Estimation of the number of nucleated cells in the bone marrows of 41 young adult albino rats weighing around 200g gave a value of (1.81±0.05)×10⁶ nucleated cells per mm³ of the fresh marrow. From this value, the total number of nucleated cells in the total bone marrow of the whole body was calculated to be (5, 840±161) ×10⁶ on the assumption that the weight of the bone marrow was 1.65per cent of the body weight and its specific gravity 1.028.

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1. The percentage of plasma cells in total nucleated cells was determined with smear and imprint preparations of various lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and PEYER's patches of normal albino rats. Plasma cells were found consistently in all the lymphoid organs examined, but their percentage was relatively high in all the lymph nodes except the superficial inguinal lymph nodes and also in the spleen, and remarkably low in the thymus or PEYER's patch, The organs mentioned in the order of decreasing percentage of plasma cells are: mesenteric lymph node (2.51±0.38%), superficial cervical lymph nodes (1.59±0.16%), deep cervical lymph nodes (1.53±0.41%), iliac lymph nodes (1.46±0.17%), popliteal lymph nodes (0.80±0.37%), spleen (0.75±0.14%), superficial axillary lymph nodes (0.64±0.24%), deep axillary lymph nodes (0.41±0.37%), superficial inguinal lymph nodes (0.27±0.09%), PEYER's patches (0.21±0.05%) and thymus (0.19±0.05%).
2. A fairly remarkable regional difference was noticed in the percentage of the plasma cells in lymph nodes. Among lymph nodes of the same region, secondary lymph nodes tended to show higher percentage of plasma cells than primary ones in the lower half of the body, but such a trend could not be found in the upper half of the body.
3. There was a fairly considerable individual variation in the percentage of the plasma cells in lymphoid organs, the variation coefficient of the organs except for the superficial, iliac, and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as the spleen being more than 50per cent.
4. There was a trend of higher percentage of plasma cells being generally accompanied by a higher percentage of the granulocytes.

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Die Perjodsäure-SCHIFF-Reaktion der Kollagenfasern im Subkutangewebe fällt bei einem Knorpelfisch Dasyatis akajei stärker aus als bei einem Knochenfisch Spheroides rubripes. Die Bindegewebszellen des ersteren schließen positiv ausfallende Granula viel reichlicher ein als die des letzteren. Die positiv reagierende Substanz wird vom Speichel nicht verdaut. In den Bindegewebszellen des Knorpelfisches lassen sich lipoide Substanzen reichlicher nachweisen als in denen des Knochenfisches. Der Zusammhang zwischen den in den Bindegewebszellen des Knorpelfisches reichlich vorkommenden Mukopolysacchariden und Lipoiden bleibt vorläufig noch ungeklärt.

