SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY

The Frontier in American History : An Interpretation

YASUO OKADA

Article type: Article
1976 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 329-351,448
Published: January 20, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.41.4_329

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Ever since Frederick Jackson Turner pointed out the significance of the frontier in American history, there have been few attempts to draw the line between the westward movement and the frontier. The pioneering on the frontier, however, was merely the spectacular cutting edge of the massive movement of American population westward. As indicated by George W. Pierson, those who participated in the frontier experience were a small fraction of the moving Americans. Moreover, considered as a form of population movement, the westward migration was only a part of demographic changes which took place in nineteenth century America. More people moved to other destinations than to frontiers: they moved from country to town, and from farm to factory. To put it differently, America in the nineteenth century was not only characterized by the westward expansion but by industrialization and urbanization of population. Why, then, do we still regard the frontier and the westward movement significant in American history? Is it merely a tribute to a past master whose works are now buried under the barrage of criticism? The significance of the frontier should be found in the fact that new communities were constantly founded on the edge of settlement, where the lack of a ready-made structure of law and order and the eminent danger made democracy a necessity. As people moved to further west, numerous homogenous communities based on democratic principle were produced. This process, from economic viewpoint, was nothing but the creation of homo genous market for standardized goods. Thus the westward movement provided the basic framework in which industrialization and urbanization took place in nineteenth century America.

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"The Land Question" in later nineteenth century London

TETSUO FUJITA

Article type: Article
1976 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 352-374,448-44
Published: January 20, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.41.4_352

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As industrialization, which is necessarily accompanied by the concentration of industries and labourers in the cities and towns, progressees, the transition of land-use takes place inevitably within existing urban areas and in adjoining fields. This process, urbanization, necessarily has considerable effects upon human habitation. This paper attempts to reveal problems which occurred in nineteenth century London such as the housing shortage, the increase in land value,and the serious financial difficulties of the local government from the viewpoint of the pattern of landownership, and finally the mounting reform movements for democratic local government in London in the 1880s from the viewpoint of land reform movements from the 1870s onwards. Generally speaking, the pattern of landownership in the urbarl area, as well as the adjoining rural area, has influences upon the development of building estates, as well as the layout of the built-up area. Especially in nineteenth century London, firmly established (aristocratic) and wealthier families, many of whom often had non-agricultural resources, possessed the large tenurial units in London's inner district-between the central district and the suburbs. Consequently even in the period of rapid urban growth, gradual as it was in London compared with the great provincial cities, these families retained their tenurial units to an unusual extent. In addition, the pattern of landownership had considerable effects upon urban redevelopments such as railway construction in London, which was begun by railway companies in the 1830s, street improvements, mainly in the western part of London, and the demolition of slums by thc Metropolitan Board of Works which was succeeded by the London County Council; urban redevelopments caused the deterioration of the enviroment. From 1867 onwards, land reformers were appealing to the traditional in feeling of the middle and labouring classes against landlordism prevailing throughout Great Britain: their influence was increasing, partly because of the serious agricultural depression, and partly because of the financial difficulties of the local government, which resulted in rate increases which in turn gave a heavy burden on the ratepayers. In effect, a multitude of land reformers' clubs and societies proposing taxation on urban land began to agitate for land reform in London, together with London's Radicals who were in favour of land taxation.

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'Communal Landholding' and the System of Compulsory Cultivation in Java

HIROYUKI MORI

Article type: Article
1976 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 375-395,446
Published: January 20, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.41.4_375

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Cultuurstelsel, the compulsory cultivation system enforced by the putch colonial government since 1830 gave great influences upon people's life in Java. The most important influence above all was given upon the landholding, for it necessitated changes in its system. Studies on the landholding system in two residencies, Cheribon and Madioen reveal this influence of Cultuurstelsel upon it. Among farmprodudts to be exported to European markets, most deeply related with the change in the system of landholding were the indigo and the sugarcane. Examples of indigo cultivation in Cheribon and Pekalogan show that the indigo cultivation made the system of communal landholding displace that of individual landholding to limit the rights of those who broke new lands and that it was districtheads who intervened owning of the lands by the villagers. Examples of cultivation of sugarcanes in Tegal and Soerabaja also show communalization of individually owneds, limitation of rights of those who broke new lands, and the role of districtheads in these processes. In the case of sugarcane cultivation, it is indicated that the system of communal landholding brought with it a peculiar arrangement of periodical allotment and that in the eastern part of Java there were special irrigated fields connected with the sugarcane cultivation. Communalization of individually owned lands through cultivation of the indigo and the sugarcane was promoted by thc Dutch colonial government in order to produce those crops and the finished goods thereof more profitably. Thus the involuntary system of 'communal landholding' in Java had nothing to do with the communities formed by Javanese people themselves.

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Die Kurantsumtriebe in der Mandschurei und die japanischen Diskussionen uber den Zusammenschluss

SCHIN-ICHI OHTAKE

Article type: Article
1976 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 396-419,445-44
Published: January 20, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.41.4_396

