Die vorliegende Arbeit gehort in eine Reihe von Untersuchungen zur ostdeutschen Sozialgeschichte vornehmlich im spateren Mittelalter, die seit mehrenen Jahren entstanden sind. Sie stellt sich die Aufgabe, auf Grund der ostpreuβischen Quellen uber die Anfange der westslawischen Stadte einige Deutungen zu geben. Wie bekannt gibt es bestandigen Meinungsstreit zwischen den Anschauungen der sogenannten "Kolonisationstheorie" und der "Evolutionstheoric". Seit langen Zeiten hat man sich energisch mit dem problem uber die Entstehung der deutschen Stadte im Ordenslande befaβt. Man hat sogar zwei Typen der Kolonisationsstadt in Ostpreβen gefunden, ohne dabei auf die Eigenartigkeit der sogenannten Lischke seine Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken. Die Lischke als eine Tabernasiedlung entstand wahrscheinrich vor Ordenszeit und hatte auf der fruhen Stufe des vorkolonialen Wirtschaftslebens die Funktion des Marktes vertreten. Sie nimmt also eine besondere Stellung in der autochtonen Entwicklung der westslawischen Stadte, obwohl sie spater zu Stadten mit Stadtrecht erhoben worden sind. In dieser Arbeit soll die Entstehung der Lischke im Zusammenhang mit der Politik des Deutschen Ordens in der Kolonisation des Landes dargelegt werden. Der Deutsche Orden versuchte die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Stadte einzuschranken, indem er in fast allen Hufenzinsdorfern des Ordenslandes Kruge setzte und in den Stadten kein Bannmeilenrecht erlaubte. Wo aber die Besetzung der Hufenzinsdorfer nicht genug vor sich ging, scheint die vorkoloniale Tabernasiedlung (Lischke) als Marktort neben Ordensschlossern inmitten der preuβischen Guter und Hakenzinsdorfer funktioniert zu haben. Sie blieben trotz dem Vordringen der deutschen Stadtsiedlung in ihrer alten Verfassung. Sie sind doch spater mit Stadtrecht bewidmet, konnten also von Forschern mit Recht Stadt genannt werden.

View full abstract

Although we have many studies on the Florentine woolen industry, there still remain questions about its substance. Trying to approach to its substance, we investigated the outline of the conditions of the existence of the Florentine woolen industry in the time of its prosperity. Various studies were made on the inner system of the "Arte della Lana", and recently we have some precious studies on the managements of some enterprises of this gild. But, in order to approach to its substance, it is also necessary to investigate the outside system, of this industry. We know that most of its capital was furnished by merchants (including land owners turned from merchants), part of whom devoted themselves to the import and export of woolen materials and products. They, hired technicians of woolen production and left the producting process to their hands. It could to be said that this industry was under the direction of the Florentine merchant capital. The period of prosperity of this industry was the first half of the 14th century when Oriental world had been governed by "Pax tatarica" which stimulated trade between Europe and Orient. Woolen product was one of the most important merchandises which Europe could export. And from earlier time, Florentine merchants (of "Arte di Calimala") had traded "panni franceschi" to export it to the Oriental market utilizing the ships of the sea-powers. At the beginning of the 14th century, while many difficulties occurred in the trade of these "panni franceschi" (severe troubles in its producting centers in Frandre, and the closing of the Fair of Champagne, Florentine merchants were able to import English wool which they used to obtain in compensation for their loan to the King, ctc.. And here came the prosperity of the Florentine woolen industry. The fall of the markets in materials and products in the succeeding period caused its decline. The conditions for the existence of this industry were the international markets in its materials and products and the capacity of the Florentine merchant capital which could utilize this international situation.

View full abstract

Hyomotsu (marine products), important commodities exported under the monopolistic collecting system in the Tokugawa period, were still one of the chief exports in the early Meiji period. As to exporting ports, Hakodate that exported Hyomotsu most in the late Tokugawa period declined, and Yokohama was the center of trade in the early years of the Meiji period. The most important problem of export trade policy in the early Meiji period was to recover commercial rights which had been monopolized by the great Powers since the late Tokugawa period. The Meiji government adopted the direct trade policy and hyomotsu was exported on this policy from the 9th year of Meiji (1876). The export of Hyomotsu took an important place in the direct trade policy. By illustrating the case of the Kogyo Company in Hokkaido, the writer tries to show the point. As the Kogyo Company exported coarse articles, it was dissolved in the 18 th year of Meiji (1885). The Government held the first exhibition of marine products to solve this problem, and technical improvements were made afterward. Studies on marine products for export in the Meiji period have been few. The writer shows that the exports increased continuously after the mid-Meiji period and that the export of Hyomotsu played an important part in the export trade in the Meiji period.

View full abstract