Fresh autopsy materials of the kidneys from five healthy executed men and surgical materials from ten patients were fixed with LEVI's solution, REGAUD's solution, ZENKER-formol and 10% formol. Paraffine sections were stained with HEIDENHAIN's iron-hematoxylin, azan, KULL's method and periodic acid-SCHIFF (PAS) reaction. In these preparations epithelial cells of the proximal convolution in renal tubules were studied cytologically.
In both, pars convoluta and recta of the proximal convolution, the free surface of epithelial cells are covered by the brush border which consists of multitude of minute hair-like processes and shows the same striated structure as in the cuticula of intestinal epithelium. Each processes have, beneath the free surface of the cells, minute basal corpuscles which in optical section appear as a dark stained line. The brush border reacts generally positively upon periodic acid-SCHIFF reaction.
Epithelial cells of the proximal convolution are generally rich in mitochondria; in the basal parts of cells up to the paranuclear regions a majority of rod-shaped and filamentous mitochondria are arranged densely and perpendicularly to the basement membrane, making the basal striation. Relatively small number of rod-shaped mitochondria are also scattered irregularly in the supranuclear parts, where, besides the mitochondria, variable number of granules and vacuoles are found in normal condition. Granules derived, probably, from the mitochondria are deeply stained with iron-hematoxylin, and react, however, negatively to PAS. Vacuoles seem to be produced from liquefying granules. These phenomena found in supranuclear parts of epithelial cells of the proximal convolution suggest that these cells have secretory activity.
The free surface of dark epithelial cells of the proximal convolution often send into the lumen long cytoplasmic protrusions of paipllar shape which appear quite clear and contain various number of stainable granules and vacuoles. The brush border found on the surface of the basal part, becomes, however, thinner towards the apical part and disappears completely. The apical part of these protrusions are constricted and thrown off as droplets or fragments into the lumen or the cytoplasmic content flows into the lumen through the broken tips of the protrusions. In these manners the granules and vacuoles are released from the cells. These phenomena indicate apocrine secretion of epithelial cells.
It is generally accepted that the epithelium of the proximal convolution has also absorption activity. In the epithelium of this part a number of large, swollen epithelial cells are found here and there bulging as clear eminences into the lumen. On the free surface of these cells the brush border remains intact which is generally thought to participate in absorption. These cells, therefore, probably represent those engaged in absorptive function.
The free surface of the epithelium of human proximal convolution is always uneven and intensely rugged, so that the lumen is irregular in shape and narrow. These facts chiefly depends on the morphological changes of epithelial cells induced by functional activities as absorption and apocrine secretion.
GOLGI apparatus in epithelial cells of human proximal convolution demonstrated by KOLATCHEV's osmium-impregnation method consists of many short curved threads (apparatus elements) which are arranged on a line running transversely at the level of the nucleus without making net-like structure. In parts containing the nucleus they are found in the supranuclear or paranuclear region. They occur, however, rarely in the infranuclear region, too. No remarkable variations of the structure and location of GOLGI apparatus are found in this study.
The chief morphological difference of pars recta to pars convoluta is in its poor development of the basal striation found in the epithelial cells.

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The author, using 235 hamsters of both sexes of various ages raging from birth to 300 days, made the histological and histogenetic study of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of the hamsters. The results obtained were as follows
1. The pars intermedia is composed of epithelial parenchymatous cells, border layer cells which lie along the hypophyseal cleft, connective tissues and very few blood vessels, but do not contain nerve fibers.
2. In the intermedis cells, the mitoses are most numerous in number at the 3th day, and always found throughout life, although they are rare in adult.
3. In adult the parenchymatoua cells are large and shaped variously. The cytoplasm is abundant and granular, staining basophilic, and the cell boundaries are not always clear. The parenchymatous cells are stained positively with GOMORI's aldehyde-fuchsin and periodic acid-SCHIFF reaction. The nuclei, irregularly shaped, generally contain one or two acidophilic nucleoli.
4. The author confirms that nuclear spheres derived from nucleoli, discharge the contents, and thus that the nuclei become irregularly shaped, showing incisures and folds.
5. In earlier stages of life, the parenchymatous cells are grouped very densely, and then they become larger. At the 30th day the nuclear sphere first appears, and at the 40th day a small number of cells show the nuclei with incisures and folds.
6. In adult, the border layer cells have scanty cytoplasm with ovoid, cylindrical or flatt nuclei. These cells are seen at 7th day for the first time and then gradually increase in number. These cells differenciate from the parenchymatous cells.
7. The connective tissues are scanty in the pars intermedia.

