The purpose of this paper is to clarify the nature and trends of the retail business around stations focusing on the network in the suburbs of the grater Tokyo area. The target is set to a very wide range, and the phenomenon that was invisible in the research on a small area is exposed. First, we clustered stations. As a result, it was visualized that the functions are separated among stations with high bases and stations without bases in the retail industry. And, we were able to grasp from the actual space some serious tendencies. Furthermore, spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed according to the number of stores by industry. We quantitatively showed how the division of functions is progressing from Global Moran's I to stations in the suburbs of the Tokyo metropolitan area as a whole. We also established a method for quantitatively and locally capturing them from Local Moran's I.

In 2020, defeating pandemic of COVID-19 became global concern. Japan declared the first state of emergency in April 2020. To assess the effect of the state, it is necessary to analyze its impact on population flow. This paper aims to analyze the effect of restriction of outings during the state of emergency in Tsukuba city in April 2020. First, it categorizes the population flow and analyzes the spatial differences by using “Mobile Space Data” by NTT docomo. Daytime population in residential areas is increasing, while that of commercial facilities, research institutes and the University of Tsukuba is decreasing. There is a positive correlation between changes in the overall population and non-citizen. The change of population flow is also described by the land use data.

In this study, we analyzed “1. The situation in redeveloped buildings in regional cities after the closing of anchor tenants” and “2. Revitalization methods of redeveloped buildings by local government. In many redevelopment buildings with large pending floor space, the anchor tenant has withdrawn, and the local government is providing direct and indirect support. In the case analyzed in this study, the following were common: “placing new public facilities in the redevelopment building to attract private companies by utilizing their ability to attract customers” and “separating public assets from private assets. On the other hand, there are differences in the specific methods of revitalization depending on the presence or absence of housing within the redevelopment building and the type of construction.

The purpose of this study is to reconsider the ideal way of referendum in Japanese local governments through referendum on the construction plan of final industrial waste disposal facility in Wajima City, Ishikawa Prefecture. in particular, the so-called "50% clause", which requires a vote of 50% or more, induces intentional abstention of voting or giving up on voting, and in light of the idea of citizen autonomy, which is the original purpose of referendum. , It seriously hinders fairness. It has b en pointed out, but it has not been clarified how many citizens will actually be affected in Japan. In this study, I will consider the actual situation through a survey of residents' awareness in Wajima City. Considering that this system is adopted by many local governments in Japan, I propose to revise the ordinance.

Recently, tourism-based regional development utilizing community resources has been positioned as an effective measure for regional revitalization. However, in reality, attractive tourism resources are quite limited, and rather there are many unused resources in community. Hence, this study examined the process of tourism-based regional development by promoting utilization of unused community resources. Consequently, the mechanism of promoting resource utilization was shown in four types, namely “Cultural branding,” “Cultural marketing,” “Scientific branding” and “Scientific marketing.” Of these, the effectiveness of internal marketing practiced especially within community is analyzed from micro-meso level’s perspective by local stakeholders, and macro level led by local government, and the contribution of synergistic effect from these to regional development was considered.

Many urban development projects have been applied a construction policy named Comprehensive Design System, for its flexibility on the floor-area ratio bonus and relaxation of height restrictions. The purpose of this study is to grasp the application situation’s transition of the Comprehensive Design System in Osaka city from the viewpoint of policy and socioeconomic status and discuss the influential factors. We used the database which contains the information from 1973 to 2019 provided by the government, to analyze the building attributes including height, floor-area ratio bonus, land use, etc. of the construction projects which applied the Comprehensive Design System, thus making clear the application situation of the policy and its transition, and then clarified the essential factors of the transition.

Although the park area of open space in central Tokyo is limited, the number of Privately Owned Public Space (POPS) created by urban development systems is increased. Among them, the Comprehensive Design System is most applied. However, it has been pointed out that there are many cases of providing sidewalk-shaped open spaces in projects with large floor area ratio bonus. In addition, it is important to make public contributions according to neighborhood. The purpose of this study is to clarify the ideal way of public contribution according to the regional characteristics. In particular, we propose a floor area ratio mitigation system that evaluates open space development according to the characteristics of the area. As a result of the analysis, it became clear that the business feasibility of the developer can be secured by setting the business scheme considering the cost burden of each business entity.