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Als Untersuchungsmaterial wurden ausschließlich weiße Leghornhühner benutzt. 15 ausgewachsene Hühner, die aus 10, jeden zweiten Tag Eier legenden Weibchen (2 jährig) und 5 Männchen (3 jährig) bestehen, und 9 jungen, 160-210 Tage alten weiblichen Hühnchen wurden alle mit einem zusammengesetzten Hühnerfutter 25 Tage lang gut gefüttert (Tabelle 1 u. 2), diese sämtlich 24 Hühner wurden als normale Kontrollreihe betrachtet. 5 ausgewachsene, 2 jährige Weibchen, die ebenfalls jeden zweiten Tag Eier legten, wurden mit Weizenkleie-Gemüsegemisch 25 Tage lang gefüttert, bei ihnen hörte die Eierlegung einige Tage nach dem Beginn der Fütterung auf (Tabelle 3). Weitere 5 ausgewachsene, 2 jährige Weibchen wurden mit gekochtem poliertem Reis 25 Tage lang gefüttert (Tabelle 4), am zweiten Fütterungstage hörte bei ihnen die Eierlegung schon auf und durch Beobachtung der Symptome wurde festgestellt, daß sie alle an Ries-Krankheit (Beriberi oder Avitaminose) gelitten hatten. Die Leberstücke aus obigen normalen und abnormen Hühner wurden mit LEVIsches Gemisch und ZENKER-Formol fixiert und in 4μ dicke Paraffinschnitte zerlegt, die Färbung geschah mit Hämatoxylin (HANSEN)-Eosin, Eisenhämatoxylin (HEIDENAIN) und Azan. Für Glykogennachweis wurde Perjodsäure-SCHIFFsche Reaktion (PAS) und für Hämosiderinnachweis TURNBULLblau-Reaktion angewandt.
Zuerst wurden bei den Lebern aus normalen Hühnern der histologische Bau der Leber, die cytologischen Beschaffenheiten sowie die Reservestoffe der Leberzellen, die Fettspeicherungszellen und die Hämatopoese im Lebergewebe beobachtet, dann wurden die bei den Kleie- und Reis-Hühnern auftretenden Veränderungen in den Lebern vergleichend studiert.
Bei den Hühnern sind die histologische Strukturen der Leber und die cytologischen Beschaffenheiten der Leberzellen ähnlich wie bei den Kaltblütern, so stellen z. B. die Leberzellenstränge, wie bei Kaltblütern und Säugerembryonen, einen den Endstücken der tubulösen Drüsen entsprechenden Bau dar; in den Querschnitten der Leberzellenstränge weisen 4-6 Leberzellen gemeinsam eine feine Gallenkapillare umgebend eine radiäre Anordnung auf, ihre breiten, konvexen Basalflächen von Gitterfasern bekleidet, bilden die Sinusoidwand. Außerdem sind die Reservestoffe der Leberzellen, wie bei Kaltblütern, Glykogen und Fett, ihre Menge zeigt eine verhaltnismäßig große individuelle Schwankung. Im allgemeinen ist der Glykogengehalt der Leberzellen bei den Hühnern im Vergleich mit dem bei den Säugern klein.
Es ist ein interessanter Befund, daß die Epithelzellen der interlobulären Gallengänge häufig hell vakuolär erscheinen, was auf die durch Auflösung der Fettröpfchen im Cytoplasma hervorgerufenen Vakuolen zurückgeführt ist. Diese Fettröpfchen werden durch Fixierung mit dem osmiumhaltigen LEVIschen Gemisch nur schwach geschwärzt; sie sind leicht löslich. Die Fettablagerung in den Gallengangsepithelien ist bei den jungen Hühnchen leichtgradig, während sie sich bei den ausgewachsenen Hühnern so weit verbreitet, daß die dunkel erscheinenden gewöhnlichen Epithelien nur in beschränkten Abschnitten der interlobulären Gallengänge vorgefunden werden.
Geschlechtliche Unterschiede bezüglich der Leber bestehen in den Verhältnissen, daß der Körpergewicht-Lebergewicht-Index bei den ausgewachsenen männlichen Hühnern viel kleiner als bei den weiblichen ist und daß der Fettgehalt der Leberzellen im allgemeinen kleiner bei den ersteren als bei den letzteren ist.

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Wenn die Eisenionen von außen durch die Schweißkanäle an den Sohlenballen der Maus in das Bindegewebe unter der Epidermis eindringen, so werden die dort vorhandenen Bindegewebszellen gereizt und es vermehren sich Fibrohistiocyten und Histiocyten, manchmal auch monocytäre Formen. Die in dieser Untersuchung benutzten Eisensalzlösungen waren von pH 3.0 bis 4.6, und die Mitwirkung der Waserstoffionen ist denkbar. Aber in Japan gibt es zur Kur angewandte warme Quellen von einem solchen pH und darüber nicht wenig.

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In the esophagus of Formosan macaque, no esophageal glands could be found existing. The tunica muscularis is striated nature in the upper part of the esophagus but comes to be replaced by smooth musculature in the lower part, and in the lowermost 1/6, the muscularis entirely consists of sheer smooth musculature.
The nerve fibres coming into the esophagus form the periesophageal plexus provided with small ganglia in its adventitia.
AUERBACH's plexus in the upper part of the esophagus of this animal is very ill developed, but in the mid-part and below it considerably gains development. The ganglion cells forming the ganglia in the plexus were found to be of DOGIEL's Type I and of apolar or infantile type, no DOGIEL's Type II cells being ever found. The ganglia of MEISSNER's plexus are better developed in the upper than in the lower part of the esophagus and contain cells usually of infantile type but sometimes of DOGIEL's Type I.
The vegetative fibres distributed in the esophagus comprise very fine sympathetic fibres and somewhat thicker parasympathetic fibres, and forming terminal reticula (STÖHR) as their terminations, come into control by contact over the tissue cells supplied, as in the case with man and the other animals studied hitherto.
The motor fibres supplied to the striated muscle tissue of the esophagus of the Formosan macaque end either in grape-like terminations prevalent in the human esophagus or quite as often in motor end-plates that are in predominance in the caprine esophagus. From this we may infer that the macaque stands just mid-ways between man and goat in this respect.
The sensory fibres supplied to the esophagus of the macaque consist in thicker fibres than motor fibres and form their terminations in all the layers of the esophagus.
In the tunica muscularis are found unbranched and simple branched sensory terminations, particulary often in the intermuscular connective tissue septa. Their fibres usually are smooth surfaced thick ones frequently changing size and show more or less conspicuous glomerular arrangement. Their terminal areas contain a few specific cell nuclei. Branched terminations composed of terminal fibres showing no looping in their courses, however, were not rare either. Besides some branched terminations are formed by side branches sent out from the stem fibres into the tunica muscularis in their courses toward the submucosa. It is of deep interest that branched terminations ending after running winding courses specific to sensory fibres are found in the striated muscle tissue in the upper esophagus.
Rather complex branched terminations are found in the ganglia of AUERBACH's as well as MEISSNER's plexus. In these, the many branch fibres show conspicuous change in size, run looped courses and spread out over rather large areas, ending in blunt or sharp points. It is of special interest that terminations in glomerular arrangement are not rare, either.
Unbranched and simple branched sensory terminations of fibres running conspicuous snake-like courses are found in the submucosa.
Unbranched and simple branched terminations were found in the lamina propria mucosae, too, but here the courses of the terminal fibres are not very wavy, the fibres ending in sharp points just beneath the epithelium. No intraepithelial fibres were ever found in the esophagus of the monkey.
The sensory terminations formed in the esophageal wall of the Formosan macaque described above are inferior in structure to those in man, but generally superior to those in dog, goat and snapping turtle.

