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Volume 46, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Yoshio AndoArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 1-12
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 13-16
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
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AKIRA OokiArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 17-42,118
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSOne of the major problems in the study of Javanese history lies in the fact that very little is known of Java in the pre-colonial era, particularly its socio-economic aspects. As a result it is difficult to judge whether certain systems and institutions observed in later periods also existed in the pre-colonial era, or whether they came into being due to colonial rule. This seems to be partly responsible for the fact that historians engaged in Javanese history have so far tended to regard matters as 'traditional' when their origin is not actually clear, thus obscuring historical changes. Against this background, the present article is meant as a preliminary study of the socio-economic history of pre-colonial Java, focusing on the Hindu period (7th ? - 15th century) in relation to the tax exemption system. The kings of Hindunized kingdoms of Java granted various privileges, most importantly the privilege of exemption from taxes, to religious bodies (temples and shrines) and individual persons in return for special services and loyalty to the kings. The land granted with such privileges was variously described with such names as sima, sima dharma, sima swatantara, dharma lepas, all denoting 'independent state' or 'free land'. With the grant the king issued a certificate (pracastri, piagem) which described reasons for the grant, privileges and obligations. In this way, we can observe the taxation system, kinds of taxes, economic activities of the people, rural society, the relationships between the royal authorities, and so forth, through the study of the tax exemption system. As well as describing these socio-economic circumstances, this article aims at enquiring why the Javanese kings granted the privileges at all, and what significance it had for the kings. With regard to this point, it is crucial to note that contrary to what we would expect, the effective control of Javanese kings was limited virtually to the capital and scattered royal estates in the countryside. Under these circumstances, the kings granted the privileges in order to establish strongholds and supporters against local chiefs who might challenge the royal authority.View full abstractDownload PDF (2139K) -
MASARU KUWATAArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 43-58,117-116
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSOne of the local products which became conspicuous in the late Edo era is Miki hardware centering around cutlery (hardened by beating). Miki town, the center of its production. is located on the left bank of the Mino river, a branch of the Kako river. In this town various blacksmith artisans and hardware brokerage houses established themselves in the Horeki era (1751-64) and the Temmei era (l751∼88), and they produced and dealt in saws, large draw-saws, carving knives, etc. Those artisans were recognized as full-fledged artisans by making themselves lower guilds under the advanced Kyoto-Osaka-Sakai hardware guilds or by changing the sizes of their products ; the Miki hardware came to circulate in Osaka market, the central market of the district, and were sent forward to Edo (Tokyo) market too. In the beginning of the Kansei era (1789∼l800) the hardware brokerage houses formed their guilds, and production and distribution grew to be independent from each other. by which process the scope of activity of the brokerage houses was widened, furthering the development of production of the Miki hardware. In the Bunka era (1804-18), distributive machinery between Miki and Edo was brought into better order by Edo hardware brokerage houses of the ten forwarding agencies. This period saw the ten forwarding agencies try to strengthen their partnership and hold and broaden their privilege in the Edo market. Therefore the Edo hardware brokerage houses put in order the distributive machinery with Miki hardware brokerage house guilds, one of their suppliers with a view to keeping the buying-in and making sure the inflow of the hardware. Under such circumstances, Osaka hardware brokerage house guilds, which were transit traders between Edo and Miki, and the collecting and distributing center of Kyoto-Osaka hardware, were re-organized as part of straightening of the distributive machinery by the Edo hardware brokerage house guilds and as partners that assured the supply of the hardware. Especially, by dint of the re-organization in the second year of the Tempo era (1830-44), the Osaka hardware brokerage house guilds enabled themselves to charge a commission on collecting and forwarding hardware to Edo from Miki and also the Kyoto-Osaka district. Thus it comes to knowledge that Miki hardware secured its position as the indigenous product by connecting itself with the Edo market through the strengthening policy in the system of the Edo hardware brokerage house guilds.View full abstractDownload PDF (1438K) -
YOSHIKI ENATSUArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 59-76,116-115