Recently, Social isolation and homebound elderlies are emerging issues in Japan, so municipalities support and encourage citizen operated communication sites in privately owned space. This paper aims to investigate the outcomes and issues of the local government support for such sites in small size municipalities. The paper conducts a questionnaire survey to 100 small municipalities, an interview survey to local government officers (n=8) and to operators of sites (n=8). Results shows; 1) numbers of sites increase where local government officers accept feedback from site operators, 2) There are three types of sites based on the purpose and the characteristics, 3) local governments acknowledge many advantages of sites. To increase the number of citizen-operated sites, it is effective to enhance communication between governments and operators.

Teleworking in suburban residential areas has currently become widespread. The following points are clarified from a questionnaire survey of residents in Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City. People want to telework even　when COVID-19 has subsided . Accordingly, there is a possibility of the revitalization of the suburban residential areas using teleworking. Although the preferences on teleworking are different, depending on job type, age, place of work, commuting time, home location, family structure, etc, the biggest reason is to be free from commuting. To promote telework in residential areas, it is necessary to enhance function on eating, exercising, refreshing, and work supports regarding the place and opportunity into the residential areas.

In recent years, the increase in vacant houses and vacant lots has become a serious problem nationwide. The purpose of this study is to clarify the activities of vacant house / vacant lot countermeasure organizations and the role of specialists through investigation of the NPO Tsuruoka Land-bank. The conclusion is as follows. (1) Utilizing the know-how of the vacant house counseling specialists in the private sector and the administrative staffs in the public sector, the NPO increases the marketability of vacant houses/lots. (2) the NPO’s real-estate related special services are provided and the existing human network are expanded under the leadership of a real-estate transaction specialist and a public sector administrative staff. (3) Tsuruoka City and Tsuruoka Land-bank Secretariat conduct organizational operation and financial support, and member companies of the NPO are in charge of countermeasure activities.

In depopulating cities in Japan, consolidations of public facilities such as school, community center and public housing are issues to be considered. This study proposes the evaluation method of consolidation of public facilities and its optimal timing in such cities. The method consists of the urban economic model which can estimate time-series population distribution in a city and the cost benefit analysis. We also develop an empirical model for Kozaki town and its two neighboring cities, Chiba prefecture, Japan. With the model, we estimate the impact of consolidation of elementary schools in Kozaki town in 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040 and 2045 on population distribution from 2020 to 2060 and cost benefit ratio. As results of the estimation and the analysis, it is indicated that consolidation of elementary schools in Kozaki town in each year is beneficial and consolidation in 2025 is optimal.

In this study, we applied the Bayesian APC analysis, using the population data of each prefecture and age group of the national census from 1980 to 2015. It was observed that the age effect was maximum in six prefectures; particularly, individuals in their 20s were continuously flowing in and out. We classified the date based on the age effect—younger type, elderly type, employment type—which is related to residence for employment and schooling; the period effect—increasing type, decreasing type, convex type, concave type—which is related to the characteristics of the regional economic situation; and the cohort effect—old generation type, new generation type—which is related to the characteristics of people born in the same age group. It was found that the characteristics of population changes in 47 prefectures during the survey period can be classified into 17 types.

This research aims to examine the changing process in urban renewal policy in Shenzhen, a typical precursor of China’s land system, and explore its relationship with urban villages (informal spaces), which have been an important spatial feature of China’s rapid urbanization. The results show that there are three important phases of urban planning policy change. In the first phase, a period of nationalization and dualistic urban space formation led by the government. In the second phase, developers accelerated urban renewal in the form of ‘demolition and redevelopment.’ In the third phase, public housing was complemented by low-cost living space and the transformation of urban villages into a significant trend of ‘comprehensive renovation (zonghezhengzhi)’ with the retention of buildings and renovation. As demonstrated by recent policy changes, the preservation of the diversity of urban space is instructive for urban development.