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The 2 gland bodies situated just before the prostata on both sides in cat correspond the gll. vesiculosae in man.
There is no connective tissue septum worthy mentioning between the two lateral halves of the prostata in cat. Small glands as found in the prostata are also found in the mucosa of the pars prostatica urethrae.
The pars interglandularis urethrae is the section of the urethra lying between the prostata and the gl. bulbourethralis. Many small glands similar to the prostata glands are found in this part, too. At the posterior end of this part, they pass over into the gl. bulbourethralis, which is of the same nature as the prostata.
In the circumference of the propria of the pars interglandularis is formed a well-developed m. urethralis, of which the innermost layer consists of circular smooth muscle fibres and outside thereof a circular and a longitudinal striated muscle layers are found. At the back of the prostata, the smooth muscle layer is very powerful, a weak striated muscle layer lining it on the outside. This relative condition of the muscle layers continues into the pars interglandularis, but as we go further back in the latter, the striated muscle layer becomes gradually thicker, while the smooth muscle layer becomes weaker.
Powerful plexus prostatici containing ganglia of variable size are formed on the lateral sides of the prostata. The nerve cells are distinguishable into 3 types according to their size, and the cells of the two major types have clearly visible processes and are divisible into the DOGIEL's Type I and Type II, while the smallest ones are not rarely seen as apolar cells. Multinuclear cells with 2-3 nuclei each are also found in some places.
In the circumference of the prostata is found plexus periprostaticus, in which small ganglia consisting of nerve cells of the same nature as those in the plexus prostaticus are observable. The nerve fibres chiefly consist of fine vegetative fibres, but some medullated sensory fibres are also found mingled among them. Sensory nerve bundles running into the prostata and unrelated with these plexus are also found in existence here. These probably originate in the n. perinealis.
The vegetative innervation of the prostata is very markedly developed, while the sensory innervation is not at all poor either. The sensory nerve elements, however, form in most cases their terminations in the pars prostatica urethrae, only a very few simply constructed terminations being found in the prostata itself. For example, such terminations are found in the smooth muscle layer posterior to the prostata or the prostata parenchyma only on very rare occasions. In the periphery of the broad propria of the pars prostatica, however, the number of the terminations gain suddenly, and many of them are of rather complex branched formation.
The formation of sensory terminations in the pars prostatica urethrae in cat becomes better in development as we go backward from the prostata, and we find, beside the usual unbranched and simple branched terminations, a rather large number of genital nerve bodies Type II. These are of several sizes, the larger the corpuscle, the more complex being the ramification of the nerve fibres in their inner bulbs. Unlike as in the case of man, few genital bodies Type I were found in the pars prostatica in cat.
Beside the above, some special simple cylindrical terminations, which might be called the medullated terminal bulbs, were found in the tunica propria of this part. Such a termination consist of a thick sensory fibre ending bluntly in a inner bulb seemingly formed by the extended myelin of a medullated fibre. The inner bulb is covered by a thin connective tissue capsule. Such a bulb termination is frequently formed with its end toward the epithelium and in not rare cases growing into the epithelium itself.
As was the case with man, unbranched and simple branched intraepithelial fibres are found in the pars prostatica.