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Bis 1953 hatte China ein Silberwahrungsystem, deshalb hatte die japanische Kontinentspolitik grosse Probleme. Zwar dauerte die Gold-Silberauseinandersetzung sehr lange, aber die traditionale Kontinentspolitik, die Mandschurei in die Yenwahrung verandern wollte, entsprang nicht aus der rein okonomischen und rationalen Orientierung. Diese okonomischen Misserfolge wurden aus den schlechten Gewinnen der sudmandschurischen Bahngesellschaft von 1930-1 klar. Das Interesse der japanischen herrschenden Schicht a.n YenwtLhrung der Mandschurei hat die MisserfoIge hervorgebracht. Das Interesse mag aus den Forschungen uber die Gold-Silberauseinandersetzung zu verstehen sein. Nach dem 18・9 Ereignis wurden die Meinungsunterscheide uber das mandschurische Kurantssystem zwischen Gold und Silber besonders stark. Rein okonomisch behauptete die Goldpartei den Einnahmenuberschuss auf internationaler Zahrungsbilanz, die Goldstaubserzeugung in der Mandschurei, und den verminderten Umlauf des Silbergeldes. Aber zuerst war der China-Handel auf dem Landwege nicht klar, gab es den Waffeneinschmug-gel chinesischer Militarparteien, und das Mitnahmegeld der Shanton (山東) Arbeiter. Deshalb war der mandschurische Einnahmenuberschuss zweifelhaft. Ferner war die Goldstaubsausbeute weniger als 1/20 der Golddeckungssumme. Dritten war unkonvertierbares Papiergeld umlaufend zufolge der Amtsgewalt, also war Silbergeld sehr vertrauenswert. Die Goldpartei behauptete starker politisch als okonomisch, dass die Yenwahrung fur japanische Investionen bequem sei, und verlangte eine Teilung Chinas und der Mandschurei, ferner okonomischen Zusammenschluss zwischen Japan und der Mandschurei. Nachdem die Kolonie japanisiert worden ist, wurden ist, wurden die Japaner dort okonomisch aktiv, denn Japaner haben die "Binnen- und Aussenmoral". Die japanische herrschende Schicht wollte einen Teil des Kontinents zum Innland verandern und dann in sein Volkswirtschaftssystem einbeziehen. Dagegen behauptete die Silberpartei praktisch den Reichtum an Deckung und die Preisstabilitat und wollte dadurch ihre Kolonieherrschaft festigen. Ihre Politik hatte einstweilen Erfolge. Sie erkannte, dass die chinesische Wirtschaft in der Mandschurei machtig war. Die Silberwahrung, die ihre Deckung in Shanhai (上海) hat, war ein Beispiel. Sie war abhangig in ihrer Deckung von Shanhai und zwang Shanhai die Einziehung des Silbers auf. In diesem zwei Punkten gab es das entscheidende Dilemma fur Japan. Japan orientierte seine Kolonialpolitik praktisch nach Abhangigkeit von China, aber mit der Absicht eines Zusammenschlusses der Mandschurei mit Japan. Deshalb verlor die japanische Kolonialpolitik ihren rationalen. Weg und machte Pendelbewegungen.

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Geschichte des Fugger-Archives

MINORU MOROTA

Article type: Article
1976 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 420-431,444-44
Published: January 20, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.41.4_420

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Fugger-Archiv-<<Furstlich und graflich Fuggersches Familien-und Stiftungs-Archiv>> (seit 1955 zu Dillingen/Donau) - ist das Archiv betreffend die Fugger, die der reichste Kaufmann Europas in der Reformationszeit war. 1. Grundung des Fugger Archives. Unter der Fuhrung Jakobs II (der Reiche) und sein Neffe Antons hat die Fugger der groβte Kaufmann Europas erreicht. Im 1560 machte Anton, der um die Zukunft seines Hauses von ernster Sorge erfullt war, die eingehende Bestimmungen uber die Aufbewahrung der Handlungspapiere. Dann in dem Teillibells zwischen den Gebrudern Marx, Hans und Jakob vom 6. Januar 1575 wurde das Dasein eines gemeinsamen Fugger-Archives mit dem Sitz in Augsburg, zwar als Fideikommiβgut, konstatiert. Man konnte den Brief als Grundungs-Urkunde des Archives bezeichnen. Neben diesem gemeinsammen Archiv in Augsburg hatten die Einzel-Archive in den vier Fugger-Schloβern je als ein Bestandteil des Adelsbesitzes bestanden. 2. Repertorisierung von F. Dobel. Dr. F. Dobel, der 1877 Euggerscher-Archivar wurde, hatte die Konzentration der Einzelarchiven an Fugger-Haus in Augsburg durchgefuhrt, damit ein neues gemeinsames Fugger-Archiv aufzustellen, und seines Repertorium vollendet. Dadurch war das Archiv eine der offenen Einrichtungen fur Geschichtswissenschaft geworden. Man kann aus diesem Repertorium eine Ubersicht der Archiv-Bestande bekommen. - 1. Genealogie und Personalien. 2. Handel a) Handelsgesellschaft der Fugger, b) Ungarischer Bergbau und Handel, c) Tiroler und Karntener Handel, d) Spanischer Handel, e) Anleihen. 3. Privilegien und Standeserhohungen. 4. Familien-Fideikommiβ. 5. Fuggerische Stiftungen. 6. Realitatenbesitz. 7. Verhaltnis der Fugger zur Stant Augsburg. 8. Verhaltnis der Fugger zur Markgrafschaft Burgau. 9. Romisches Reich, Reichstage, Reichsan-gelegenheiten. 10. Schwabischef Kreis. 11. Reichs- und Kreisstandschaft der Grafen Fugger. 12. Aliena. 13. Rechnungen der Fuggerischen Stiftungen. 14. Flur-und Forstkarten. 15. Archiv-Verwaltung.

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Hisashi Fujiki, Studies on the Society in the Age of Civil Strife

Seiji Kobayashi

Article type: Article
1976 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 432-435
Published: January 20, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.41.4_432

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Tohru Kurosu, Socio-economic Studies on King Ine's Laws

Yohko Miyoshi

Article type: Article
1976 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 435-437
Published: January 20, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.41.4_435

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Koh-ichiro Shimizu, Studies on Medieval Italien City-States

Tetsuro Morita

Article type: Article
1976 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 437-440
Published: January 20, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.41.4_437

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Bibliography
1976 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 443-448
Published: January 20, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.41.4_443

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