Recently, local authorities in Japan have been required to secure costs for the maintenance and renewal of public facilities under the limited financial resources. Even several newly constructed buildings and management of public facilities are operated under the Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP), neighboring facilities with different uses are separately managed. Under this circumstance, the financially effective way, such as comprehensive approach of PPP should be considered to solve the issue. The purpose of this study is to clarify the method of construction and management of city parks and neighboring public facilities in order to reduce the financial burden. As a result, we found that comprehensive PPP is effectively worked in reducing the financial burden. However, we should carefully consider the type of target facilities and the PPP method.

In rural areas, population decline and aging have become significant problems. This has led to the closure of stores and supermarkets, a decline in public transportation services, and an increase in the number of people who have difficulty accessing life service facilities. To solve these problems, it is recommended to create “compact hubs.” “Compact hubs” are areas where many life service facilities are accumulated within walking distance. However, some “compact hubs” also have specific functions but lack the potential to attract people. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the relationship between the staying population and life service functions in Hiroshima Prefecture. This will lead to a better understanding of how “compact hubs” should be set up for the future.

The conversion village system introduced by the revision of the Danish Planning Act in 2017 and 2019 , which is an extension of the shift in thinking of the spatial planning system across Europe from a regulatory approach to strategic planning since the 1990s. This system is so to say a newly established system that permits minimal development to maintain population and industry while preserving farmland. Analysis of conversion village operation cases in four districts clarified that, 1)the development permission can be available within the conversion villages, 2)in accordance with a designation of conversion villages, the frameworks of qualification for development permission are altered or recreated, and therefore 3)the development permission system is being operated in conjunction with the Municipal Plan and local plans formulated for development.

Kanazawa is originated from castle town developed on the unique topography generated by Sai and Asano Rivers, and designated as Cultural Landscape. The land-use along the river in the castle town period and at the today were examined and it becomes clear that the present land use developed in the modernization is affected by the land-use and spatial composition of the castle town layered. Responding to the disincentive to the riverside landscape becoming apparent recently, the ordinance of the riverine landscape conservation has been implemented. The review of this landscape rules in the context of the cultural landscape value suggests the necessity of the appropriate interpretation of the qualitative regulation is necessary to develop the landscape that inherit the historic spatial layer.

This study examines sustainable Land Use Management Methods Out of City Planning Area from two viewpoints. The first viewpoint is the examination of Land Use Management Methods established by municipalities that describe Out of City Planning Area land use conversion in Municipal Urban Master Plan. The second viewpoint is the actual condition of municipalities which has Land Use Management Methods Out of City Planning Area. In this study, we clarify the followings. The method of expanding City Planning Area is not the best method, and a method that can specify a limited location is necessary. In addition, it is desirable to use a method that can flexibly specify the restrictions. Furthermore, there are needs for the mechanism to support residents who play the leading role in Land Use Management by municipalities. In order to achieve the above contents, it is necessary to make good use of Municipal Urban Master Plan and change the consciousness of municipalities.

This study focuses on Designated Identifiable Specific Area in Urbanization Control Area by Urban Facility Location Plan. We study about three types of Identifiable Specific Area to guide new development, as a result we clarify the following. 1) The envisioned area for the future urban area has evidence of designating Urbanization Promotion Area by City Planning Low, 2) The specific area for accepted development was designated in where the development permit system is deregulated, 3) The areas to be designated in settlements and their bases are areas to be designated separately from the deregulated areas of the development permit system. On the other hand, some areas are designated in areas of sprawl development through deregulation, 4) All types of Identifiable Specific Area are designated in Exclude from Area of the Land for Agricultural Use.

The Eleventh Fundamental Traffic Safety Program ensures traffic safety by spreading the idea that “pedestrians should have priority at residential street” through our awareness. However, it does not specifically indicate what the driving behavior which give the priority to pedestrian is. In order to propose driving behavior that does not make pedestrian to feel fear, this study focused on the situation where pedestrian and car pass by each other, and it investigated what kind of behavior of the car gives the pedestrian a sense of fear. In consequence, it indicated that velocity and distance between pedestrian and car are strongly related to pedestrian’s fear. Furthermore, it focused on deceleration and velocity of the car when it passes by pedestrian and clarified the effect of deceleration behavior on pedestrian’s fear.

