品質
Online ISSN : 2432-1044
Print ISSN : 0386-8230
39 巻, 4 号
選択された号の論文の12件中1~12を表示しています
特集
  • 杉原 健治, 向殿 政男
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全・安心を確保するための技術基盤の構築』
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 407-415
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    In Japan, safety measures have been taken after an accident occurred. However, based on the basic concept of safety which is stipulated by international standards such as ISO and IEC, "preventing an accident from happening" is shown important in this article as a new approach to ensure safety which replaces the said old approach. In this new approach, all the hazards are identified in a scientific and engineering manner and they are eliminated before an accident occurs, that is, safety should be considered based on risk assessment. Also, this article introduces the safety standards which are created in a structured approach as well as the fundamental concepts which become the basis of future efforts for safety.
  • 米虫 節夫
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全・安心を確保するための技術基盤の構築』
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 416-423
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    HACCP and ISO22000 are well known as a system to guarantee the food safety nature, and the food production company works hard at the construction of this system. However, as for the disgraceful affair in the field of food, the range of the disgraceful affair becomes wider without being over. The consumer demands safety and reliable of the food, but neither is the same thing. The author regards it as "reliable=safety+trust of the company", and "the trust" is brought by the precise information from the food company. But the control of the microbe in food is the most important item in the food industry. A lot of food disgraceful affair cases getting rid of the trust of the consumer happens. And it is important to make use in policy establishment about the food security of the own company. The greatest problem in food safety characteristics was food hygiene, but, since "Fujiya" case of 2007, packing and new product development of the food including the indication and the quality control surfaced as a big problem. Furthermore, since a gyoza case made in China, author decided that the personnel management and food security became the central problem of food industry. There will not be the solution besides practice of the TQM in the food industry.
  • 飯塚 悦功, 棟近 雅彦
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全・安心を確保するための技術基盤の構築』
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 424-431
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    With the successive reports on adverse events in healthcare, social needs for the assurance of healthcare quality and safety has been increasing. Along this line, healthcare society has initiated various of activities for quality and safety, including joint researches which have been performed through the collaboration of experts from a variety of science. This approach is expected to result in the development of a new science of "healthcare safety and relief", which is significant to establish a sound healthcare social system, This paper makes a generalization of these ten years initiatives from a viewpoint of establishment of social technology for healthcare safety and relief. It also discusses fundamental approach and future plan for establishment of social infrastructure to ensure safety and relief in healthcare.
  • 工藤 雅春, 本橋 章平, 植松 均, 大崎 徹, 小笠原 誠, 久保田 龍治
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全・安心を確保するための技術基盤の構築』
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 432-438
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Nuclear power generation is the important source of electricity to the measure of global warming and energy security, on the other hand it is very important to keep safety due to radioactive materials inside. So utilities of nuclear power plant make very efforts to keep safety, and government of Japan (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Nuclear and Industry Safety Agency) and Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (hereinafter referred to as JNES) regulate the activities of utilities by reviewing establishment license and design and construction approval, pre-use inspection, operational safety inspection, periodic inspection and so on at all stage of design, construction, operation and decommissioning. At this time, the activities on keeping safety are introduced through the activities of JNES in the following four fields those are improved inspection system, human factor, seismic safety and high utilization of safety information.
  • 佐藤 一郎
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全・安心を確保するための技術基盤の構築』
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 439-444
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Seismic risk is of concern for enterprises, since it brings pure risk that is very complicated to estimate and handle. The basic elements of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) were established in the late 1960s in the U.S. Since then, PSHA has now become the most widely used approach for not only estimating seismic design loads but also evaluating foreseeable loss by earthquake. In this country many people fully understood the importance of crisis management after the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995. Furthermore many companies were keen to evaluate their seismic risk in order to control and/or transfer them with some severe earthquakes after 1995 Kobe Earthquake. This paper is intended as an introduction of basic concept of seismic risk management. At first general definition of seismic risk is introduced with a historical background that probabilistic risk assessment was developed and used for seismic design and earthquake insurance. Secondly method to evaluate seismic risk is outlined. Finally "Risk Control" and "Risk Finance" is overviewed as risk treatment in risk management cycle.