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In the mucous membrane of the oral cavity in cat also the end formation of vegetative nerve fibres is always represented by the STÖHIR's terminal reticulum.
The so-called BOEKE's accessory fibres are not sympathetic but motor in nature in the lingual muscles of cat too.
No muscular spindle was found in the feline lingual muscles.
The oral cavity is a part most well provided of sensory fibres in the body, but in cat, their development is far poorer than in man, in proportion to the poorer development of papillae in the former.
The filiform papillae in cat are somewhat different from those in man, consisting of small-sized and large-sized types, of which the former are rich all over the dorsum linguae and the latter exist in the hinder part of the dorsum linguae down to the radix linguae. The papilla stocks of these papillae are poorer in development than in man even by the large-sized ones, so that the sensory innevation of them is also poorer. In the papillae, however, where the stocks are strongly formed, even in the small-sized ones, comparatively many sensory fibres are found running into them, while some of the large-sized papillae are devoid of sensory fibres.
The sensory terminations in filiform papillae in cat consist of unbranched and simple branched ones. A medium-sized or a thick fibre, after losing its myelin sheath, ends sharply or rarely in simple ring shape, without branching or after branching out into 2-5 rami, and often showing change in size during its course. No intraepithelial nor corpuscular terminations were found in these papillae.
The fungiform papillae in cat are small-sized in the fore and larger in the back of dorsum linguae, are always marked off from the filiform papillae by a clear-cut groove and are covered with a non-corneating stratified flat epithelium. The epithelium on the top of a papilla of this kind is thin and contains 2-3 taste-buds in small-sized and 3-5 in large-sized papillae, namely showing a far better development than in man. The innervation is therefore also very powerful, basal plexus being conspicuously formed under the major papillae. The thin vegetative fibres and the thick sensory fibres originating in such a plexus diffuse upwards into the papilla stock, in particular, beneath the gemmal epithelium. Often enough, however, no such a plexus is found formed, but a thick nerve bundle runs upward toward the top of the stock, to show fibril diffusion there. The sensory terminations here comprise, beside the unbranched and the simple branched, also intraepithelial, in particular, intra- and extra-gemmal fibres, even these often branching out into rami. The sensory fibres to the taste-buds nearly almost accompany vegetative terminal reticulum, but the latter is presumed to stand in common control over the blood capillaries distributed in this part.
The circumvallate papillae in cat are fewer than those in man and resemble those in dog in structure. The epithelial lining them on the side facing the oral cavity as well as the encircling groove are thin gemmal ones, cotaining many taste-buds in the latter. Interestingly enough, the epithelium of the wall outside the groove is sometimes also richly provided with taste-buds, unlike such an epithelium in dog. The foliate papillae in cat are conspicuously formed in the transitional part of the lateral edge of the dorsum linguae into the arcus glossopalatinus. These are large papillae next to the circumvallate. A furrow is one-sidedly formed only on the median side, the outer side passing over directly into the thick epithelium of the arcus from the thin top epithelium. Many taste-buds are contained in the epithelium facing the furrow, but very few are found in the top epithelium and the wall epithelium.
The circumvallate and the foliate papillae have each basal plexus containing a few REMAK's hemiganglion cells at their bases.

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Ein kleines Stückchen aus dem subkutanen Bindegewebe der Maus wurde zuvor in der LOCKEschen Lösung eingeschlossen. Diese Lösung wurde dann durch eine Fixierungsflüssigkeit ersetzt. Die dabei stattfindenden Veränderungen der Bindegewebszellen wurden mit dem Phasenkontrastverfahren beobachtet und photographiert. Die Präparate wurden schließlich mit Eisenhämatoxylin gefärbt und in Kanadabalsam vergleichend beobachtet.
1. Die bei Anwendung negativen Phasenkontrastes in den lebenden Zellen stark lichtbrechenden Körnchen und Mitochondrien büßen durch die ZENKERsche Flüssigkeit meist mehr oder weniger ihre Helligkeit em. Der Zelleib und der Kern verkleinern sich dabei bedeutend.
2. Nach der Fixierung mit 10%iger Formalinlösung zeigt das Cytoplasma eine mehr netzige Struktur. Der Zelleib und der Kern bleiben in diesem Fall fast gieichgroß wie vorher.