This paper focuses on pedestrian behavior and attempts to construct a method to simultaneously estimate the Origin-Destination traffic distribution and the route choice models. For the objective function, we propose an estimation algorithm that guarantees the uniqueness of the convergent solution from the viewpoint of information geometry. Based on the proposed method, the estimation is carried out using measured data. Using a proxy model, we also attempt to accelerate the network design problem of urban functions from a quantitative point of view, such as tourists' expected utility. However, since the solution set of the network design problem is discrete, and a recursive logit model computes the assignment, the computational cost is enormous. Therefore, we propose a framework for speeding up the problem by training a feed-forward neural network using supervisory data of network and objective function values.

As the population declines, necessity for evaluating dynamics of urban structure that influences each other among urban structural elements is increasing for the transition to sustainable urban structure. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of land use dynamics by considering the disappearance, relocation, generation of three types of land use agents such as residence, office and commerce and the interaction between them using multi agent simulation for a simple hypothetical urban structure. By simulating the model for four scenarios, it is found that urban structure becomes compact and many commercial agents disappear under the case of declining population and development of ring rail network enhances sustainability of commercial agents.

While carbon neutral goal by 2050 is expressed in Japan, the concrete path to build zero-emission cities which contain various sectors is not clear. This study investigated the possibility of building zero-emission cities with charging and discharging control of EV and stationary storage battery as well as PVs as energy source in five cities of Tokyo Metropolitan Area. As a result, we found that the cost was extraordinary if 100% of electricity was supplied by PV only. On the other hand, the cost became affordable if a part of carbon neutral electricity was bought from the grid. In relation to the characteristics of cities, we found that cities with many EV batteries and higher ratio of electric demand in business sector were more capable of zero-emission.

In recent years, ride-sharing has been introduced around the world and is attracting attention. In Viet Nam, they have been introduced in many cities and are becoming new transportation. In Hanoi, the capital city of Viet Nam, motorcycles have been a popular means of transportation until now, but as income rises, the number of private cars increases. However, no research clarifies the effect of ride-sharing on the user's consciousness of owning a private car. The purpose of this study is to reveal passenger evaluation on the introduction of rideshare in Hanoi, examine the change of their travel behavior and grasp the user's attitude of owning a private car caused by the use of ride-sharing focusing on non-owners of private cars. As a result of the analysis, it became clear that the respondents who own no private cars thought that the introduction of ride-sharing had a great influence on the going out activities and about 50% of them think that they no longer needed private cars.

This paper presents a well-to-wheel (WtW) analysis on whether transport mode change caused by the introduction of Green Slow Mobility vehicles (GSMs) contributes to the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The estimations found that in Toin-cho and Tomo-cho – the two areas selected for this study – emissions from GSMs were lower than that from conventional means of transport. These results suggest that the implementation of GSMs in the two towns were instrumental in reducing CO2 emissions. In addition, this study found that more than 5.3% and 11.7% of passengers in Toin-cho and Tomo-cho respectively are required to fully convert from private vehicles to GSMs in order for the latter to be assessed as low-carbon. Furthermore, due to the difference in factors such as vehicle types and operation modes, per capita emissions from GSMs in Tomo-cho were 3.2 times higher than that in Toin-cho.

In the cities that have multiple urban centers, the issue is which urban center should have the majority of functions. In this study, we investigated the number of urban centers in regional central cities, the change in the number of business establishments by Industry classification, and the guidance measures taken by planning and local governments. As a result, we found that in many cities, functions are becoming assimilated. It was also found that although the direction of function sharing differed from city to city, local governments were guiding functions while planning and consultation in large-scale development were under way.

This paper aims to create a compact living area that does not depend solely on the city center or roadside. Thus, this study clarifies the actual conditions of facility use by suburban residents when traveling short distances by railway and the characteristics of users of such facilities in nearby stations. We conducted association analysis, regression tree analysis, and correspondence analysis by text mining for the analysis using questionnaires for residents of Hirakata and Neyagawa cities. The results show that several people already use nearby facilities by rail, and these facilities are not limited to extensive commercial facilities. There is a tendency that certain types of facilities can promote the use of other facilities.

