As inland shooen by definition, were far from the sea, it was difficult there to make the villagers of their on render service as sailors when the rent was transported by sea. So some shooen acquired sites of warehouses on the coast and set the inhabitants there to work, as witness Ohta-no-sho in Bimgo belonging to the estate of Kooyasan which acquired Onomichi as the site of its warehouses and made the inhabitants of Onomichi perform part of maritime transport; but many others sent their rent to the seat of government through shipping agents at ports. In order to transport the rent by sea, however, it was necessary for an inland shooen to carry the rent from inland shooen to carry the rent from inland to the coast. The carrying of the rent to ports was called 'tsukudashi', and this service was rendered by the villagers of the inland shooen. Though tsukudashi was done either by land or by sea, the latter was preferred and used as far as possible, and many of the lords of inland shooen designed to secure fluvial navigation by giving rent-free rice fields to boatmen for the purpose of having them well in hand Such were river boatmen who navigated up and down the River Kuma inhabiting at Hitoyoshi-no-sho in Higo which belonged to the estate of Renge-ooin. When the rent was carried to ports, it was transferred from river boats to sea-going vessels of shipping agents, who transported it to the capital. The shipping charges were borne by individual shooen, and some of them such as above mentioned Ohta-no-sho of Niimi-no-sho at Bitchu which belonged to the estate of Tooji, levied on the inhabitants of the shooen 'kakomai' or 'kakomugi' which meant rice or wheat to be used to ihre sailors. Thus shipping agents who engaged themselves in the transportation of rent developed largely at estuary harbours along the coast of Setonaikai, and at the mouth of the River Onga in Kyuushu in the late Kamakura period.

View full abstract

The purpose of this article is to analyze the economic policy excuted by Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the United States. In this country, the scholars specializing in the study on Hamilton, put much emphasis on his industrial policy, an his famous Report on the Subject of Manufacturs. The writer of this article, on the contrary, through the analysis of the original sources; especially, Syrett's The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, tries to make clear the fact that the center of Hamilton's economic policy was the financial policy, especially the policy of the establishment of the public credit, and his industrial policy was only a subordinative part of his total system of economic policy.

View full abstract

Despite an increasing volume of literature, few statistical studies exist on the actual trade of Antwerp in the sixteenth century. I have analysed a port book (edited by B. Dietz in 1972) in order to compare the trade with London done by Antwerp with that done by the other ports. Unfortunately, port books are incomplete for many years and the only port book available on a reasonably systematic basis in the Public Record Office does not contain the record of the imports into London by foreigners. But it can be said that more than sixty per cent of imports into London was done by English merchants. As regards smuggling, it is doubtful whether it was really worth bribing custom officers or running the risk of smuggling to evade duties amounting to only five per cent of official value. Thus, though the data are not complete, they probably represent a reasonable sample of an aspect of the Antwerp's trade. The examination of the estimated statistics of the London's import has revealed that the Antwerp's trade amounted to an extraordinary proportion. The conclusions are as follows : 1. Of 699 ships selected out of the total 831, 118 came from Antwerp, 95 Amsterdam, 86 Bordeaux, 51 Rouen, etc. 2. Two-fifth (39%) of the value funnelled through Antwerp, Rouen (14%), Barbary (7%), Danzig (5%), Spain (4%), Amsterdam (4%), etc. 3. The cargoes from other ports consisted of raw waterials, agricultural products, and exotic products such as sugar, each port specializing in trading in particular products, whereas the goods through Antwerp showed a vastly great diversity. i) Luxury cloth such as velvet and fustian, and spices headed by pepper. ii) Manufactured goods, namely, linen cloth, many kinds of metallurgical products from Aachen and Germany, small wares, furnitures and glasswares. iii) Raw materials such as dyestuffs (e.g. madder), flax, etc. iv) The others including dried fruits. It is now known that Antwerp's preeminence in London's import trade was based not only on her function as an international entrepot but also on the distribution of local manufactures.

View full abstract

Kaiichi Toda, professor at the Kyoto Imperial University during 1906-1924, is now a forgotten scholar, his opinions being seldom introduced, even though his analysis of the Japanese economy was famous among the intellectuals from the end of the Meiji era to the first half of the Taisho. His main view on the Japanese industrial structure and policy may be summarized as follows : 1) With respect to one of the chief problems of economic policy in the Meiji era, namely, whether Japan should be founded on the basis of agriculture or commerce and industry, Toda concluded that in Japan agriculture would maintain its importance in the future as long as the people continue eating rice harvested merely in Japan and Korea. Accordingly, he thought, agriculture would coexist with commerce and industry. From the viewpoint of economic policy, however, Toda asserted that the Japanese should exploit such areas in the world as were suitable to rice-cultivation. 2) The progress of the Japanese industry during the past twenty years had been limited to those industries which imitated the Western industry. But in the future Japan must revolutionize indigenous industries. 3) In this country it would be impossible for heavy and chemical industries to make a remarkable growth, because of the lack of natural resources, such as iron, coal and salt. The bright future of the Japanese industry should be sought in the development of cotton manufacture : manufacturing goods of superior quality instead of goods of inferior quality, finished goods instead of half finished goods. 4) In short Toda wanted to promote improvement trade for the sake of Japan's economic expansion, and so he advocated peace diplomacy and open-door principle.

View full abstract