The anus of Formosan macaque, as that of man, consists of the columnar, the intermediate and the cutaneous zones.
In the columnar zone lacking in papillae growing out of the propria mucosae into the epithelium, the distribution of sensory nerve fibres is very scant, only a very small number of subepithelial unbranched or very simple branched terminations being found here. No intraepithelial fibres, as found in man and some other animals, could be found in this part of Formosan macaque.
In the intermediate zone, the papillae being rather conspicuously developed, many sensory fibres are found coming in, their terminations comprising some unbranched and branched terminations as well as some genital nerve bodies. No intraepithelial fibres are to be found in this zone either.
The genital nerve bodies may be classified into Type I and Type II. In a Type I genital body, 1 or 2 stem fibres running into the inner bulb rich in specific cell nuclei divide into several branches, sometimes coming into mutual anastomosis, and end in glomerular arrangement as a whole; most of these are capsulated and resemble the genital nerve bodies Type I found in the human anus (IZUMI) in form, but are smaller in size than the latter. The genital nerve bodies Type II are rather peculiar in form. The 1 or 2 sensory fibres running into the usually uncapsulated and dark-staining inner bulb end in a rather complex branched termination. The terminal fibres are thick, show frequent fibrillar expansions and change in size during their strongly winding courses and very often end swollen out into club-like tips,
The zona cutanea ani is covered by a thick epidermis and well-developed papillae grow out of the corium into it. So, the papillary layer here is far better supplied with sensory fibres than in the common haired skin in other parts. These sensory fibres form, as in the intermediate zone above, unbranched and branched terminations as well as genital nerve bodies, mostly of Type I.
The hair follicle necks of the zona cutanea ani are in a large majority completely hedged in by large-sized sebaceous glands and hair-nerve tubes inside them. Thus, the distribution of the sensory hair-nerve fibres here is plenty. Their terminations in most cases are of the fence-like type and only much less frequently of the plexus Type, no basket terminations as found in the pars cutanea of the lip of this animal being found in its anal skin. No PACINIan bodies could be found here either.

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1. The effects of the aceton sediment obtained from raw potato juice (Potatojuice) and hydrolyzed product of Potato-juice (Hydrolyzed Potato-juice) on the secretory activity of the gastric peptic cells and on histamine in the blood were investigated.
When Potato-juice or Hydrolyzed Potato-juice is injected subcutaneously followed by an injection of Histamine⋅2HCl 20min. later, the increase of blood-histamine and production of peptic secretion granules are lesser but vacuolization of the granules in the peptic cells is more copious than when Histamine alone is injected. In this case, Hydrolyzed Potato-juice seems to be a little more effective than Potato-juice.
When Sinomenine-HCl, a remarkable liberator of histamine from the tissue, is injected instead of the above Histamine, the gastric hormone productin is discharged from the gastric surface cells but the other results are all similar to those obtained above.
2. The effects of Hydrolyzed Potato-juice on the contraction of the intestinal canal were tested by the method of MAGNUS.
Hydrolyzed Potato-juice poured into the medium before histamine, is remarkably anti-histamic. Hydrolyzed Potato-juice poured into the medium with histamine, is not so anti-histamic.
3. Chemical colour reactions for protein, amino-acids and glucides were tested.
The existence of tyrosine (phenol group), histidine (imidazol group) and some reductive glucide is noticed in the juice.
4. Potato-juice and Hydrolyzed Potato-juice was tested by paper chromatographic analysis according to the method of n-Butanol-Acetic acid, Butanol-NH₃ liquid and ninhydrin reaction.
The distinct spots which are common to both juices are identical with those of histidine and tyrosine.

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1. The relative development of the motor facial nucleus was studied, using brain specimens of 91 species of animals, including 83 mammals, the domestic fowl (cock and hen), 6 reptiles and a frog.
2. The relative development of the nucleus was determined by the ratio of the total number of the cells in the right and the left halves of the nucleus counted on the serial transverse sections of the above specimens to the area of the tegmentum of the brain stem at a certain level.
3. In the non-mammalian animals, the relative number of the cells in the motor facial nucleus is very small.
4. The relative number in the mammals was small in the order of Monotremata, generally large in Marsupialia, Insectivora, Chiroptera and Rodentia and moderately large in Cetacea, Ungulata, Carnivora and Prosimiae. In higher Primates it is small and particularly small in man. In Edentata also it is generally small.
5. A comparative study of the findings has revealed that the development of the motor facial nucleus depends more on the development of the platysma than on that of the face musculature.

