measured. The frequencies of the transverse (TO) and longitudinal (LO) modes of the infrared active species have been obtained from the observed reflectivities. The TO–LO splitting supplies a criterion for the ionic character. The lattice dynamical analysis of the optically active vibrations has been made for Co^IICo₂^IIIO₄, CoAl₂O₄ and ZnFe₂O₄, in which the rigid ion model for the long-range Coulomb potential and the central force field for the short-range potential have been used. The obtained short-range potential constants have been discussed, in relation to the bond character.

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Time behavior of fluorescence depolarization has been measured for fluorescein molecules introduced into rat thymus lymphocytes by means of a time-correlated single-photon-counting method under the excitation by a CW mode-locked Ar⁺ ion laser. The depolarization mechanism has been identified as restricted rotational Brownian motion of fluorescein in the case of very dilute dye concentration. The observed temperature dependence of rotatable angle of fluoresce in as well as that of rotational relaxation time is consistent with the expectation that the lymphocyte becomes softer as the temperature is raised. The relation between the quantities obtained by stationary and time-resolved experiments is discussed.

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Measurement with improved resolution of X-ray diffuse scattering from short-range ordered Cu-39, 53 and 59 at.%Au alloys has been carried out by photographic method using tiny single crystals. In the pattern taken with both crystal and film kept stationary, diffuse scattering maxima appear as satellite crosses accompanied by streaks at the 110, 210 and other equivalent positions. The separation between the diffuse satellites shows a composition dependence, decreasing with increasing gold content. Fermi-surface-imaging idea suggests that this decrease is attributed to a change in the ⟨110⟩ diameter of the Fermi starface of the alloys. Fourier transformation of the intensities of one of the diffuse maxima gives an interatomic correlation function, which suggests the existence of an antiphase relation between the local L1₀ ordered regions separated by 28 Å.

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Total absorption method has been applied to determine broadening rates for 4s^{2 1}S₀-4snp ¹P₁ (6≤n≤17) and 4s^{2 1}S₀-3d4p ¹P₁ in calcium in the presence of helium. A maximum rate coefficient of 1.75×10⁻⁸ cm³s⁻¹ occurs for 4s²-4s7p. The admixture of 3d4p configuration with the ¹P₁ series does not induce any marked singularity. The measured rate coefficients are in good agreement with those calculated by the theory of Alekseev and Sobel’man for n≥12, but give larger values by a factor of 2 than those calculated by the theory of Omont for n≥8. These facts suggest that the inelastic scattering, neglected in the latter theory, contributes considerably to the broadening rates.

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Probability amplitudes of a molecular-autoionization process are obtained by a non-perturbative treatment. The Doppler effect due to the motion of the quasi-molecule is investigated, and it is expressed in terms of a deformation of an energy-difference between the states before and after the autoionization. A model case is investigated in which the energy-difference is written by a Morse-potential function. Analytical formulae are obtained for the shapes of the ejected electron spectra.

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The relative Penning excitation rates for the individual Zn(II) states by He 2¹S atoms and those by He 2³S atoms were measured separately using Penning electron spectroscopy. The absolute Penning excitation cross sections σ_s(M) and σ_t(M) corresponding to them were determined by using the known total Penning excitation cross section of Zn atoms by He 2³S atoms and the Penning electron energy spectra for the He–Ar system. The values of σ_s(M) and σ_t(M) are as follows: in units of 10⁻¹⁵ cm², σ_s(4s ²S_1⁄2)=3.5(1±0.3); σ_t(4s ¹S_1⁄2)=2.2(1±0.1); σ_s(4p ²P)=0.93(1±0.35); σ_t(4p ²P)=0.24(1±0.25); σ_s(4s^{2 2}D_5⁄2)=σ_s(4s^{2 2}D_3⁄2)=0.56(1±0.4); σ_t(4s^{2 2}D_5⁄2)=σ_t(4s^{2 2}D_3⁄2)=0.24(1±0.25).

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It has been found recently that the bacterial flagellar motor is driven by a proton flux according to its electrochemical potential gradient across the membrane. A model is presented for the mechanism of rotation of this motor, in which loose coupling is assumed between the proton flux and the motor rotation. A directional torque to rotate the motor is produced as a result of the interaction in many pairs of two kinds of molecules arranged on two rings, which is regulated by the binding of protons. The torque is calculated as a function of the electrochemical potential gradient of proton and pH values inside and outside the cell. The results of calculation are compared with experimental data and some experimental methods for further examination of the model are proposed.

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The proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁) of the β and γ phases of tetramethylsilane was measured between 20.5 and 161.2 K with particular attention to the dependence of T₁ on the Larmor frequency and on the kind of pulse sequence. The behavior of non-exponential magnetization recovery was explained in terms of the symmetry restricted spin diffusion theory. The tunneling rotational effects appeared in the spin-lattice relaxation and were observed by the field cycling technique which led to the two tunneling frequencies, 15.8±0.9 MHz and 24.0±1.4 MHz, in the γ phase in the low temperature limit. Both frequencies decrease with temperature. The β phase showed more complicated tunneling spectra. The behavior, compared with that of hexamethylbenzene, suggests that there is coupling between methyl groups in a Si(CH₃)₄ molecule although weaker than in hexamethylbenzene.

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Spatial distributions of the potential and space charge density with a virtual cathode are described both experimentally and theoretically. A V-shaped potential profile is formed by injecting an electron beam which provides an ionization on the high potential region. The analys is with applying water bag energy distribution functions of beam and ionized electrons and with integrating Poisson equation is found to fully account for the experimental results.

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The Reynolds-stress transport equation is investigated from a statistical viewpoint. Each term in the equation is evaluated from a shear-turbulence theory (A. Yoshizawa: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 47 (1979) 1665 and 50 (1981) 1792), which is based on the scale separation as to mean and fluctuating fields as well as Kraichnan’s propagator-renormalization formalism or the direct-interaction approximation (R. H. Kraichnan: J. Fluid Mech. 5 (1959) 417 and 83 (1977) 349). The detailed discussion is made on the modelling of the pressure-strain correlation or the so-called redistribution term in the transport equation, in relation to the turbulence closure modelling.

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The asymptotic properties of the Benjamin-Ono (BO) equation are investigated in the limit of the large similarity parameter. The number density funcction F(a) of the BO solitons, which is defined such that the number of solitons with amplitudes in the interval (a, a+da) is given by F(a)da, is derived by employing the infinite number of the conservation laws of the BO equation.
It is also shown that the amplitudes of solitons are closely related to the solution of the single algebraic equation which is derived from the conservation laws.

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