It has been understood that in the Edo period quotation and payment in gold was predominant in the eastern Japan and that in silver in the western Japan, with zeni used as auxiliary coin all over Japan. However, we can find momme-sen-satsu (匁銭札), if only in the south-western part of Japan. Which were issued, in fact, on zeni basis in spite of its guise of quotation in silver. Also remarkable were large denomination notes with face value over one kan mon (貫文), called sen-mon-satsu (銭文札), which were issued by Satsuma-Han, Izumo-Han, Kaga-Han, Nambu-Han, etc., not as auxiliary but as means of payment in large amount on zeni basis. On the ground of these findings I have suggested that there were areas of payment in zeni side by side with areas of payment in gold and those in silver in Tokugawa period. This paper intends to demonstrate that payment in zeni was predominant in Nambu-Han, by investigating circulation of money there. First, in Tempo age income in zeni over 100,000 kan mon amounted to half of Nambu-Han's annual revenue in money which was about 30,000 ryo. Especially in the case of business taxes called on-yaku-kin, rei-sen, and unjo, items of payment in zeni were twice as much as those in gold, the amount of payment in zeni being three times as much as that in gold. Moreover, such large amount sales of farmlands and homesteads which would reasonably be expected to have been transacted on gold basis, were in fact made on zeni basis. Especially in the inland district centering Morioka it was usual that such large amount transactions as exceeded 100 kan mon were performed on zeni basis. It must be noted that while quotation in zeni was more customary even in the account books of money-lenders and traesmen in the inland district, payment in gold was more usual than that in zeni in the Sanriku coastal district. Compared with similar transactions elsewhere in the eastern Japan, however, transactions quoted in zeni were conspicuous in the Sanriku district. Thus comparison of Nambu-Han as a whole with a typically gold basis district such as Kanto will prove that Nambu-Han can be characterized as the area where payment in zeni was predominant.

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The synthetic dyestuff industry in Japan rose as a new chemical industry in a wave of industrialization of manufacturing heavy industrial and chemical products during the First World War. The purpose of this paper is to make clear the factors of its formation and the organization of this industry. In the prewar period, though manufacturing synthetic dyestuff had been attempted cheifly by scientists and state research institutes, and by such supply sides as gas and coke manufacturing companies as a related branch of business, full-fledged industrialization had not been attained yet. However, as the demand for synthetic dyestuff rose, and as the conversion of this industry into munitions industry was possible, the groundwork for the industrialization of this branch had been prepared. The World War prevented chemical goods including synthetic dyestuff from being imported. The government planned to encourage chemical industry, and the scheme of the policy gradually inclined to fostering manufacturing synthetic dyestuff, medicaments, gunpowder, and explosives. Responding to the request to establish a dyestuff manufacturing works, the government enacted Encouragement Act for Manufacturing Dyestuffs and Medical Supplies in 1915. But because this act prohibited the companies that this act was applied to operate multi-divisional business, the act did not meet the intention of gas and coke companies that had played a leading part in promoting the legislation. In 1916 Nippon Senryo Manufacturing Company was founded in conformity with this law. It was a big national policy concern which guaranteed dividend of eight percent. Most of the large shareholders gradually came to be such as related, with dyeing and weaving, while gas and coke manufactures almost with drew by the end of the war. On the other hand there arose many small private enterprises manufacturing dyestuffs, which were characterised by their pedigree of dyeing and weaving tradesmen. Thus the factors to establish the synthetic dyestuff industry in Japan during the First World War were the favourable condition where the foreign competition was excluded, demand for dyestuffs by the existing dyeing and weaving manufacturers, and the state policy responding to the circumstances. Morever it should be noted that the development of this industry, taking a form of product differentiation, came to center on manufacturing sulphide dyestuff for cotton cloth which accounted for a half of the output of the dyestuff.