Work from home and online meetings have become spread due to a new lifestyle that prevents infection with the covid-19. With this spread, the workplace and the residence place do not necessarily have to be close to each other, which has an impact on our life. While it has become possible to choose a residence place that is not tied to the workplace. However, if it does not guide local city migration and country life to the right areas, It will become urban sprawl, and there is concern about the widening of the city. In this study, we analyzed changes in residence place and change in intention to choose a place of residence in the COVID-19. As a result, we pointed out that the way of thinking about choosing a residence place has changed, and that the actual situation of the residence place is also affected by the COVID-19.

It is expected to promote "smart cities" that solve urban problems by utilizing new technologies such as IoT. For that purpose, it is important to systematically organize new technologies that can solve various problems in cities. This paper conducts a questionnaire survey of local authorities and companies and analyzes the correspondence between urban problems that local authorities want to solve and new technologies owned by companies, as well as the issues utilizing new technologies. As a result, this paper clarified that although the utilization of new technology is in progress in the field of transportation and mobility, the biggest issue is placed in the initial and operational cost of the technologies. In order to promote the implementation of new technologies, it is effective to share information on precedent cases and to develop quantitative evaluation methods extracting the effects of solving urban problems.

This study aims to compare the transition from the beginning of the formation of housing estates to the present by targeting the suburban housing estates at Detached Urbanization Promotion Area, and to propose the problems currently facing and the appropriate way of the suburban housing estates in the future. For the suburban housing estates, we reproduce the population, households, number of elementary school children, living environment such as commerce and medical care, and public transportation, and grasp the current problems and the direction of future housing estates improvement through hearings. As a result, we find that the facilities are secured in the large-scale housing estates, while the facilities are not secured in the small-scale housing estates because of not existing from the beginning of the formation, or by the withdrawal due to aging. We also find from hearings that the local government plans to maintain the existing facilities in the housing estates and guide the population.

This study focuses on commercial stores that have been individually relocated and rebuilt after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Based on the results of a survey of Ishinomaki City, Onagawa Town, and Minami-sanriku Town, and the results of questionnaires and interviews with stores that were relocated and rebuilt in Ishinomaki, we reveal the follows. In the areas where damage was severe, a large proportion of the stores relocated and rebuilt, a lot of stores wanted to relocate quickly and in a low-cost way, and the aim of relocating included the resolving the sales issues that had existed before the earthquake. As support measures for store reconstruction in a future earthquake, we showed the importance of early relocation promotion by providing information on relocation destinations, the effectiveness of the shared stores, and the importance of commercial revitalization measures in normal times.

This study focuses on clarifying the situation of adjustment for employing online advertisements among shops in the shopping district in a Japanese local city. Data was collected via the questionnaire answered by store managers. The results show four points, which are: 1.The number of young and new manager decreased in this decade, 2. The importance of location increased, 3. SNS was not employed among elder and long-time-running managers, 4. Online advertisements were useful in getting customers from various generation. Those results imply the possibility that the shopping district in a Japanese local city will more easily adjust to present information-oriented society thanks to young generations who are familiar with online advertisements.

There are many elderly people who have few people to consult with and feel cut off from their local communities. It is necessary to create a community where the elderly can consult with each other easily and feel social ties. This study examined the process by which the social interactions of the elderly change after retirement. The elderly have diverse intentions to continue and develop their relationships based on their pre-retirement relationships. Furthermore, based on their own intentions, they change their relationships by meeting new people to consult with both in and outside the community. Furthermore, they are more likely to meet new people to consult with through theme-based activities in the community.

The Airin district of Nishinari Ward, Osaka City, which is well-known as a town for day laborers,has been transformed into an attractive area for foreign tourists by converting flophouses into guest houses. Although tourism is regarded as important measure to revitalize the community, it might also causes a decrease in living space and an unplanned inflow of external capital, which poses a problem from the perspective of regional sustainability. The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual situation of regional transformation due to tourism, by analyzing from the space aspect including and type shops local stakeholders on tourism and the relationships between each entity.