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With the materials of adult male rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, golden hamsters, dogs, cats, oxen, castrated horses, castrated or non-castrated pigs, BASEDOWian women (aging 35, 35, 38) and human embryos of 4 months, the electron microscopic observations were undertaken to enumerate the basic criteria of cellular ultra-fine structures of thyroid glands in reference to the comparative examination of various mammals and the results obtained are as follows:
1. The endothelial cells of sinusoids abundantly existing between the follicles provide the splited spaces (pores), approxymately 400Å in width, which are covered with the thin plates 50Å in thickness. These cytoplasmic discontinuations are discernible in thyroids of all mammals, and their frequency is same with the various animals. Both luminal and basal sides of the endothelial cells are invaded by the irregular but short infoldings of the cell membrane whose development is also negligible of the animal-differences.
2. The basal membrane of the follicular epithelium consists of three layers: The central one is of lower density than two outer sheets. It was frequently encountered in mice and oxen that the former looks too equivocal to be interposed between the latters.
3. So-called basal infoldings in the follicular epithelial cells usually perpendicularly, diagonally, sometimes sinuously in a non-straight line, enter the cell-bodies from the basal parts, but never invade the innermost region. A part of cytoplasm confined by them often shows a islet-like appearance; the extension of infoldings is the most complicated in hamster, followed by the BASEDOWian women and mouse, and in the other animals they are poorly developed.
4. The large follicles have the low epithelium whose composing cells are also squamous in profile. The cytoplasm contains in general no expanding endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but a number of tiny closing one, a few mitochondria (Mt) and majorities of microsomes respectively. These findings in low epithelial cells exhibit a striking contrast to the ultra-fine structures in the high columunar epithelial cells composing the wall of small follicles; the case is reversible in distribution and shapes of ER, Mt and microsome. However the cell height index of the BASEDOWian thyroid gland has not always a close correlation to the size of the follicle, since the two types of cells, pale or dark as well as its intermediary cell, are concurrently recognized; it was substantiated that the pale cell is characterized by contained abundant ER, whereas the dark cell is done by numerous microsomes. The identification of two cells is facilitated in rats, rabbits, oxen and horses.
5. The nuclei of the follicular cells are provided with the double membrane which are often penetrated by the pores 400Å in diameter. Nuclear membrane locally falls deeply into the nuclear ground substance, followed by an insertion of infoldings connected with the ER. These infoldings or incisurae of the nuclear membrane are found at least in 1-3 places on a cross-section of the nucleus without an exception throughout the animals. The nucleolus is as a rule situated in the nuclei of all animals with extraordinary frequency in the human embryos.
6. The ER appearing within the follicular cells is in general irregular, polygonal and spherical in shape, and swollen or expanding type in spite of seldom occurrence of the lamellar type. In particular the development of ER is remarkable in rats, and in decreasing sequence are BASEDOWian women, oxen, horses, dogs, cats. Expanding ER in above animals is principally accumulated at the supranuclear regions with a close connection to the mitochondria in such manner that ER invaginates the spherical, ellipsoid, short and long rod-shaped mitochondria. The latter is swollen at the ends enclosed by the smooth surfaced ER, where the cristae mitochondriales completely disappear.