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The main purpose of this note is to make clear how estate management was carried out by landlords in eighteenth century England. The characteristic of landlord's behavior, and the relationship between estate and household will also be analysed. The material discussed below is drawn from Duke of Kingston's estate account books, mainly of the 1736 calender year, which are blow deposited in University of Nottingham. The account book consists of 'Audit Account' and 'Account Current'. The former notes the assumed gross income, the ordinary expenditure or deduction for the estate administration, and the assumed net income. The latter is a statement which the accountant made concerning the money from the 'Audit Account'. The characteristic matters of the 'Audit Account' are grace rent and delay of rent payment. Analysing the accounts, we find that the head steward was concerned with remission of arrear and covenant of lease, and the local steward collected rent and made account. The other persons who were engaged in the estate administration were woodmen and bailiffs of manor court. Such a division of role was caused by the fact that the administration over the extensive and scattered estate was difficult, and old arrear recorded in the 'Audit Account' is partly ascribed to the same reason. Duke's way of thought greatly influenced the estate management. The grace rent and delay of rent payment are regarded as Duke's aid to his tenants. Because these are not found when the estate was under the guardians' administration. In addition, during the direct management of landlord the time of rent collecting was delayed to next year or the year after next, and the grace rent amounted to as much as £3106 in 1736. The delay of rent payment caused the reduction of Duke's income, but he could spend much money by over draft in his account in banker to which about half of his estate income was normally sent. As the delivery of rent from his tenants was not regular, expenditure in housekeeping and in park, originally settled in household account, was payed by estat steward. It is important that the landlord depended largely upon the London banker in spending much more money than his deposit.

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Dans leurs etudes de l'organisation du travail dans l'industrie francaise de l'entre-deux-guerres, les historiens ont jusqu'a present concentre leurs efforts sur l'introduction du Systeme Taylor et les autres methodes "scientifiques" de controle du travil des ouvries a l'usine, mais traitent rarement des oeuvres sociales realisees alors par les industriel pour leur personnel. Toutefois ces oeuvres sociales dont plusieurs chercheurs ont deja souligne l'importance et le caractere paternaliste typique du partonat francais au XIX^e siecle, se developperent plus que jamais dans l'entre-deux-guerres. L'auteur a donc entrepris detudier dans cet article les services sociaux de ce genre, en prenant comme objet d'etude l'industrie textile du Nord, celle de Lille en particulier, dans les annees 1920. Les patrons du textile lillois qui souffraient alors de penurie de main-d'oeuvre, profiterent des degats causes par la Guerre 1914-1918 pour installer de nouvelles machines dans leurs usines. Mais l'impossibilite de diminuer sensiblement le nombre des travailleurs a l'aide de ces machines, ou de transsformer radicalement l'organisation du travail les contraignait, afin de pallier aux difficultes du recrutement et pour accroitre la production, a renforcer avant tout la surveillance des ouvriers a l'usine. Cela aboutit inevitablement a imposer aux ouvriers un travail de plus en plus dur, et a accroitre la repugnance contre les usines textiles au sein du monde ouvrier. C'est ainsi que tout au long des annees qui suivirent les hostilites avec les Allemands, les industriels du textile lillois durent mettre en oeuvre une politique sociale en visant au recrutement regulier d'une main-d'oeuvre docile et disciplinee. Cette politique sociale partiellement inspiree par les idees paternalistes du XIX^e siecle, fut conduite dans les annees 1920 sur une echelle beaucoup plus grande qu'avant 1914 et consistait surtout en deux activities: la construction ou l'amenagement des logements ouvriers et les services de l'lorganisation patronale, destinee a l'origine a financer le paiement des allocations familiales (Caisses Familiale du Textile de Lille). Les oeuvres sociales contribuerent sans doute a amerioler le bien-etre des familles ouvrieres. Mais en meme temps elles pousserent les ouvriers et leur famille a abandonner les contumes traditionnelles du monde ouvrier souvent incompatibles avec les contraintes de l'industrie moderne, et a mener une vie quotidienne plus saine et plus reguliere, mais davantage soumise au controle de la direction d'entreprise.

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