This study takes Zhenjiang City, a pilot city of sponge city construction in China, as the research object. Using field surveys, including interviews with people in charge of design, construction, and management operations, and questionnaires from residents, the study grasps the retrofitting policies and practices of existing residential neighborhoods using sponge cities, as well as analyzes the effects and issues of rainwater management and maintenance management. Through the introduction of permeable pavement, rain garden and other facilities of the sponge transformation, the community rainwater management has been significantly improved, but lack of maintenance management is currently facing an important issue.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government defines the priority improvement areas in the disaster prevention city development promotion plan. The densely-built wooden urban area extends beyond the ward boundary, and it is important for neighboring wards to share issues near the ward boundary and reflect them in their own plans. The following points are examined in this study: how each ward plans the disaster prevention town development plan and ways to solve issues in densely-built wooden urban areas which span multiple wards. It has become clear that there is a contradiction in the policy with the neighboring ward, especially in the road plan, in the current ward's own method of designating non-combustible special zones and the policy of formulating improvement plan, as wards communicate only with Tokyo, not with each other. As a result, there may be inconsistencies in the improvement projects near the ward boundary.

In order to understand, in detail, the actual situation of the flood damage risk in cities caused by river flood, we focused and analyzed the "Flood Damage Area Map", in which the affected municipalities record the extent, cause, etc. of each inundated area as part of the national Statistical Survey on Flood damage. The Maps, of the areas with large numbers of damaged houses, obtained in PDF format, were converted into shape file format data to be analyzed together with the National Land Numerical Information data to investigate their characteristics of urban and geographic topography. Cases that require special response were extracted and discussed of their characteristics and the direction of countermeasures. Through the study, we have presented methods for grasping and analyzing the state of inundation by river flood, and clarified, to some extent, the characteristics of areas with high inundation risk in the urban area.

With the recent rise of flood risk, the importance of planning to reduce flood risk has become larger. After the amendment of planning law and related law in 2020, the legislation tends to become more strict, however, the efficacy of the amendment depends on how the laws are implemented by local governments. In this paper, we focus on prefecture ordinace which is expected to play an important role to regulate developments considering flood risks. Ordinances of prefectures were surveyed and contents were analyzed to find some good practices although the limited number of prefectures enacted ordinaces related to development regulation for flood risk reduction. Also, some issues related to city planning, which should be addressed by local governments were identified.

In modern cities, the deterioration of the heat environment in urban areas and the increase in the number of heat stroke victims caused by extreme heat are social problems.The local government provided us with detailed information on outdoor heat stroke damage.The heat conditions in the streets were estimated by numerical simulation using QGIS.These were compared, and the results were used to determine the level of heat stroke risk.As a result, we were able to show that MRT_hour, which is the time integration of MRT distribution in the city, is effective in indicating the degree of risk of heat stroke.Furthermore, by using the location information of cell phones as pedestrian information, we were able to extract the danger zone of Sannomiya.

Yangon, facing future earthquake risks caused by Sagaing Fault, must implement earthquake risk reduction measures in future development. This paper analyzes relationship between ground conditions and urban expansion of the city, and assesses regional vulnerability based on building damage estimation due to huge earthquakes. Then, it clarified as follows: (1) Yangon has expanded even on soft ground areas since the middle of the 20th century, (2) approximately 85% of buildings will be completely damaged in the worst scenario, and (3) as a result of relative evaluation for each ward, areas in the eastern suburbs are more vulnerable in most cases.

After the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, about 30,000 mass public housing units were built for the recovery of affected areas, creating new communities, different from earlier ones before the disaster. In the Yuriage District, Natori City in Miyagi Prefecture, housing reconstruction projects were completed between 2016 and 2018. However, it took a lot of time for new residents to establish a neighborhood association. Moreover, due to the prolonged reconstruction project, the living environment was being changed while the residents restarted to live. This study clarifies the issue of living and the living style of the disaster public housing resident in the reconstruction and revitalization period of the disaster by a questionnaire and field surveys.