  • 福田 淳, 波多野 浩二
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全・安心を確保するための技術基盤の構築』
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 445-451
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Product Safety should be the mostly prioritized issue in product design and development in order to protect customers from injury or harming property. In order to provide customers with safe products, manufacturers must consider customer's behavior such as miss-use or extreme long-term usage of products. Thus, we should identify every possible risk which may be encountered and implement inherently safety design and risk communication as appropriate solutions. This paper reports the effectiveness of risk assessment during the initial product design stage by showing the "risk assessment system" supported by the past trouble knowledge database which has been implemented since 2005 in Panasonic Electric Works. As the example of product safety design applying "three step method" as risk evaluation, the lamp replacing process in the lighting products is demonstrated.
  • 松田 紀豪, 有門 一雄
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全・安心を確保するための技術基盤の構築』
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 452-459
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    The situations surrounding FA (Factory Automation) products nowadays have been dramatically changing. In order to deal with the global production of electrical devices such as mobile phones, personal computers and different parts in automobiles, the processes of the development and the design tend to be mounting under the International Safety Standards and the consideration of environment. Demand for quality and safety of products seems to be rising. Nonetheless, we must meet harsh markets' needs of cost and time reduction. Our company is the relatively young FA products manufacturer, founded through merging several Panasonic group companies in 2003. Holding up our mission of "The Contribution to our customers' business development through the reform of producing process with our technology of the electronic circuit formation", we have extended the market. To realize the high-efficiency and no-redoing design and development process, we have unified the process and committed to FMEA (Failure Mode and Effective Analysis) activity, making use of SSM (Stress Strength Model) as an IT based tool to lead to more innovation action. FMEA activity, utilizing SSM, especially focuses on quality, inputting all failure cases we have ever experienced into SSM knowledge Data Base so that we can take out the related information with integrated dictionary structure to feed back the finding into design processes. Meanwhile, products safety, which we should pursue as well as products quality, is nowadays attached great importance to in all manufacturers including FA markets. Products safety is that we call the lifeline for enterprises, and Panasonic group regards it as the first priority. In the measures making use of SSM to prevent poor quality design, we used to utilize mainly FMEA and then partly FTA (Fault Tree Analysis). Now, however, we put the first priority on "essential safety design" through safety FTA and the structure the knowledge management system, which enable us to evaluate products including its life span.
  • 水流 聡子
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全・安心を確保するための技術基盤の構築』
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 460-467
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Healthcare services are advanced complex systems. It is necessary to construct "QMS for Healthcare: QMS-H" that bases the feature of health care to Patient safety. It is expected that Patient safety is achieved more effectively and efficiently if the QMS-H model development and the introduction proceed. However, after the introduction of QMS-H, the problem of Patient safety remains. It is thought that it is a management technology of the health care technology that is the professional skill. In the medical practice, the one is a dangerous act. If an unqualified person does the medical practice, it is considered as a crime. The medical practice has a very strong invasiveness. The doctor has the technology that can safely handle a dangerous act as a professional skill. Therefore, the plan and the implementation of a medical practice concerned have been legally permitted. The author appropriated the focus to clinical knowledge to implement the medical treatment intervention safely. The development of the clinical knowledge structurizing contents and the development of the IT system for using are tried now (PCAPS project). It introduces the activity of the PCAPS project.
論文誌編
報文
  • 鈴木 和幸, 青木 健
    原稿種別: 報文
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 479-491
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    本研究では製品開発・設計時におけるエラープルーフを用いたユーザーの使用段階での品質・安全性上のトラブルの未然防止の方法を取り扱う.エラープルーフをより効果的に適用するために本研究では人間の習熟度による行動の違いを表わすRasmussenのSRKモデルと,人間の行動を生体的なモデルで示したCard,Moran and Newellの人間の情報処理モデルに着目し,この2つのモデルより人間の情報処理モデルの過程として「知覚」「認知」「判断」「実行」を考える.また,ユーザーの使用段階での品質・安全性を保つためにPDCAを回す際の三つの視点「発生」「発見」「影響緩和」を取り上げ,収集した事例を抽象化することにより新たなエラープルーフ化の着眼点として①排除,②代替化,③複雑化,④容易化,⑤意識集中,⑥正常検出,⑦異常検出,⑧影響吸収,⑨影響緩和の9つの原理を提案する.以上の人間の情報処理モデルとエラープルーフ化の視点より,品質・安全性上のトラブルの未然防止策の具体的な対策考案のための『エラープルーフの対策表』を作成した.『エラープルーフの対策表』を用いた過去の製品事故事例の対策考案の検証では93%(93件/100件)の事例に対して有効な対策(望ましいと考えられる対策の組み合わせ)を考案することができた.
