Archivum histologicum japonicum
Print ISSN : 0004-0681
Volume 13, Issue 4
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
  • Contributions to the Comparative Histology of the Hypothalamo-hypophysial System. 37th report
    Teruo IMOTO
    1957Volume 13Issue 4 Pages 487-490
    Published: December 20, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    After carrying out PAS reaction on freeze-dried paraffine section of the hypothalamus and posterior lobe of adult dog, the distribution of positive substance was observed to be identical to that of the gomoriphil substance. These results assure that the PAS positive substance is a component of the neuroseretory material.
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  • Contributions to the Comparative Histology of the Hypothalamo-hypophysial System. 38th report
    Teruo IMOTO
    1957Volume 13Issue 4 Pages 491-502
    Published: December 20, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Histochemical investigation was made on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of dog as to the vitamin C, phosphatase, peroxydase and zinc.
    1. Nerve cells of neurosecretory nuclei (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) were found to contain a large amount of vitamin C.
    2. Capillary in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system shows a definitely positive alkaline phosphatase reaction, but this was found to be negative in the neurosecretory cells. In case yeast nucleic acid was used as substrate, some of the pituicytes showed positive reaction.
    3. Nerve cells of neurosecretory nuclei and some of the pituicytes were found to have markedly great amount of acid phosphase.
    4. No peroxydase was observed in neurosecretory cells.
    5. Zinc reaction was found to be highly positive in the pituitary intermediate lobe cells.
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  • Yutaka KOBAYASHI
    1957Volume 13Issue 4 Pages 503-515
    Published: December 20, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Es wurden an der Brustaorta hauptsächlich die amorphe Grundsubstanz, elastischen Lamellen, Muskelfasern, Kollagenfasern und Polysaccharidverbindungen in der Media untersucht.
    1. Die Vermehrung der elastischen Lamellen in der Media sistiert sich schon im 6. embryonalen Monate, und die Zahl der Lamellen bleibt bis zum Greisenalter fast unverändert. Ihre Dicke ist etwa am Ende des 1. Lebensjahres am größten und reduziert sich danach unaufhörlich. Die elastischen. Lamellen werden im Senium aufgespalten, verzweigt und zerrissen. Das molekulare Gefüge der Lamellen erfährt über den ganzen Verlauf des embryonalen und postnatalen Lebens nach und nach eine Verdichtung, wie auf färberischem Wege nachgewiesen wird.
    2. Die Muskulatur entwickelt sich in der postnatalen Zeit im inneren und äußeren Lager der Media besser als in ihrem mittleren Lager. Die Muskelfasern in der Media vermehren sich bis zum 3. Lebensdezennium, bleiben aber im 4. Lebensdezennium fast konstant. Im 5.-6. Lebensdezennium atrophieren sie und fangen an, zu degenerieren. Die Muskelfasern im äußeren Lager, welche auf dem Wege über das locker gebaute Adventitiagewebe und durch die tief einkommenden kleinen Blutgefäße ausreichend ernährt werden, erleiden diese Degeneration am wenigsten.
    3. Die Kollagenfasern vermehren sich fortwährend, aber in verstärktem Maße nach dem 4. Lebensdezennium, und zwar, treten sie viel an der Stelle der degenerierten Muskelfasern auf. Die Zunahme der Dicke der Arterienwand ist nunmehr hanptsächlich durch die Vermehrung der Kollagenfasern bedingt.
    4. Die Polysaccharidverbindungen kommen am reichsten in der Grenzgegend zwischen der Intima und Media vor. Ihre Menge nimmt in der Media von innen nach außen ab. Die mit Perjodsäure-SCHIFF-Reaktion nachweisbaren Polysaccharidverbindungen vermehren sich nach der Geburt mit dem zunehmenden Alter. Die durch die metachromatische Färbung mit Toluidinblau nachweisbaren sauren Polysaccharidverbindungen erreichen aber im 4. Lebensdezennium das Maximum und verringern sich danach in geringem Ausmaße. Die Polysaccharidverbindungen sind vielleicht imstande, die Ernährung der. Gefäßwand zu erleichtern.