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The fundamental nerve plexus formed in the large bronchial branches of Formosan macaque is much worse developed than that in the human lung, the ganglion found therein being very small both in number and in size. The submucosal plexus of course is very poorly developed, especially so in the submucosa lining the inside of the cartilages and containing not many bronchial glands. The poor development of these plexuses further falls even lower as the bronchial branches ramify into smaller and smaller branches.
The nerve plexus found in the intrapulmonary bronchial walls contains a considerable number of medium- and large sized medullated sensory fibres, besides the non-medullated vegetative fibres.
The ganglion cells forming the ganglia are not easily classifiable into DOGIEL's Type I and Type II cells, though it is clear that they belong to the sympathicus for they betray multipolarity by their nerve processes. The vegetative fibres in the bronchial branches, as everywhere else, end in STÖHR's terminal reticula, which are particularly well developed around the bronchial glands and in the muscularis.
More sensory fibres are found in the medium sized than in the large bronchial branches in the lung of Formosan macaque. Of their terminations, mention must be first made of those concerned with the blood pressure falling reflex Type I found in the smooth muscle layer. These terminations are more frequent in the medium-sized bronchial branches with well-developed muscle tissue than in the major branches where the muscle tissue is worse developed. A termination of this type usually originates in an enormously thick fibre and is branched into several thick terminal fibres showing change in size in their courses. Such neurofibrillar expansions, as found in the fibres of terminations of this type in the human lung were absent in my macaque's lung, as in the lungs of dog, goat and bat, as reported hitherto.
Besides the above, unbranched and branched sensory terminations were found beneath and in the epithelium of the bronchial branches. Intraepithelial terminations are here more plentiful than subepithelial terminations and, interestingly enough, are particularly abundant in the large bronchial branches. These terminations usually originate in medium-sized fibres, but not rarely, and particularly frequently in the medium-sized bronchial branches, are formed by thick fibres. These terminations are usually more complex in the large than in the medium-sized bronchial branches. Their terminal fibres show little hange in size and those reaching into the epithelium run mostly in winding courses before ending sharply.
In the small bronchial branches, the sensory fibres and their terminations are much fewer but branched subepithelial and intraepithelial terminations here are not rare at all. In proportions, however, these are smaller than those seen in the larger bronchial branches, and unbranched terminations are also observed in some places. It is very interesting that the bronchioli smaller than the small bronchial branches are rather rich in sensory fibres and their terminations than the latter. Moreover, very thick fibres are found in the bronchioli ane sensory terminations are sometimes of rather complex type.
As in goat, unbranched and simple branched sensory terminations of medium-sized fibres are often found also in the alveolar walls of the lung in Formosan macaque. The terminal fibres of these terminations frequnntly show very perceptible change in size.
Small bundles of myelinated sensory fibres are very often found in the pleura visceralis, and the fibres may be sometimes called enormously thick. As the same in bat (NUMATA), these fibres, after losing their myelin sheaths, usually run long widing courses without branching but showing frequent change in size and end in sharp points in the superficial layer of the pleura.

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In the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the dog, the cat, the rabbit and the calf, observation was made on the running of the hypothalamo-hypophsial neurosecretory tract and tubero-hypophysial tract, and especially on their endings. The methods used were BIELSCHOWSKY-GROS' impregnation, its modification by the author, and the latter method combined with GOMORI-HALMI's aldehyde-fuchsin staining (41st report). The results obtained are as follows:
1. Some of the neurosecretory fibers terminate freely, without forming any network, in the bordering area between‘Zwischenstück’and the lobus tuberalis, and also in the wall of the infundibular recess of the third ventricle. Some of the endings in the bordering area between‘Zwischenstück’and the lobus tuberalis take the shape of an end-bulb 15μ long and 10μ wide, and sometimes their swellings are filled with argyrophil granules showing granular disintegration. The endings in the venticular wall are observed between ependymal cells or sometimes slightly protruded into the ventricle.
2. There are nodular or non-nodular delicate nerve fibers in the external layer of the infundibulum and in GREVING's infundibular islets, and in the posterior lobe. These nerve fibers, fine and AF-phobe, and probably not belonging to the neurosecretory tract, seem to have an intimate relation with the blood vessel.
3. In the dog some nodular nerve fibers are noted not only in the hypophysis but also in the tuber cinereum, but none in the neurosecretory nucleus and in the mamillary body. A few nodular nerve fibers are noted also in the neurohypophysis of the cat, but they are less in comparison with those of the dog. The nodular or non-nodular, AF-phobe nerve fibers are presumably nerve fibers belonging to the tubero-hypophysial tract, and it seems that the nodular ones are those which have differentiated especially remarkably in the dog. In animals other than dog and cat, no nodular nerve fiber could be found.
4. Nodular and non-nodular AF-phobe nerve fibers run along with the blood vessel, or quite independently from it, to enter the lobus tuberalis and the‘Umschlagszone’. But the number of such nerve fibers is small and it is impossible to follow their courses long after their entrance. There are no findings obtained of the fibers terminating in gland cells.
5. In the anterior lobe too, a few nerve fibers but comparatively many in the rabbit-are noted to run together with or independently from the blood vessel, but their origin is unknown.
6. Only in the rabbit, it is observed that neurosecretory nerve fibers run out of the posterior lobe and enter the lobus intermedius.
7. No nerve cells were perceived in the adenohypophysis of animals used.
8. The partial crossing of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tracts of both sides are noted in the hilus area of the posterior lobe.
9. Some of the nerve fibers of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tracts terminate at the pituicytes in the posterior lobe.
10. In the posterior lobe too, there are sometimes observed end-bulb shaped nerve endings, which often show an argyrophil-granular disintegration in its interior. This type of nerve ending generally exists some distance away from the blood vessel.