  • 松浦 峻, 鈴木 秀男, 長谷川 雄大, 呉 宏堯, 森 初男
    原稿種別: 報文
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 492-503
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    パラメータ設計に用いられる直積実験はしばしば膨大な実験回数が必要とされ,問題とされる.本論文は,静特性のパラメータ設計において,制御因子と誤差因子の主効果および制御因子と誤差因子の交互作用の中で実際に応答に影響があるものは少数であると考えることはできるが,どれが影響しているかの情報はない状況を想定し,1つの2水準過飽和実験計画に主効果および交互作用の全てを割り付けることで直積実験と比較して大幅に実験回数を削減する方法を提案する.最初に,そのような割り付けが可能となるバランス型の2水準過飽和実験計画を構成する方法を示す.次に,この実験計画によって得られたデータを基に,F検定による変数増減法を用いて変数選択を行い,選ばれた主効果や交互作用を説明変数にして応答に関するモデル式を求める.そして,得られた応答モデル式を用いて,応答の特性(望大,望目,望小特性など)に応じて制御因子の最適水準組合せを決定する.いくつかの数値実験を行い,制御因子の最適水準組合せの推定精度の観点から直積実験およびSN比による解析を用いた場合などの従来法と比較する.また,過飽和実験計画における重要な効果の検出力の検証も行う.
技術ノート
  • 桑名 翔, 中條 武志
    原稿種別: 技術ノート
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 504-514
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    近年,社会的に問題となるトラブル・事故を起こす組織が後を絶たない.これらのトラブル・事故は,技術的に既知で,作業者がどのような行動をとるべきか明確であったにもかかわらず,意図しないエラーや意図的な不遵守などにより適切な行動が取られなかったことが原因となったものが少なくない.その背後には経営トップの関心の薄さや現場でのエラープルーフ化活動の欠如などの組織要因に原因があると考えられる.組織要因を明らかにする方法として根本原因分析(RCA)が注目されているが,必ずしも適切には行われていない.本研究では,人の不適切な行動を防止するために組織が行うべき管理活動をモデル化した上で,このモデルに基づいて,経験があまりない人が行っても,対策を取るべき根本原因を的確に特定できるRCAの具体的な手順を提案した.また,これを公表されている事故事例に適用し,その有効性を検証した.結果として,組織要因を明らかにする上の困難さを緩和することができることがわかった.
投稿論説
  • 村山 誠, 長田 洋
    原稿種別: 投稿論説
    2009 年 39 巻 4 号 p. 515-530
    発行日: 2009/10/15
    公開日: 2017/10/31
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    従来のビジネスモデルとは区別した,オペレーションの仕組みとしてのビジネスシステムという分析枠組みを用いて,高シェア・高収益性を確保している生産財メーカーについて,新商品開発のきっかけや,高シェアを獲得し維持している要因を調査した結果,13項目の成功要因を抽出した.そして抽出された13項目を各企業の事業の発展段階に応じて集約すると,事業の発展段階に応じて重点がおかれるビジネスシステムの項目が変化していることが観察された.これら成功企業の実践事例を踏まえ,事業の各発展段階において遂行すべきビジネスシステムの項目として整理して提案した.また,13項目が事例企業においてどのように高シェア・高収益性につながっているかを,商品開発戦略との関係で考察した.事例企業の商品群は,従来存在していなかった画期的な商品である.それらを自社の課題に対するソリューションとして提供された顧客企業は高い価値を見いだすことから,生産財メーカー側もその顧客価値を価格に反映させ,高い収益性を確保している.
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