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Volume 41 (1975)
- Issue 6 Pages 543-
- Issue 5 Pages 449-
- Issue 4 Pages 329-
- Issue 3 Pages 211-
- Issue 2 Pages 105-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 41, Issue 2
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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KOH-ICHIRO TAKASEArticle type: Article
1975 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 105-130,210
Published: July 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSIn the age of early Christianity in Japan the Society of Jesus had a procurador, father procurator who occupied himself with financial affairs. Clarifying the functions of the procurador would be one of the ways to understand the actual activities of the Christian mission in Japan. The procuradores of the Socidty of Jesus in Japan were appointed not only in Japan but also in Macao, Malacca, Goa, Lisbon and Madrid, and the one at Nagasaki is treated in this article. At first an effort is made to specify the names of the procradores and the dates of their taking and leaving the office. Next I treat the principal tasks imposed upon the procurador at Nagasaki, referring largely to the document, among some otihers, entitled "Regras do procurador de Japao", ("The regulations of the Procurador of Japan") made by the father visitor Alessandor Valignano in 1591 and revised and enlarged later by his successor Francisco Pasio. The procurador's tasks contained not only such ordinary businesses as providing and supplying money and necessaries, keeping books, etc., but also those which required more economic insights. Attending to the balance of accounts, he had to make an effort to increase the resources of the Society of Jesus in Japan, and he managed the trade which was one of the most important sources of income. Moreover, he acted as an intermediary for the Japanese trade with Macao. In addition he took a considerable part in determining the pancada, price at which the Portuguese merchants sold silk at Nagasaki. Especially the last two tasks mentioned above were completely external ones, and they indicates that the Christian missionaries had a deep relation to the Portuguese commerical activities. It can be said that such way of the Jesuit missionary works in Japan, in which the trade was involved in the activities of Church, was manifested intensively in the tasks of the procurador.View full abstractDownload PDF (2241K) -
MASATOSHI AMANOArticle type: Article
1975 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 131-152,209
Published: July 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSIn Tokugawa Japan, Osaka was one of the greatest entrepots. Many goods from the various regions of Japan, especially from western parts of Japan, flowed into Osaka and flowed out to Edo. In this function of Osaka as a central market, the banking system played an important role. The Osaka bankers, ryohgaeya (両替屋) supplied the fund to Osaka wholesale merchants, tbe latter paid in advance to local merchants, and the producers were in debt to local merchants. These credit transactions established the dominant position of Osaka. But in the latter half of the eighteenth century the local merchants and producers tried to free themselves from the control of Osaka. We have to pay attention to the fact that many han governments carried out the economic policy systematically in this period. This economic policy was intended to reject the control of Osaka. Without investigating this economic policy, we cannot get a better understanding of this transformation which appeared in the patterns of the circulation of commodities under the Tokugawa regime. From this point of view, the writer tries to throw light on some aspects of the Kansei-Reform of Tokushima-han. This Reform was carried out from the Kansei to the Bunka era. The writer does not intend to analyse all the elements of these economic policies in the period of this Reform, but takes a few examples of them and investigates them, which are the followings: (1) the organization of the market of indigoes (Ai-ichi) in Tokushima in the Kansei era; (2) the establishment of the privileged and monopolistic merchant associations both in Tokushima and in Edo which were backed up by Tokushima-han in the Bunka era -Kantoh-uriba-Kabu (関東売場株).View full abstractDownload PDF (2246K) -
ISAO OHTSUKIArticle type: Article
1975 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 153-181,208-20
Published: July 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSGunji Nishimura, a newly risen wholesale dealer in rice and rape oil, started export business of goods produced in Hizen-han and of raw silk immediately after the port of Yokohama was opened. After the Meiji Restoration he joined companies which were established in keeping with the policy of the ministry of commerce and trade, Tsuushohji (通商司). Through these companies he as a seishoh (政商), a businessman with political affiliations, continued trade transactions, began moneylending, and took part in the land development works at Shimousa Pasture. In the 1880's, as he failed to keep abreast with the progress of reorganization of commerce, he gave up the trading activities and expanded the moneylending business, through which he had obtained about 50ha. of land (mainly in a paddy field region) in Chiba Prefecture by 1889. In 1873 when the Company of Land Development of Shimousa Pasture failed, the Government allocated the land to the investers who were big merchants of Tokyo. But the settlers claimed the ownership of the land which they had cleared for themselves and started a movement to obtain it. The Mitsui family and Gunji Nishimura, leading other landowners, instituted a lawsuit against those settlers and judgemennt was given in favour of the plaintiff, with the Government supporting them. Then they began to work tea farms and to lease the cultivated land. Thus the business of the Nishimura family in 1892 was composed of moneylending, land-leasing, and farming, each of which, however, had its problem as follows. Moneylending grew difficult to expand because of the increase of 'modern' banking organs. Farming was unprofitable because of the decrease of the exports of tea. Land-leasing of paddy field was not profitable because of high management expense on account of the remoteness of the leased land, and because of the unrest around the settlement area which was caused by the above mentioned movement of the settlers. So the Nishimuras reformed their business in 1892. Moneylending activities were reduced, about two thirds of the paddy field was; sold, and the money thus withdrawn was invested mainly in railway companies. Working of tea farms was stopped, and livestock breeding was begun. The activities of land-developing and land-leading were expanded. The land-developing activities were successful because they could gather many settlers from the neighbouring districts, where a large number of landless peasants came into existence as some of the landowners expanded the ownerships of land. The landless peasants became poorer and they wanted land to cultivate. The opening of the Sohbu Railway in 1897 also facilitated to bring the settlers. Returns from the rents increased rapidly in the 1890's. The Nishimuras, however, failed in stock speculation in 1896, and in 1905 they lost all the property except the proprietorship of the developed land. Thereafter the Nishimuras were to make an effort to recover their property as a big resident 'village landlord'.View full abstractDownload PDF (2549K) -
Jiroh ShimadaArticle type: Article
1975 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 182-190
Published: July 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017
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Naoji NozakiArticle type: Article
1975 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 191-194
Published: July 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017
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Koh-ichiro ShimizuArticle type: Article
1975 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 194-196
Published: July 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017
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Kin-ichiro TobaArticle type: Article
1975 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 196-199
Published: July 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (502K) -
Shuuzoh ShigaArticle type: Article
1975 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 199-203
Published: July 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017
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Yohtaro SakudohArticle type: Article
1975 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 203-205
Published: July 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017
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Article type: Bibliography
1975 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 207-210
Published: July 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: July 22, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (196K)
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