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Die in die Schweißkanäle an den Fußballen der Maus eingetretenen oxydierend wirkenden Substanzen können die Bindegewebszellen im Gewebe unter der Epidermis reizen, anregen und zahlreiche Zellen mobilisieren.

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With the aim of approaching the dynamics in secretory duct cell of the submandibular gland induced by the neural agencies, the following experiments were undertaken with the materials of adult male rats of Wistar strain. The secretory duct cells of the normal control rats were charcterized by the package of abundant coarse secretory granules presented at the apical areas of cytoplasm, followed by the vacuolization to be discharged into the lumen under the ecrine secretion mechanism. The filamentous mitochondria arranged perpendicularly at the infranucleal regions, in particular, constituted a basal striation at the cell basement. The development and frequency of these granules differs with the age of the animals and concurrently the condition of food intake; they were poor in prepuberty and increased when hunger. In our investigation the coarse granules were regarded as the general indicator of the secretory actvity.
Twenty minutes after a single admistration of 1% hydrochloride pilocarpin solution 0.05cc/kg, the granules were subject to decrease in number, and in 20 minutes completely deprived by the inactivation of granulation itself. Thus an injection of pilocarpin surely made the inhibition of granulation within the cell-body in spite of the enhancement of releasing of granules. The frequent occurrence of large vacuoles or their accumulation was recognized at the basal part of the cells, although it was a mere temporary phenomena limited in a period as long as 20 minutes after the pilocarpin injection. It is of interest that they are similar in shape and distribution fo YOSHIMURA's picture (1957) concerning the basal vacuolization following growth hormone administration, who assumed it as a pattern of internal secretion with the obscure knowledge on the nature of its endocrine substances. Also it was apparent in present observation that the secretory duct cells are provided with the double polarities showing both the apical and basal secretion. In 40 minutes the granulation commenced to take places considerably, and finally recovered to the normal level in 60 minutes.
The further administration of 1000 times diluted solution of atropin 0.03cc/kg, at the moment that the withdrawal of granules was caused by pilocarpin administration applied the rapid restoration in granulation in a few minutes instead of performance of release, since the cells were loaded with the numerous coarse granules storaged in the cytoplasm.
Twenty minutes after the injection of 10% acetylcholin solution 0.06cc/kg, any mean alterations were not sequent in the cells, whereas in 30 minutes the granules were much or less decreased in number.
When 1% hydrochloride histamine solution 0.1cc/kg was injected three times at the interval of ten minutes, the changes were hard to ensue in the cells both in 20 and 30 minutes.
When 1000 times adrenalin solution 0.08cc/kg was further injected 60 minutes after the pilocarpin administration, the changes were elicited in the cells in 20 minutes, but it was a tendency in 30 minutes that the granules were reduced in number.
Above observations afford us to gain a cencept that the stimulation of parasympathic nerve may be involved in the supression of granulation and the expedition of discharge, While the accerlation of sympathic nerve may act as an inhibitory agent to granulation, despite the morphological responses are variable with the cellular sensibility. In contrast with the profound changes under the hormonal regulation, which were shown as the deformations in fundamental internal structure of the cells, i. e. the degeneration or persistent hyperactivity (YOSHIMURA 1956, OZAWA 1958, 1959), the neural agencies could merely cause the signs showing a temporary supression or accerlation of secretion.

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1. The relative positions of the oculomotor nucleus (nuc. III) and the trochlear nucleus (nuc. IV) were studied, using serial transverse sections of brains of 112 species of animals, including 92 mammals, 7 birds and 13 reptiles.
2. In Simiae and Prosimiae, the two nuclei were found more often closely adjacent or immediately conjoined, Carnivora considerably distanced in most cases, again closed up in Ungulata and Rodentia and again distanced apart in Cetacea, Dermoptera, Chiroptera, Insectivora and Edentata. In Marsupialia, the nuclei come closer to each other again but in all the Monotremata examined, they were found rather widely apart. In birds and reptiles, I found them again conjoined or closely adjacent.
3. I am led to see a more primitive state in the conjoined or closely adjacent positions of the two nuclei and a more differentiated and better-developed state in the separation of them.
4. The nuc. IV was found disrupted into more than one pieces sporadically in only 17 species of mammals of many different orders.
5. A study on the possible inflnence of the relative development of the pyramidal tract on the relative location of the nuc. IV led to the conclusion that the KAPPERS' so-called neurobiotaxis theory does not hold in this connection.