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  • Kaitaro FURUTA
    1957Volume 13Issue 4 Pages 517-523
    Published: December 20, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Whether the pancreatic cells have been maintaining a faculty to perform the active secretory function after giving non-protein diet or not was studied so that the results such as the author has obtained in the former researches, might be made more clear, in these researches, the remarkable inferiority of the secretory function of the pancreatic cells in case of giving non-protein diet, the marked superiority in case of high protein diet, the superior function in case of histidine diet (histidine was added into non-protein diet), and the presence in great numbers or in small numbers of vacuoles in the gastric surface cells according to an inferiority and a superiority of the secretory function in the pancreatic cells were demonstrated.
    Injecting histamine hydrochloride 3mg subcutaneously, the marked production of zymogen granules can be seen, similar to those of normal rats, and the soundness of the pancreatic cells in their secretory function is recognized. Injecting acetylcholine and eserine in order to stimulate the peripheral end of the parasympathetic nerve and the discharge of the gastric hormone productin from the gastric surface cells, the production of the granules can be seen only for a short time after the injection and there is no active discharge of productin.
    Here, it is believed that the lack of protein resulting from a non-protein diet brings about not functional degeneration in the pancreatic cell itself but an inhibition in the discharge of productin from the gastric surface cells and that histidine in the diet can prevent this inhibition.
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  • Toshihiko NAGAKAWA, Takeshi IJIMA, Yoshio TANAKA
    1957Volume 13Issue 4 Pages 525-545
    Published: December 20, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Bei 4 Fällen von Pars cartilaginea des äußeren Gehörgangs aus 4 Greisen (50-89 jähr.) wurden die Gll. ceruminosae cytologisch eingehend studiert, um die senilen Veränderungen in diesen Drüsen zu erforschen.
    1. In keinem Falle wurden Anzeichen der senilen. Atrophie in den Bauelementen der Gll. ceruminosae gefunden. Die Drüsenzellen waren cylindrisch, kubisch und abgeflacht gestaltet. In dem Drüsentubulus mit einem weiten Drüsenlunen waren sie gewöhnlich niedrig und in dem mit einem engen hoch. Die äußeren Gehörgänge aus 63 und 83 jährigen Greisen zeichneten sich durch das Vorkommen von vielen Ohrenschmalzdrüsen mit außerordentlich stark erweiterten Drüsenlichtungen aus, die mit einem PAS-positiven kolloidartigen oder wolkenartigen Sekretmasse ausgefüllt waren.
    2. Die dem Drüsenlumen zugerückten Zonen der regelmäßig einschichitg angeordneten Drüsenzellen stellen gewöhnlich eine homogene dunkle Plasmaschicht, Krustenschicht, dar, deren freie Oberflächen mit einem dünnen PAS-positiven Bürstensaum verrehen sind. Die Kerne der Drüsenzellen haben verhältnismäßig große Nucleolen und enthalten nicht seltem verschiedengroße Vakuolen, welche den Kernen der Drüsenzellen das Aussehen der Lochkerne der Fettzellen verleihen. Die Frage, ob diese Kernvakuolen der Drüsenzellen der senilen Veränderung zuzurechnen sein soll, wurde in dieser Untersuchung nicht gelöst.
    3. Die Mitochondrien der Drüsenzellen waren faden-, stäbchen- und körnchenförmig geformt, ihre Zahl war sogar beim 89 jährigen Falle nicht reduziert. Die Bilder der Sekretgranulabildung aus Mitochondrien wurden bei den Greisen ebenso häufig wie bei jüngeren Individuen angetroffen, was davon sprach, daß in den Ohrenschmalzdrüsen der Greise die Tätigkeit der Sekretgranulabildung nicht herabgesetzt war.
    4. Die im allgemeinen groben Sekretgranula der Drüsenzellen waren in den Ohrenschmalzdrüsen der Greise ebenfalls PAS-positiv und mit gelblichem Pigment und Fett beladen und wandelten sich durch Verflüßigung in größere Sekretvakuolen um, die eine sehr leicht lösliches Fett enthaltende Sekretflüßigkeit führen. Die mit solchen fetthaltigen Sekretvakuolen hochgradig gefüllten, abgerundeten, den Talgdrüsenzellen ähnlich erscheinenden Drüsenzellen kamen bei den Greisen so häufig wie bei jüngeren Individuen vor. Sogar die Pigmentierung und Verfettung der Sekretgranula waren bei den Greisen niche abschwächt, woraus hervorging, daß die Pigment- und Fettabsonderung der Ohrenschmalzdrüsen bei den höheren Alteren nicht herabgesetzt waren.