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The effects of the extirpation of the salivary glands on the secretory activity of the gastric peptic cells were investigated.
1. After the extirpation of the parotid glands or of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, production of secretion granules in the peptic cells is copious and is prolonged for a long period after administration of the diet, and vacuolization of the granules (discharge of the granules) is very inferior.
2. After the extirpation of the submandibular and sublingual glands, remarkable vacuolization of peptic secretion granules can be seen 1/2-1hr. after the diet.
3. If human parotid saliva obtained aseptically is injected subcutaneously every morning and evening after the extirpation of the parotid glands, considerably remarkable vacuolization of peptic granules continues for a long term after the diet. If potato-juice is injected every day, vacuolization of the granules is remarkable but is not continuous. If Restamine is injected, a little more remarkable vacuolization than that of the control (non injected) is noted.
4. If the same injections as above 3. are tested after the extirpation of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, it is noticed that vacuolization of peptic granules increases only a little 11/2-3hrs. after the diet in case of injections of Saliva or of Potato-juice, and that vacuolization of the granules is continuous after the diet in case of injection of Restamine. The latter is similar in tendency to that obtained by the injection of Saliva after the extirpation of the parotid glands.
From these results, we may say that parotid saliva is different from submandibular saliva as regards its anti-productin activity and that this difference seems to be due to its essential components.

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Die Zellen des Bindegewebes in der Nähe von verschiedenen Krankheitsherden des Menschen wurde an den bei der Operation entnommenen 90 Materialien untersucht.
1. Bei akuten und chronischen Entzündungen, einschließlich Mageschwür, luetischer und lepröser Entzündung, werden im umgebenden Gewebe alle Übergänge zwischen Fibrocyten, Firbohistiocyten, großen und kleinen Histiocyten und monocytären Formen konstatiert.
2. Das Bild der Zellen im Bindegewebe um gutartige Geschwülste zeigen sich fast keine Veränderungen.
3. Die Zellen im Bindegewebe innen und außen am Krebsgewebe sind gewöhnlich anscheinend vergiftet und sehr atrophiert. Im blutgefäßreichen Gewebe um das Krebsgewebe können dagegen zahlreiche Reizungsformen der Bindegewebeszellen, wie Fibrohistiocyten, Histiocyten und monocytäre Formen, vorkommen, weil wahrscheinlich die giftigen Substanzen vom Blutstrom schnell weggeführt werden.

