Essentially a general idea of 'ie' includes four concepts as follows ; (1) a family with a close relatoin by blood, (2) a group of people who share the same livelihood, (3) an enterprise which bears the function of production and possession, (4) a social unit or structure with duration. As regards 'ie' in ancient times, the above-mentloned fourth concept cannot be distinctly observed, so the view that 'ie' had nor been established yet in those days is predominant. This paper, therefore, attempts to get an explication on the subject by approaching the structural model in the tales of "Nihon-ryoiki". The first purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship among constituent menbers of 'ie'. An 'ie' usually consists of a married couple and its quasi relatives, but there were no peculiar rules to combine them. On the contrary, there can often be seen an employment between a couple and others, so 'ie' had basically been a management system from the staiting point. The second concerns the management scale of 'ie'. A typical 'ie' was not a big scale management based on the slavery or patriarchal system but a nuclear family-type, and in the circle of founding and extinction of immatured individual management, a natural balance was kept between proprietor and those who had no 'ie' to belong to. The third is concerned with the historical environment of 'ie'. In the materials, there can be found the duty for 'ie' to help neighbors. and also the interdependence among them. The full growth of 'ie' was realized in the course of obtainning indivisibility and perpetuity by getting the expanded equilibrium of productivity of the whole community. The traditional view based persistently on family or possession has given a negative valuation to an ancient 'ie', but in the 8th century, under the ritsuryo system, 'ie' was already groping for the direction to develop its maturity.

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Fur fruhmittelalterliche Markte handelt sich um das Ansammelungen der Marktbesucher und die Funktionen der politische Herrschaft. Uber diese Frage bieten Markte des Klosters Corvey Kenntnisse in Beziehungen zwischen Grundbesitz und den Marktgrundungen. Dieses Kloster bekam Konigsurkunden uber Marktrecht zu Covey(833), Marsberg(900) und Meppen(945,946), und die Verhaltnisse des Grundbesitzes des Klosters bis zum Anfang des 11. Jahrhunderts erkennen wir durch Konigsurkunden, Traditiones Corbeienses(ein Traditionsbuch) und Heberolle(eine Zinsliste). Diese Quellen zeigen Besitzkonzentrationen an Flussen Weser, Diemel, Ems und Hunte. In deren Mittelpunkten, also zu Corvey, Marsberg, Meppen und Visbek, liegten das Kloster bzw. wichtige Kirchen, die den umliegenden Besitz verwalteten, und die obergenannte Markturkunden sind in den Zet Erweiterung des entsprechenden Grundbesitzes ausgestellt worden. So kann man auf eine raumlich-zeitliche Entsprechung zwischen Markt und grundherrlicher Verwaltung hinweisen. Aus erzahlenden Quellen konnen wir vermuten, daB sich lokaler Markthandel in diesen Verwaltungspunkte seit alter Zeit befanden. Mit den Ausstellungen der Markturkunden versuchte man Forderungen solches Handels und dazu noch Einbeziehungen von Fernhandel, was dadurch erklart wird, daB keine Markturkunde fur Visbek wahrscheinlich ausgestellt worden ist, wo es von einem FluB entfernt und also fur Fernhandel nicht geeignet ist. AuBerdem wurde durch Markturkunden versucht,Markte zu Einrichtungen mit einem Bereichherrschaft zu entwickeln, weil wir in Markturkunden eine Entsprechung zwiwchen dem Bereich der Gultigkeit der Handels- und Verkehrsrechte und dem ganzen Siedlungsrum, und einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Markt und anderen Entrichrungen bzw. Rechte sehen.

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Since the end of the nineteenth century a number of scholars have given their attention to the study of parliamentary enclosure. Books and Articles were published one after another, among which works of high quality appeared: those of W. HASBACH, E.C.K. GONNER, G.SLATER, A.H.JOHNSON, J.L.& B.HAMMOND, J.D.CHAMBETS. They chiefly dealt with such problems as the process of deliberation of enclosure bill, fairness of enclosure commissioners, cost and its financing, the relation between enclosure and labour supply in the Industrial Revolution. This paper, analysing enclosure documents owned by the Buckinghamshire County Record Office, attempts to clarify how landed property was distributed at enclosure of Weston Turville in Buckinghamshire, 1798-1800. It is a problem previous studies rather neglected. Comparing, especially, the landed property of each proprietor before and after enclosure is the main issue here. On the whole each property reduced by about twenty or thirty per cent after distribution. This is due to the commutation of tithes by enclosure act. Tithes were generally extinguished in exchage for allotments of land. Ecclesiastical estate was enlarged by nearly 300 acres in this parish; the rector became the second biggest landowner in the parish. Some irregular cases, however, are observed. Among about fifty proprietors in the parish, some reduced their property drastically and to some land was not alloted at all. They are thought to have sold a part or whole of their property. Instead, a dozen of new proprietors appeared after enclosure. Great consequence of tithe commutation, as many scholars have pointed out, is confirmed in this parish. How it relates to a tendency to land consolidation, however, we cannot exactly say unless we fruther observe the parish at several points after enclosure.

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