    5. Die apokrine Sekretion der Drüsenzellen schien bei den Greisen nicht so weit herabzusteigen. Die Drüsenzellen, die die Bilder der apokrinen Sekretion zeigten, waren cylindrisch oder kubisch geformt, sie besaßen in der Regel eine verhältnismäßig dicke Krüstenschicht, welche bei der apokrinen Sekretion den ins Drüsenlumen hineinragenden Protoplasmafortsatz (Sekretfortsatz) bildete und schließlich als Sekrettröpfchen in das Lumen abgeschnürt wurde. Daher verdünnte sich die Krustenschicht der Drüsenzellen durch die apokrine Sekretion nach und nach. Außerdem wurde das Vorkommen der ekkrinen Sekretion bei solehen Drüsenzellen der Ohrenschmalzdrüsen angenommen, welche durch viele Sekretvakuolen so stark wie bei Talgdrüsenzellen ausgefüllt worden sind und ihre Krustenschicht auf die oben erwähnte Weise verloren haben. Die apokrine Sekretion scheint daher der ekkrinen voranzugehen. Das Vorkommenn der holokrinen Sekretion wurde bei Ohrenschmalzdrüsen der Greise nicht festgestellt.
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  • Toshiyuki YAMAMOTO, Yoshitaka ITO, Haruka UEDA, Jiro YAMAGUCHI
    1957Volume 13Issue 4 Pages 547-557
    Published: December 20, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The filiform papillae of the dorsum linguae of goat are far poorer in development than in man, are covered by stratified epithelium with horn-teeth, have narrow stems and only very poorly developed secondary papillae. The sensory nerve fibres innervating them, therefore, are very poor in number and their terminations are represented only by unbranched or simple branched terminations and none of the terminal fibres running so far as into the secondary papillae.
    Numerous specific large papillae are found paving the tongue surface posterior to the transverse furrow of the middle portion of the dorsum linguae. These papillae are of flat cylindrical form, have very thick epithelia, show incomplete hornification of the surface and have many elongated secondary papillae growing out of the comparatively well-developed papillar stems. These specific papillae come to resemble closer the filiform papillae in structure as we go the more lateralwards and finally pass over into genuine filiform papillae. The development of sensory fibres in these specific papillae is very poor, as in the filiform papillae, so that they end generally in unbranched or simple branched terminations. Unlike the filiform papillae, however, these large papillae often contain unbranched terminations ending deep in the secondary papillae, and even in the epithelium forming intraepithelial fibres. Such a better innervation is possible as these specific papillae are better developed than the filiform papillae.
    The fungiform papillae of goat are not essentially different from those on the human tongue, and are accordingly far better innervated sensorily than the above filiform papillae. A large number of sensory fibres are found running into their stems and ending subepithelially in branched terminations therein. Comparatively complex branched terminations are not rare here. A small number of unbranched intraepithelial fibres are also observed.
    Taste-buds are often formed in the epithelium facing the oral cavity of the fungiform papillae, especially often in the papillae in the tip part of the dorsum linguae. The sensory fibres supplied to these taste-buds, however, are rather poor in development, some taste-buds devoid of any sensory innervation being found in many places. The sensory fibres, where presnt, usually end in branched terminations directly beneath the taste-buds, but not rarely some of them run further to form intra- and extragemmal fibres.
    Not only in the above lingual papillae, but also we often find unbranched and simple branched terminations formed in the propria of the mucous membrane, particularly often close beneath the epithelium.
    Finally, it is very intereresting that not rarely some very specific simple endbodies are found in the lamina propria as well as the various lingual papillae of the goat dorsum linguae. This end-body, encased in a thin connective tissue capsule, consists of an outer light zone and an inner bulb, which contain numerous special cell nuclei resembling SCHWANN's nuclei in nature. These nuclei are particularly abundant in the inner bulb. One or sometimes two myelinated sensory fibres run into the inner bulb and sometimes form club-like terminations therein by gradual fibrillar swelling or simple branched terminations. These specific end-bodies are specific to non-human mammals and probably represent receptors of very delicate feelings, as are the human complex sensory end-bodies.
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  • Toshiyuki YAMAMOTO, Haruka UEDA, Katsumi MATSUNAGA, Yoshitaka ITO
    1957Volume 13Issue 4 Pages 559-567
    Published: December 20, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The marginal parts of the facies inferior linguae of goat are covered by a thick epithelium as is the dorsum linguae and contain low filiform papillae and relatively well-developed fungiform papillae, the latter being provided with taste-buds and denser in distribution than on the dorsum of the tongue.