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Frische Gewebsstückchen der Maus wurden in fünf verschiedenen Isolationsflüssigkeiten gelegt und die Veränderungen der sublichtmikroskopische Strukturdichte der Zellen nach der Azanmethode untersucht. Die Stärke der auflockernden Wirkung der Flüssigkeiten auf die Ultrastruktur der Zellen der quergestreiften und glatten Muskulatur und des Dünndarmsepithels ist: 15%ige Salzsäure>Drittelalkohol>100 fach verdünnte MÜLLERsche Lösung>0.1%ige Chromsäure. Die Salpetersäure Chlorkaliumlösung wirkt dagegen darauf verdichtend. Es ist anzunehmen, daß in dem letzteren Fall die zerfallenen kleinen Moleküle die Gefügelücken der erhalten gebliebenen Struktur erfüllen.
Auf die schon fixierten Zellen wirken die Isolationsflüssigkeiten nicht stark. Die 15%ige Salzsäure wirkt auf diese etwas auflockernd. Die anderen vier Flüssigkeiten zeigen aber diese Wirkung nicht, sondern wirken eher verdichtend, weil wahrscheinlich die zerfallenen kleine Moleküle die Lücken der Ultrastruktur der Zellen verschließen.

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Since SELYE reported on his theory of general adaptation syndrom studies on endocrine glands have made great progress. Especially, since the discovery of steroid hormone, it has been proved experimentally that the adrenal cortex plays an important part in the metabolism of fat and sugar. Therefore it can be presumed that the pancreas and the adrenal cortex have deep relations. If that is so, when an operative procedure is performed on the pancreas it can be thought that some kind of changes should occur in the hypophyso-adrenal system. Under this idea, in experiment one partial pancreatectomy and in experiment two total pancreatectomy were performed with giving post-operatively drugs preventing fat liver to see histological changes in the cells of the adrenal cortex. The results were as follows:
1. When partial and total pancreatectomy were performed in dogs there was an obvious change in the adrenal cortex, especially in zona fasciculata.
2. Structural changes appeared much earlier and in higher degree in the adrenal cortex when the caudal part was resected in comparison to the capital part.
3. Four fifth resection of the caudal part of the pancreas showed a higher degree of change in zona fasciculata than a half resection and took much longer time to its recovery to normal.
4. From these results it can be presumed that zona fasciculata has some kind relation with LANGERHANS' islands, especially their β cells.
5. Total piancreaectomy showed a much higher histological change in zona fasciculata that in its partial resection.
6. When drugs preventing fat liver was given after total pancreatectomy histological changes in zona fasciculata remained in a lighter degree and recovered to its normal state after a certain period. Giving raw pancreas showed a greater effect than just giving trypsin and methionin.
7. From findings in the liver cells it seems as if zona fasciculata not only has relations with fat metabolism, but also with sugar metabolism.

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1. Following intravenous injection of a single large dose of saponin into splenectomized and non-splenectomized rabbits, the chronological changes in the mode of occurrence of myelocytes in the mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes were pursued. Besides, the lymph nodes from some rabbits treated with adrenal cortical hormone were examined.
2. After saponin injection, myelocytes occurred in the lymph nodes of splenectomized rabbits in much greater numbers than in those of non-splenectomized rabbits.
3. In a period earlier than 24 hours after saponin injection, the myelocytes occurred for the most part intravascularly in the postcapillary veins and other small blood vessels (Fig. 1). At 48 hours, the process of emigration of myelocytes through vascular wall from inside to outside of the vessels could be traced (Fig. 2).
4, During the period from 5 to 14 days after injection, foci of myelocytes appeared often in large numbers in the medullary cords (Fig. 8). These cells also appeared in the pale centers of secondary nodules, either scattered singly or grouped in clusters (Figs. 5-7). Such myeloid transformation of secondary nodules was encountered in 3 out of 7 splenectomized rabbits and in 1 out 8 non-splenectomized ones.
5. In the pale center of secondary nodules, the myelocytes first appeared also intravascularly in the dilated capillary (Fig. 3-4), but there seemed to be other cases in which the myelocyte foci, first formed in the cortex, became surrounded secondarily by a layer of densely aggregated small lymphocytes, assuming the appearnce like secondary nodules (Fig. 6-7).
6. In the pale center of secondary nodules, there was no evidence in favor of a local formation of myelocytes through metaplasia from the so-called “grem-center cells.”
7. The above mentioned results are interpreted as evidence for colonization of myelocytes from the bone marrow into the lymph node, and even into its secondary nodules, by hematogeneous metastasis.