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The snout is already in nearly full formation in the last fetal stage, but shows some infantility. Its mucous membrane is covered by a stratified flat epithelium far thinner than in fetal cattle (ABE) and has epithelial sulci on its surface. At the bottom of these sulci are formed distinct cristae limitantes. Between these cristae, papillae are found developed. In the submucosa, neither snout glands nor sinus hairs can be discovered.
The vestibula nasi have a catilaginous plate corresponding in shape to the inner vestibular moulding. The nasal septal cartilage stands on the median line and a semilunar cartilaginous arch extends on either side of it. A cartilaginous process juts out from a point somewhat lower than the mid-point of either arch. This closed cartilage is lined with a mucous membrane on its inside, the epithelium is a a stratified flat one far thinner than that of the snout and forms no epithelial sulci. Conspicuous papillae, however, are still in formation in the foremost part adjacent to the snout. Nasal glands are well developed in the areas where the mucous membrane is thick but absent in the areas where it is thin, in the deep parts of the vestibulum. The backmost part of the vestibule is covered by a stratified cylindrical epithelium.
The pars respiratoria of the nasal cavity is under a ciliated epithelium and nasal glands and venous plexus are in very good development in the submucosa beneath, but no smooth muscle fibres are found among the veins.
The snout of fetal cat of last stage is already richly supplied with sensory fibres. Very uumerous thick sensory fibres are found in the submucosal and the proprial plexus. Most of the sensory fibres run toward the epithelial cristae and a fewer toward the papillae. A small part of the former end subepithelially in branched terminations, but the larger part run further into the cristae to end similarly. These are already rather complexly constructed, their terminal fibres are thick and mostly show frequent change in size in their short and peculiar winding courses before ending sharply. Fibres that run up in rather long courses close to the superficial layer of the epithelium are not rare either. It is of interest that such terminations were found in all the cristae examined. The sensory terminations in the papillae are very scanty, and these few are nothing more complex than the simplest unbranched terminations.
Arterio-venous anastomoses were often found in the submucosa of the snout and the foremost part of the vestibulum nasi of my cat's fetus. These are not only very richly provided with terminations of vegetative fibres (STÖHR's terminal reticula), but also contain a comparatively large number of terminations of thick sensory fibres. Their terminal fibres show frequent change in size and often penetrate into the epitheloid cell layer before ending.
Sensory nerve fibres are found also rather numerous in the vestibulum nasi, and most of them are found in the parts adjoining the snout. As the deeper part of the vestibulum is reached, the number of sensory fibres decreases very rapidly, especially in the area where the mucous membrane is thin.
The mucous membrane covered by a thick papillae-containing epithelium in the part of the vestibulum nasi adjoining the snout also contains many sensory fibres, though not so many as in the snout. These usually enter the cristae to form intraepithelial branched terminations. The terminal fibres of these also show marked change in size and peculiar looped courses. A small number of unbranched and simple branched terminations are found in the papillae as well.
In the parts of mucous membrane outside the areas provided with epitelial cristae and papillae in the vestibulum, the formation of proprial plexus is feeble, so that sensory fibres are also limited in number; these few sensory fibres end subepithelially in unbranched and simple branched terminations.

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The present author, after thorough study of the fine structure of cat's penis, could obtain the following findings on its sensory nerve supply.
In the cat's penis body, very typical PACINIan bodies are found frequently along the dorsal nerve bundles, as in man. The single thick sensory fibre, upon entering their inner bulb, often ends swollen bluntly without ever branching out. In the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum penis in this part are found some banched terminations of dorsal nerve fibres of rather peculiar formation, of which the terminal fibres run wavy courses while frequently changing their size over a comparatively long but narrow terminal area. But here genital nerve bodies as found in the counterparts of man and goat could never be discovered.
Fine branches of the dorsal nerves were found running into the cavernous body proper of the part of the corpus cavernosum penis within the penis body; of these fibres the thicker ones end in unbranched and simple branched terminations or in end-bulbs. The single thick sensory fibre running into the inner bulb containing specific nuclei of such an end-buib ends after swelling up club-shape. These terminations probably serve in regulating the blood circulation reflectively.
Similar fine nerve branches come into the portion of the urethra within the penis body, in a number much smaller than in the part of man and flying-squirrel and always ending subepithelially in nothing more complx than unbranched and very simple branched terminations. Intraepithelial unbranched terminations of thin fibres are not rare here
The bundles from the dorsal nerves not ending in the penis body mostly run into the glans penis and a small number of them into the inner plate of the praeputium. The sensory fibres among them often form rather uncommon terminations dissimilar to those hitherto discovered in animal glans penis.
First of all, PACINIan bodies are often found along the dorsal nerve bundles in the corpus cavernosum glandis within the proximal one-third of the glans, as in goat. These bodies are similar in construction as those in the penis body above and the sensory fibres never branch out in them as in those in goat.
In the part of the urethra within the glans penis are found far more numerous sensory fibres than in its part within the penis body. These fibres end in small numbers of end-bulbs and very simple genital nerve bodies Type II, a rather large number of branched terminations and not a few unbranched intraepithelial terminations of fine fibres. The end-bulbs are of the same formation as those found in the corpus cavernosum penis and mostly come forth in groups of 2 or 3 each. The branched terminations mostly originate in thick fibres and their terminal fibres are also thick and often show change in size in their courses.
Genital nerve bodies are found in the mucous membrane of the cat's glans penis, but these are incomparably poorer, both in number and in complexity, than similar bodies in man and other mammals hitherto reported on (dog, pig and flying-squirrel). No glomerular type genital body Type I can be found here, only a very few genital bodies Type II of simple branched type barely differentiated from end-bulbs being present. End-bulbs are indeed found here too, but their number is extremely small. Such corpuscular terminations are found scantily in the corpus cavernosum glandis, too.
In the glans penis of cat, there are a huge number of sensory fibres, which end mostly in branched terminations and more rarely in unbranched terminations Besides, a rather large number of peculiar branched terminations are found in the periosteum around the bone tissue constituting the distalmost part of the corpus cavernosum penis. Accordingly, it seems probable that such branched and unbranched sensory terminations, at least in the glans penis of cat, act as so many receptors for sexual feeling, as are genital nerve bodies in other animals.

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