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDuring the Ch'ing dynasty, some of the Chuang T'ou, whose functions were regarded as the managers of the bannermen's lands (Ch'i Ti), had both political and economic power in the southern T'ung San Sheng area. Indeed they formed part of the local ruling class of this area. After the revolution of 1911, they acquired their position as landowners at the time of the abolition of the Ch'i Ti system. At the beginning of the Ch'ing dynasty when the dynasty conquered the southern T'ung San Sheng area, some of the landlords of this area offered themselves and their lands to the nobles of the Ch'ing dynasty, the high class bannermen. This was because they wished to be under the bannermen's protection. These landlords were called Tai Ti T'ou Ch'ung Chuang T'ou 帯地投充荘頭. Their duties were to manage the Ch'i Ti and to Pay annual tributes to the bannermen. From the early stage of the Ch'ing dynasty, the bannermen tended to lose their control over the Ch'i Ti and lost accompanying annual tributes. Concerning the Ch'i Ti system, the Ch'ing dynasty had a major problem with the ownership of the land. Since the bannermen lived upon the Ch'i Ti which were organized under the Chuang T'ou's control, the Ch'ing dynasty had to assure the Chuang T'ou's rights as former landlords. On the other hand, the Ch'ing dynasty had to check the reinforcement of the Chuang T'ou's power, because it might infringe on the bannermens ownership of the C'hi Ti, Therefore, in this paper, I discussed the following two points concerning the Chuang T'ou class. (l) The Ch'ing dynasty classified the Tai Ti T'ou Ch'ung Chang T'ou as the second class bannermen, Fei Cheng Shen Ch'i Jin 非正身旗人.Being the second class bannermen meant they had no right to buy and to dispose of the Ch'i Ti. Through this caste system, the Ch'ing dynasty intended to force the Chuang T'ou to be tied to the Ch'i Ti and to make them obey the bannermen. (2) The Ch'ing dynasty also restricted the bannermen's ownerships of the Ch'i Ti. The bannermen were prohibited from disposing their lands freely, and som of their lands continually remained under the control of the Chuang T'ou. By this rule, the Ch'ing dynasty intended to prevent the bannermen from losing their lands. By these regulations, the Ch'ing dynasty intended that the high class bannermen had been able to reinforce their power over the Ch'i Ti as rulers, especially control over the Chuang T'ou class. But the bannermen's increasing loss of Ch'i Ti coupled with the Ch'ing dynasty's above-mentioned policies explained the difficulties the Ch'ing dynasty faced in reorganizing the Ch'i Ti system.View full abstractDownload PDF (1520K) -
SHIN GOTOArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 77-93,115-114
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSWorld War I had profound effects on the British shippin industry, above above all on tramp owners who were said to have owned about sixty percent of the total UK-registered steam tonnage prior to the war. This note analyses the effects of the war on capital accumulation of the tramp owners by breaking the post-WWI period into three sub-periods. The first sub-period, 1914-16, was the years of prosperity. Although the value of ships rapidly rose due to the shortage of new ready ships, this factor, along with others, pushed the freight rates to unprecedented levels, thereby inducing many new-comers into the tramp shipping in pursuit of large profits. The second sub-period, 1917-18, was the one of lean years. All but a few tramps were requisitioned by the Government at the fixed "Blue Book" charter rates, the rates which tramp owners found far from sufficient for covering the rising costs of running vessels. Some owners were pushed out of business, while others were absorbed by liner companies. The third sub-period, 1919-21, is characterized by a mixture of post-war boom and its collapse. The "apparent" shortage of tonnage and the prospect of unconditional decontrol gave rise to the most speculative boom in the history of the British shipping industry. The boom, howeves, was short-lived and not substantial. As soon as the freight market collapsed, many of the tramp owners, who were growing anew in the boom, were either forced to sell surplus vessels at a loss because the previous ship values could have only been justified by a continuance of higher freight rates of forced to be liquidated because cash reserves necessary for withstanding the depression had been depleted in the speculative buyings of vessels. When the boom was over, therefore, the tramp owners found themselves in the depths of financial difficulties. To make the matter worse, the conditions surrounding the British tramp changed drastically after the war. Under the pressure of an increasing surplus tonnage throughout the world, liner companies began to encroach in a large way on the field of bulk cargo, previously occupied by tramps. Moreover, the export of coal. which was the most important outward cargo of the British tramp, greatly diminished due to the development of alternative sources of coal supplies elsewhere as well as to the ever expanding use of the alternative energy, oil. In order to meet these changing conditions in an effective way, the British tramp owners should have ventured to launch into new enterprises and allocated their resources more properly Regrettably, however, they spent much money on the old-type vessels fitted only for the tranditional trades, in which shipowners of low-wage countries were increasingly gaining an advantage. Thus, the maladjustment in shipping investment at the critical turning-period left a heavy burden under which the British tramp industry continued to suffer throughout the inter-war years.View full abstractDownload PDF (1507K) -
Kisaburo WakabayashiArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 94-97
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
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Yoshinaga IrimajiriArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 97-100
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
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Masao ArimotoArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 100-102
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
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Shigeaki YasuokaArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 103-107
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
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Yukio ChooArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 107-109
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
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Kazuyoshi KawamotoArticle type: Article
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 110-112
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
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Article type: Bibliography
1980 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 114-118
Published: June 10, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 24, 2017
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