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Es wurde getötete Rickettsia MOOSERI Meerschweinchen subkutan injiziert. Danach wurde mit den Extrakten des injektionsweiten Unterhautgewebes, der Milz und des Knochenmarks sowie mit dem Blutserum die Komplementverbindungsreaktion angestellt, und die Menge des in einer Gewichtseinheit der Gewebe und des Serums vorhandenen Komplementverbindungsantikörpers vergleichend beobachtet. Andererseits wurden auch die Zellen im Unterhautsgewebe mikroskopiert.
1. 1 Tag nach der Injektion konnte der Antikörper in dem Unterhautgewebe und der Milz in geringem Grade nachgewiesen werden, nicht aber in dem Knochenmark und dem Serum. Nach 3 Tagen wurde er in dem Unterhautgewebe und der Milz vermehrt gefunden, erschien aber in Knochenmark und Serum nur in schwächerem Masse. Der Unterschied wurde nach 5-7 Tagen noch größer.
2. Die fibrohistiocytäre Zellgemeinschaft im Unterhautgewebe veränderte sich 1 Tag nach der Injektion kaum, wohl aber nach 3 Tagen. Nach 5-7 Tagen wurden die Zellen stark mobilisiert und hypertrophierten.
3. Weil nach der Einverleibung der getöteten Rickettsia der Komplementverbindungsantikörper sich im Unterhautgewebe mit der Aktivie-rung der dortigen fibrohistiocytären Zellgemeinschaft besonders stark vermehrt, muß man annehmen, daß die nämliche Zellgemeinschaft die Stelle der Antikörperproduktion ist. Da die Zellgemeinschaft sich weit in und um Organe des ganzen Körpers befindet und in großem Gesamtmaße vorhanden ist, muß sie als eine Abwehreinrichtung des tierischen Körpers von besonderem Wert angesehen werden.

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Wir untersuchten über den intravaskulären Eintritt des hypothalamischen Neurosekrets in unverändert granulärer bzw. kolloidaler Form bei verschiedenen Säugetieren, Vögeln und Amphibien. Wir bemerkten bei Hund intravaskulär eingetretene, mit HEIDENHAINs Eisenhämatoxylin gefärbten Neurosekretgranula im Kapillarnetz des Nucleus paravent-ricularis und bei Hund, Schwein und Leopard mit der GOMORIschen Methode gefärbte Granula im proximalen Kapillargeflecht der Hypophysenpfortader und bei Hund, Katze, Leopard, Kaninchen, Huhn, Ente und Frosch solche in den Hinterlappengefäßen. In allen diesen Fallen war die Sekretmasse auch perivaskulär vorhanden. Wir haben aber keinen Anhaltspunkt, den intravaskulären Eintritt des Neurosekrets in granulär bzw. kolloidal bleibendem Zustand als ganz physiologisch anzuerkennen.

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Wir untersuchten den Eintritt des gomoriphilen Neurosekrets in die Adenohypophyse bei Säugetieren und beim Frosch.
1. Bei einigen Katzen, Hunden, einem Schwein und einem Leopard wurden gomoriphile Neurosekrete, die von der inneren Zone des proximalen Abschnittes (median eminence) des Trichters den sinuösen Gefäßschleifen entlang in den Trichterlappen (Pars tuberalis adenohypophyseos) eingetreten waren, beobachtet.
2. Bei Hunde und Katze wurden gomoriphile Sekretgranula -bisweilen die HERRINGschen Körper-, die von dem Zwischenstück (dem Trichterstiel des Menschen entsprechender Abschnitt) in die Interzellularlücken der Ümschlagszone eingetreten waren, beobachtet.
3. In allen Fällen von Hund, Kaninchen und Rana nigromaculata wurden gomoriphile Sekretgranula, die von den Hinterlappen gruppenweise in die Interzellularlücken und Follikelumgebung des Zwischenlappens eingetreten waren, beobachtet.

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Wir untersuchten histologisch den Eintritt des gomoriphilen hypothalamischen Neurosekrets in den dritten Ventrikel und stellten die folgende Befunde fest.
1. Bei Säugetieren (Hund, Katze, Kaninchen und Leopard) und Vögeln (Haushuhn und Hausente) treten die gomoriphilen Substanzen, von der neurosekretorischen Bahn aus in die Trichterhöhle des dritten Ventrikels ein.
2. Bei der Kröte treten sie von dem Gebiet des Nucleus pracopticus direkt in den dritten Ventrikel ein.

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