    The posterior part of the facies inferior linguae, except the lateral margins, is covered by a smooth surfaced mucous membrane with a thin non-cornified stratified flat epithelium and is devoid of tongue papillae standing out from the surface, but small papillae are sent out from the propria into the epithelium.
    The transitional zone from the facies inferior linguae into the oral cavity base, especially the facies inferolateralis linguae, is covered by a rather thick non-cornified epithelium, and here the papillae growing out of the propria is relatively welldeveloped. A small number of filiform papillae are also found in formation here.
    In the transitional zone between the facies inferolateralis linguae and the oral cavity base is formed a conspicuous longitudinal ridge and a single row of several tongue papillae, very tall in height and provided with a horn-plate, is standing on it. These papillae, though peculiarly shaped, are probably nothing but filiform papillae of unique type in essence.
    The sensory fibres supplied to the filiform papillae in the marginal parts of the facies inferior linguae of goat are very small in number, corresponding to the poor development of the connective tissue papillary stocks. Their terminations are found very simply, being found only a small number of unbranched and very simple branched terminations. But the well-developed fungiform papillae are rich in sensory innervation. The sensory fibres are numerous and rather complex branched terminations are found here. Especially, close beneath the taste-buds, plexus-like sensory terminations are often found. A part of the terminal fibres pass over into intraepithelial fibres. Some intra- and extra-gemmal fibres are found in the tastebuds.
    The smooth-surfaced mucous membrane of the posterior part of the facies inferior linguae and the facies inferolateralis are poor in sensory innervation, the terminations comprising only the unbranched and the very simple branched types in most cases. In the peculiar long tongue papillae above, however, the sensory fibres are more numerous, and beside the unbranched and branched terminations, we found not rarely some intraepithelial fibres in them.
    Beside the above-specified sensory terminations, some peculiar end-bulbs are also in existence in the propria mucosae of the facies inferior linguae. The end-bulb is of club-like form encased in a thin connective tissue capsule, its inner bulb consists of a light outer zone and a darkish inner zone rich in special cell nuclei. A single sensory fibre runs into the inner zone and ends after slowly swelling out into club-form. These end-bodies are found not only in the propria of the inferior surface but also of the inferolateral surface and of the dorsum of the tongue, and besides, are found in the fungiform papillae and the peculiar long tongue papillae, too.
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  • Toshiyuki YAMAMOTO, Reizo ABE, Takashi SUZUKI, Susumu OHTA
    1957Volume 13Issue 4 Pages 569-581
    Published: December 20, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The vallate papillae on the tongue of goat are found in its posterior part ranged in two rows in the marginal portions on both sides, counting 12-13per side. These papillae are not much different from those in other mammals, but the excretory ducts of the EBNER's serous glands in them open out not only into the bottom of the narrow furrows surrounding the papillae, but also in part directly into the oral cavity after running through the papillary stocks nearly vertically. Taste-buds are found in a very large number in the side epithelium of the vallate papillae and besides also in the epithelium of the surrounding valla, but not in the roof epithelium of the papillae.
    The so-called giant papillae (YAMAMOTO) are distributed backwards to the vicinity of the hindermost vallate papillae, where the former show a slight cornification in their epithelium. Their papillar stocks are well developed even in this part and secondary papillae are in notable formation.
    In the mucous membrane further back to the hindermost vallate papillae, tongue papillae are no more found, the surface becoming smooth and even, but elongated slender papillae are found jutting out from the propria into the non-cornified flat epithelium. In the radix linguae of goat we found neither lymphatic follicles nor foliate papillae.
    Basal plexus is formed in the basis of the vallate papillae of goat too, but this is poorer in development than in man. REMAK's hemiganglia are often found in this plexus. The nerve cells in them are of sympathetic nature and consist in smallsized apolar cells or multipolar celles with very few nerve processes.
    The vallate papillae are supplied with many sensory fibres from the basal plexus. The fibres spread out mostly in the side walls of the papillae, only a far fewer number running up to the roof wall. The sensory terminations are in the latter more simply formed than in the former and no intraepithelial fibres are formed, too. On the other side, the terminations formed in the side walls include some rather complex branched ones, and in some cases they originate in enormously thick fibres and have terminal fibres swelling out just before ending by abrupt thinning down or in club-like ends. Besides, intragemmal fibres ending in taste-buds are not rare here.
