Most Japanese scholars of English economic history, specialists of the Industrial Revolution, have concentrated their attention upon the economic development of England at that time. The author has, however, maintained that it was also necessary for them to pay attention to such aspects of the Industrial Revolution as the public health problem, the pollution of air and river, urbanization, and so on, other than the economic development alone, since the Industrial Revolution, which was brought about by the rapid growth of the "productive power", changed the society from top to toe. The author, investigating the relation between the "Chadwick's Report of 1842" and the Public Health Act of 1848, wondered why the Act was treated in so cold a way and repealed, at last, in 1854, in spite of the filthy and unhealthy living conditions of the working class. And he has found out the strained relation between the Board of General Health and Local Authorities. Though the solution of the public health problem was put off untill as late as 1870's, the Victorian people defended the self-government of borough against the central control of the government.

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The Ching-nei-p'ien of Sang-chun-shn (商君書 境内篇) shows that the organization of the main body of the military forces of Ch'in was as follows. One army commanded by on Chiang-chun (将軍) consisted of four divisions commanded by four Guo-wei (国尉); one division consisted of eight brigades commanded by eight Liang-tou-pai-chu (二五百主); one brigade consisted of two regiments commanded by two Wu-pai chu (五百主); one regiment consisted of four battalions commanded by four Chiang (将); one battalion consisted of two companies commanded by two T'un-Ch'ang (屯長); and one company consisted of fifty Tsu (卒), Shiao-T'u (校徒), and Ts'ao-shih (操士). In addition, one Chiang-chun had four brigades; one Guo-wei had one brigade; one Liang-wu-pai-chu, one battalion; and one Wu-Pai-chu, one company as their guards. Chiang-chun was appointed among the High-class Ching (上卿); Guo-wei, among those with the nineth grade of Chueh (爵九級); Linag-wu-pai-chu, among those with the eighth grade of Chueh; Wu-pai-chu, among those with the seventh grade; Chiang, among those with the sixth grade; and T'un-ch'ang, among, among those with the fifth grade. Those with the fourth grade and under including those without any grade were made rank and file, and every five of them formed one squad. The grade of Chueh (爵) was given to a person according to his military exploits, and the person was given, according to his grade, farmland and housing land (田宅) and employees (私属人). A person with the first grade of Chueh was given one Ch'ing (頃) of farmland, five Mu (畝) of housing land, and one man without any grade who in peacetime served him six days a month as a Shu-tzu (庶子) and in wartime followed him as a soldier-servant. Besides, that person could be appointed to a post of fifty Tan (石), according to what Wu-tu-p'ien of Han-fei-tzu (韓非子蠧篇) says, when he deired to serve as a government of official. Those prizes increased according as that grde rose. I-ping-p'ien of Sun-tzu (荀子 議兵篇) says that a person with fifth grade of Chueh was given five households instead of Shu-tzu (庶子). And to those with the nineth grade and above were given, according to Ching-nei-p'ien (境内篇) Sang-chun-chuan of Shih-chi (史記 商君伝), Tz'u-shui (賜税) namely tax revenue or Tz'u-i (賜〓) namely tax revenue and other yields instead of Tz'u-t'ien (賜田) namely farmland, and Ch'en-ch'ieh (臣妾) instead of Li-chia (隷家) namely subordinate households. Incidentally the above mentioned ,Shu-tzu was a common man, the Li-chia were slaves, and Ch'en-ch'ieh were retainers taken from Tz'u-i. Turning to the military organization, a brigade commanded by a Liang-wu-pai-chu was composed of all the male adults inhabiting in one Ch'ien-mo (阡陌), which in my interpretation corresponded to one Hsiang (郷) or one thousand five hundred houses, except government officials and merchants. A division commanded by a Guo-wei was composed of all the male adults inhabiting in the area of one hundred square Li (方土百里) -this term is to be found in Suan-ti-pien and Lai-min-pien of Sang-chun-shu (商君書・算地篇・徠民篇)- except government officials and merchants. Furthermore, the one thousand five hundred houses of one Ch'ien-mo consisted of one thousand farm-soldiers without any grade of Chueh, one hundred and sixty-six government officials and soldiers- of whom eighty-three were government officials, fifty wereShi (士), that is lower-ranking military officers with from the first to the fourth grade of Chueh, and thirty-three were Taifu (大夫), that is high-ranking military officers with from the fifth to the eighth grade of Chueh, -one hundred and sixty-six slaves belonging to the above mentioned Shi, and one hundred and sixty-six merchants. The slaves given to Shi were those people degraded from the status of common people to the slavery by the provision in Sang-yang's law, which provided that those who

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Um das Wesen der ritterlichen Gutsherrschaft in ihrem inneren Gefuge und in ihrem Verhaltnis zur landesherrlichen Gewalt klar zu machen, sind in diesem Aufsatz zwei benachbarte Amter sudwestlichcn Mecklenburgs im 16. Jahrhundert als Beispiel genommen: Amt Neustadt und Amt Crivitz. Mecklenburg zerfiel zu der Zeit in die mehreren Amter, welche die lokalen Verwaltungsbezirke bildeten. Das Amt, das seinen Sitz in einer Burg hat, ist innerhalb seiner Grenzen der Stellvertreter des Landesherrn in der Verwaltung, im Gericht, Militar- und Finanzwesen. Diesem Amte tritt die ritterliche Gutsherrschaft gegenuber. Die Verwaltungsgewalt des ersteren steht also im umgekehrten Verhaltnis zur Macht der letzteren. Dies spiegelt sich in der Lage der Quellen selbst wider, welche durch die Beamten des Landesherrn abgefaβt wurden. Der Amtsbezirk besteht seinerseits aus einer Anzahl Dorfer. Das Dorf war in diesem Lande sowohl fur den Landesherrn wie auch fur die Gutsherren von entscheidender Bedeutung. Es bildet einen sehr wichtigen Verwaltungsbezirk, ohne den er nicht seine Landesherrschaft aufrechterhalten und durchsetzen konnte. Aber ist es zugleich eine territoriale Zelle, die unter Umstanden in ihren Herrschaftskreis sich wandeln mag. Im Amte Neustadt, wo die landesherrliche Verwaltungsgewalt im damaligen Mecklenburg am starksten war, gehoren die allen Dorfer zum Landesherrn mit der hohen und niederen Gerichtsbarkeit. Hier beschranken sich die gutsherrliche Hauptrechte auf Dienst, Pacht und Rauchhuhn. Im Amte Crivitz dagegen gab es Dorfer, in denen die Gutsherren nicht nur die niederen Gerichtsbarkeit, sondern auch einen Teil von der hohen Gerichtsbarkeit besitzen. So geraten die Rechte von Gutsherrn und Amte (oder Landesherrn) die Gemengelage, woraus sich die Streitigkeiten zwischen beiden Seiten haufig zutragen. Wenn es dem Gutsherrn gelingt, durch den Austausch der Gerechtsamen mit dem Amt, das dieses Gemenge abschaffen will, alle Herrschaftsrechte in einer Hand zu vereinigen, dann entsteht aus dem Dorf ein sehr geschlossenes Herrschaftsgebiet, in dem er die Obrigkeit ist, dessen Bewohner seine Untertanen sind.

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