The first section of this paper tries to make clear the economic structure of Russia in the early nineteenth century by analyzing the statistics on manufacture pubrished in 1816, "Vedomost' o manufakturakh v Rossii za 1813 i 1814 gody". The above statics are based on the inspection made by the tsar-goverment, and cover 3,727 workshops in the manufacturing industy throughout the country. Roughly speaking it is ascertained that over 170 thousand labourers, covered by the survey were divided into two equal parts; the one which belonged to forced-labour-cmploying workshops founded by nobles, and the other to "free"-labour-employing workshops founded by town merchants. The former workshops, which consisted of "seigneurial manufactories" and "serf-pos-sessional manufactories", were based on the traditional personal subordination of serf to his seigneur under serfdom. The latter workshops were established by guild-merchants who were engaged in long-distance trade. Besides them, though in extremely limited regions, there were small workshops initiated by peasants, among which distinctly found were calico-printing workshops in the village of Ivanovo in Vladimir province. In the second section, the process of destruction of small independent calico-printers (=peasants) in the mentioned village is traced. Among petty commodity producers who were putting themselves always in contact with the market, a few were successful to be manufacturers. The writer recognizes that this fact represents the historical genesis of manufacture as the early stage of capitalist production. This does not suggest, however, that their transformation into industrial capitalists was smoothly carried out. Calico-printers who succeeded in expanding their workshops adopted wearing cotton cloth additionaly, taking entrepreneurial form of putting-out system. Peasant-manufacturers purchased their freedom by offering large sums to their seigneur, Count Sheremetev, and inscribed themselves in a merchant guild. Newly-born merchant-manufacturers realized their profit by cutting off the small producers (=peasant weavers) from the market and prevented them from being independent commodity producers. Thus, the formation of capitalism in the Russian manufacturing industry was mainly due to merchant capital transformed into industrial capital.

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In Great Britain, the extent of monopoly in the steel industry was not so remarkable as it was in the United States or in Germany. This situation seems to be the result of the character of wrought-iron production in Great Britain. It is generally recognized that the distinctive feature of wrought-iron production shortly before the Great Depression was the dominance of small unit of production. However, few quantitaitve studies which contemplated on the structure of production have been made even in Britain. At the end of the 1860's, the typical organization of the iron industry was that one enterprise operated one workshop. Small enterprises were mostly engaged in a part of different processes. These of middle size were reducing the number of working furnaces, mills, and forges. Despite the dominance of small enterprises, there were some large-scale enterprises which generally operated several workshops successfully. The declining position of the medium-sized enterprise was especially noticiable e. g., in South Staffordshire. The above tendency was a result of the export boom of the late 1860's, which greatly increased the demand for iron and the availability of funds. It was possible for individual firms to integrate or separate by incidental motives, since even marginal firms were permitted to survive during the boom period. Several examples will be given in this paper. Prof. G. C. Allen mentioned that the movement toward integration in South Staffordshire had been accelerated in the 1850's. His argument, however, is not proven, and quantitaive evtdnce shows the opposite trend. Therefore, his argument should be revised. The major statistical sources of this paper are in the Report of the Royal Commission on Coal in the United Kingdom, 1871.

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