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Bei ein ganzes Jahr hindurch monatlich angesammelten 61 Sperlingen (Passer montanus saturatus, Tabelle 1) wurden der histologische Bau der Leber, die jahreszyklischen Veränderungen der Mitochondrien, des Fett-, Glykogengehaltes der Leberzellen und der Fettspeicherungszellen (fat-storing cells) beobachtet.
Die lebendfrischen Leberstücke wurden hauptsächlich mit LEVIschem Gemisch und ZENKER-Formol fixiert. Die Paraffinschnitte wurden mit Eisenhämatoxylin (HEIDENHAIN), Azan und Hämatoxylin (HANSEN)-Eosin gefärbt. Für den Glykogennachweis wurde die Perjodsäure-SCHIFFsche Reaktion (PAS) angewandt. Die Fettröpfchen wurden in den mit LEVIschem Gemisch fixierten, mit Azan gefärbten oder ungefärbten Präparaten beobachtet, da sie in solchen Präparaten durch in diesem Fixiergemisch enthaltene Osmiumsäure verschwärzt erhalten sind.
1. Bei den makroskopisch ausgewachsenen 61 Sperlingen beträgt das Körpergewicht durchschnittlich 20.3g und das Lebergewicht 0.79g, so ist die Lebergewicht-Körpergewicht-Relation (Lebergew./Körpergew.×100)3.9%. Dieser Wert ist viel größer als bei Haushühnern und nahezu gleich wie bei Kaninchen.
Bezüglich der jahreszeitlichen Schwankung des Körpergewichts beim Sperling: Es steigt im Frühling allmählich an, während es vom Sommer an absteigt, um im Juli und August kleinste Werte zu erreichen. Im Oktober und Dezember zeigt es aber höchste Werte; im Winter behalten die Sperlinge trotz des Futtermangels im allgemeinen höhere Körpergewichte.
Die jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen der Lebergewichte der Sperlinge gehen im großen und ganzen mit denen der Körpergewichte Hand in Hand; sie sind im Oktober, Dezember und Januar am größten, in diesen Jahreszeiten erreicht die Menge der Reservenährstoffe (Glykogen und Fett) der Leber auch maximale Werte. Das kleinste Lebergewicht zeigen die Sperlinge im Juli, in dem die Menge der Reservestoffe der Leber jedoch nicht so klein ist; im Frühling sind die Lebergewichte überhaupt klein. Aus obigen Ergebnissen geht hervor, daß die Menge der Reservenährstoffe der Leberzellen wirklich das Lebergewicht in hohem Masse beeinflusst, daß aber auch andere Faktoren nicht gänzlich außer Acht gelassen werden können.
2. Bei den Sperlingen ist es manchmal schwierig, die Leberläppchen voneinander klar zu unterscheiden. Die Zusammensetzung der Leberzellenstränge stimmt mit der von Endstücken der gewöhnlichen tubulösen Drüsen überein; in den Längsschnitten bestehen die Leberzellenstränge aus zweireihig angeordneten Leberzellen und in den Querschnitten sind 3 bis 4 Leberzellen um eine feine Gallenkapillare (Drüsenlumen) herum radiär angeordnet; die Basalflächen der Leberzellen grenzen den Sinusoiden an. In dieser Hinsicht stimmt die Sperlingleber mit der von Kaltblütern und Hühnern überein. In dem Leberparenchym der Sperlinge werden aber öfters solche Leberzellenstränge angetroffen, welche wie bei Säugerlebern aus einreihig angeordneten Leberzellen zusammengesetzt sind. Diese besondere, beim Huhn nicht gefundene Leberstruktur entspricht wahrscheinlich dem durch Fliegen der Vögel erforderten regen Stoffwechsel.
Beim Sperling fehlt in den Leberläppchen die radiäre Anordnung der Leberzellenstränge, die Sinusoide sind im allgemeinen sehr eng, die Ausbildung der Gitterfasern in Sinusoidwand sehr schlecht.
Die Leberzellen der Sperlinge sind durchschnittlich viel kleiner als bei Säugern, die Schwankung der Kerngröße ist nicht bedeutend, mitotische und amitotische Kernteilung sowie Zweikernigkeit der Leberzellen kommen äußerst selten vor.

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