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Volume 62 (1996)
- Issue 6 Pages 721-
- Issue 5 Pages 571-
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Volume 62, Issue 5
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
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Guan QUANArticle type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 571-601,720
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThis study analyses the relationship between technological absorption and economic development using the bicycle industry in Japan as an example. The relationship between patterns of industrial development and technological absorption is of central importance to this paper. The analytical results confirm the 'catching-up product cycle theory' of economic development. Section 2 discusses the process of technological absorption in the bicycle industry and its special features. Just as late-comers go through a process of first importing goods, then producing them domestically, and finally exporting them, technological absorption goes through a continual process of acquisition, diffusion, and finally innovation. The three stages of formation, establishment and maturity which occurred in the development of the bicycle imadustry itself were found to correspond roughly to the three periods of technological development. In this article this process is therefore called the 'catching-up product cycle theory of technological development'. Patent data was used as a measure of technological development in order to confirm this hypothesis. Traditional 'catching-up product cycle theory' suffers from certain weaknesses, and an attempt to repair these is made in section 3 through an analysis of the conditions required for effective technological absorption. First, there is a need for innovative entrepreneurs, a high-level technical personnel and a well trainedlabor force. This is referred to as the human resource condition. Secondly, the successful introduction of a new technology requires the pre-existence of related technology domestically. This condition is necessary for the technology to take firm roots in the domestic market. The third condition is the existence of a developed market. As demand factors, the degree of development and structure of the market determine the extent to which the imported technology will be absorbed. Finally, organizational factors and other systems must also be considered. In general, the organization of firms, for example, enterprise groups, will play a major role in an industry with a large number of small and medium-sized firms while government policies play a major role in an industry with a proportionately greater number of large firms.View full abstractDownload PDF (2322K) -
Saiichi BEN'NOArticle type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 602-629,719
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSIn the l930s the Zhejiang government promoted the introduction of improved cotton breeds. The annual output of improved cotton formed only about O.3 per cent of the total cotton output in China, but this was sufficient to meet the demand from cotton mills in Zhejiang. In that sense, therefore, tlte cotton improvement campaign was effective. But some peasants resisted the cotton improvement campaign and this resulted in riots. This paper examines the possibility that the reproduction-structure of the conventional cotton industry was the main cause behind resistence to improved cotton breeds. That is, the peasants who resisted improved cotton breeds were those who were growing conventional native cotton to spun into yarn which they wove into cloth. The improved cotton was more suited for machine-spinning in cotton mills than conventional native cotton. On the other hand, conventional cotton was better for peasants working at home by traditional methods to spin their own yarn. In other words, it was not the peasants who profited from the cotton improvement campaign but the capitalists of the cotton industry.View full abstractDownload PDF (2170K) -
Hironobu SAKUMAArticle type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 630-661,718
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSIt is obvious that there were merchant-manufacturers and master-manufacturers in the phase of early capitalism. Old theories claimed that the master-manufacurers became merchants. But a second level of master-manufacturers, who were in fact the majority, never gave up using their handicraft tools and tended to restrict themselves within their handiwork. They thus enjoyed the smpathy of piece-masters, their co-masters in the crafts. It goes without saying that there were some large master-manufacturers. They acted as managers with no workshops of their own or as possessors of multiple workstations which were driven by water power. They were criticised as being 'greedy as merchants'. To the wage-earners (piece-masters, journeymen, apprentices and women) they seemed just like 'greedy merchants' criticised by Meistersingers such as Hans SACHS and Hans ROSENPLUT. This was because the rich suppressed the poor with low wages and the payment-in-kind system. The wage-earners wanted to work for middle- or small-scale master-manufacturers with properties of from 300-1000 Gulden. The laborers received a small amount of credit or materials from them. The craft-guilds backed up this putting-out system, because they gave the poor money and work. As merchants and the large master-manufacturers also organized the putting-out system, the poor wage-earners were always replaced. Thus social mobility fromthe bottom to the top was very rare. The poor signed putting-out contracts because of debt or credit requirements. Credit was needed to open new workshops or maintain old ones. The wage-earners' properties and annual income never reached 50 Gulden. Their poverty was characterised by the fact that they did not possess property, materials or even tools. They often changed occupations and escaped from cities to market-towns or to villages. The characteristic of the German putting-out system from 1400-1630 was that master-manufacturers, who did not want to switch over from handiwork to becomingmerchants, played a mass role with their crafts.View full abstractDownload PDF (2486K) -
Shuichi KojimaArticle type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 662-676
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (1199K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 677-679
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (327K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 679-682
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (458K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 682-686
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (523K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 686-689
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (452K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 689-692
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (480K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 692-694
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (279K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 694-697
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (440K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 697-700
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (437K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 700-702
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (363K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 703-707
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (555K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 707-709
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (358K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 709-712
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (455K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 712-715
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (391K) -
Article type: Bibliography
1997 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 718-720
Published: January 25, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (134K)
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