    Beside sensory fibres, vegetative fibres are distributed in abundance in the vallate papillae. They end in STÖHR's terminal reticula, particularly well developed beneath the epithelium of their side walls.
    A relatively large number of sensory fibres are distributed in the giant papillae in the posterior part of the goat's tongue, too. Their terminations are well developed, and in some cases, 2-3 branched terminations are found in the same place, showing the appearance of plexus-like formation. But, unlike in the larger giant papillae in the fore part of the tongue, no intraepithelial fibres are found here, perhaps due to the cornification of the epithlium of the giant papillae here.
    The mucous membrane devoid of tongue papillae in the part further posterior to the hindermost vallate papillae is very poor in sensory nerve supply, unlike ther human cunterpart, only unbranched and very simple branched terminations being found in a small number.
    The specific end-bulbs are found in the radix linguae not only in the propria mucosae but also often in the various tongue papillae too,
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  • Kimio TSUNODA
    1957Volume 13Issue 4 Pages 583-616
    Published: December 20, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    134 ausgewachsene Kaninchen wurden in 2 Gruppen eingeteilt und der A-Gruppe wurde eine 1%, der B-Gruppe aber eine 3% phosphormandelöllösung täglich 3-14 gtt 3-50 Tage lang andauernd per os dargereicht. Die Zahl der zur mikroskopischen Beobachtung gekommenen Leber betrug bei der A-Gruppe 100 und bei der B-Gruppe 48, da bei einigen Kaninchen im Abstand von bestimmten Tagen 2-5 Male die Leberstücke operativ herausgeschnitten wurden.
    In dieser Untersuchung wurde festgestellt, daß bei chronisch phosphorvergifteten Kaninchen die Fettspeicherungszellen in der Sinusoidwand der Leberläppchen sich mitotisch vermehren. Außerdem wurden die mitotischen Kernteilungen der Leberzellen und Sternzellen sowie die histologischen Veränderungen des Lebergewebes bei der chronischen Phosphorvergiftung beobachtet. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung werden im folgenden zusammengefasst angegeben.
    1. Bei der chronischen Phosphorvergiftung sind die pathologischen Veränderungen des Lebergewebes nicht so deutlich wie bei der akuten Vergiftung; so ist die Verfettung der Leberzellen im großen und ganzen leichtgradig, die Vakuolisierung der Leberzellen ist nicht konstant. Der Glykogengehalt der Leberzellen setzt sich im allgemeinen und etwas deutlicher in der B-Gruppe herab. In der Mehrzahl der Fälle wurden aber morphologische Veränderungen der Mitochondrien der Leberzellen fast konstant wahrgenommen; sie schwellen mehr oder weniger an und wandeln sich in gröbere Granula oder Tröpfchen um, bei denen die Färbbarkeit meistenfalls herabgesetzt ist. These Veränderungen der Mitochondrien beruhen wahrscheinlich auf der Schädigung der Regulationsfähigkeit des osmotischen Druckes der Leberzelle. Gleich häufig ist die normale Verteilung der Mitochondrien in Leberzellen angegriffen; sie sammeln sich öfters dicht in der Umgebung des Kerns, so daß in der Peripherie der Leberzellen eine dicke mitochondrienfreie, homogene, krustenartige Cytoplasmazone auftritt, welche zweifelsohne der "homogenen Randzone" nach Oppel (1910) entspricht. Eine solche Randzone wird am häufigsten bei den in der peripheren Zone des Leberläppchens zu findenden Leberzellen angetroffen.
    2. Eine nicht außer Acht zu lassende Veränderung der chronisch phosphorvergifteten Leber besteht in der auffallenden Schwankung der Leberzellengröße, welche überhaupt durch das Vorkommen zahlreicher kleinerer Leberzellen bedingt ist; sie enthalten einen verhältnismäßig größeren Kern und weisen weder pathologische Veränderungen wie Verfettung und Vakuolisierung noch die Zweikernigkeit auf, daher vertreten sie möglicherweise infolge der Regeneration neu gebildete, junge Leberzellen. Das Vorkommen solcher junger Leberzellen in Mehrzahl deutet darauf hin, daß in chronisch phosphorvergifteten Lebern eine lebhafte Regeneration des Leberparenchyms vor sich geht. Die dunklen Leberzellen haben in der Mehrzahl der Fälle mehr oder weniger zugenommen.
    3. Bei chronischer Phosphorvergiftung wird häufig die Wucherung der Zwischenstücke des interlobulären Gallengangs bemerkt, welche öfters in die periphere Zone des Leberläppchens hineindringen. Es wurde mit Sicherheit festgestellt, daß diese Wucherung der Zwischenstücke wenigstens zum Teil durch Umbildung der Leberzellenstränge in Zwischenstücke erfolgt war, da man öfters innerhalb der Epithelwandung der Zwischenstücke verschiedengroße Leberzellen in wechselnder Zahl auffinden kann, die anscheinlich durch Verkleinerung des Zelleibs und Verminderung der Mitochondrien sich allmählich in Gallengangsepithelien umwandeln. In wenigen Fällen wird die mitotische Kernteilung der Gallengangsepithelien nur vereinzelt vorgefunden.
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  • Reizo ABE
    1957Volume 13Issue 4 Pages 617-633
    Published: December 20, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The results of my study on the histology and the innervation of the nasal cavity and the snout of 4 and 5 month cattle fetus may be summarized as follows.
    The structure of the snout is specific in that the epithelium covering it is a thick bladder-like epithelium, very large papillae being grown into it from the propria, and that the submucosa contains very well-developed snout glands, of which the ducts run out through the papillae. The snout has on the other hand sinus hairs growing on the lateral side, so that it must in a part originate in haired skiu, too.
    The proper nerves supplied to the snout are surprisingly well developed and show formation of plexus submucosus, plexus laminae propriae and intrapapillar plexus. These plexuses are composed of many thick sensory fibres and a few fine vegetative fibres, the latter coming into anastomosis with the perivascular plexus. The terminations of the vegetative fibres here also form STÖHR's terminal reticula, which are particularly well developed around the snout glands and the blood vessels and stand in control over various tissue cells by direct contact.
    The sensory terminations found in the snout are of branched type formed subepithelially, but a part of the sensory fibres form intraepithelial fibres. The subepithelial terminations are always of simple branched type, and the terminal fibres show frequent change in size, to end in sharp or sometimes in blunt points. The intraepithelial fibres comprise both fine and thick ones, of which the fomer mostly run simple courses, but the latter run looping courses, often showing simple glomerular arrangement. The intraepithelial fibres are usually of unbranched type, but branched ones are not rare, either.
    Near the orifice of the vestibulum nasi, there is a special area with vibrissae growing on it. This part probably corresponds to the pars cutanea in the human nose, but in bovine fetus it does not belong to the haired skin, but together with the snout to the mucous membrane, for its epithelium is 2-3-folds thick as the epidermis and is nothing different from the stratified flat epithelium of the vestibulum nasi of the other parts. It is a part of specific haired mucosa.
    The vestibulum nasi, outside this specific haired mucous part, is lined near the orifice by a horn-plated hornified mucous membrane, then to the back, by a nonhornified mucous membrane nearer the pars respiratoria, where the epithelium becomes thinner. Then comes a transitional part covered by a 4-5-rowed cylindrical epithelium and more backwards the pars respiratoria covered by a 2-3-rowed ciliated epithelium. In the hornified mucosal part the papillae are in good development but they become poorer backwards and in the next non-hornified mucosal part, they are no more to be found. The nasal glands come into appearance in cat and dog only in the deep part of the vestibulum nasi, but in cattle they are found all over the vestibular wall. The pars respiratoria has nasal glands and venous plexus in its subepithelial connective tissue, as in cat and dog.
    The sensory innervation of the specific haired mucous part of the vestibulum nasi is very powerful as in the case of the snout of the same nature. A part of the sensory fibres in the well-developed nerve plexus formed in the submucosa containing hair roots form plexus-like terminations in the SETO's so-called hair-nerve shields or tubes quite as in common haired skin. The remainder of the fibres, unlike in common haired skin, run further into the propria and end in branched terminations. Their terminal fibres sometimes run further into the epithelium to end as short intraepithelial fibres.
    The sensory innervation of the vestibulum nasi in general is better in cattle fetus than in man. The nearer to the orifice, the part is the better provided with sensory fibres and their terminations, and when we go over the transitional part into the pars respiratoria, the innervation becomes rapidly poorer.
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