The purpose of this study is to examine the improvement project by Machizukuri ordinance in the residential district of the fringe of urban promotion area. This study aims at clarifying the roles and problems of the improvement project by Machizukuri ordinance under the population decrease. At Saitama Pref., there is the boundary of the population decrease in 30-40 kilometers from the Tokyo metropolitan area. Two local governments choose the urban planning by the Machizukuri ordinance in this area. A case study of Kamihira 2nd district in Ageo City showed that land use conversion is rapid. On the other hand, the allotment relation between resident's organization and local government is formed by the ordinance. But, the problem about the system performance became clear.

To support the understanding of tourist needs, this paper examines the characteristics of tourists' consumptions by age and consumption items. The main results are as follows: (1) For total consumption, ages 40s to 60s consume more than the other age groups. However, if we view each of the consumption items, it was found that 30s and 50s spend more on food/ beverage and entrance fee/attraction costs than the other age groups. (2) Total consumption per capita is higher for 60s and above. Though there were differences depending on the consumption item such as the consumption per capita for accommodation costs and souvenir/shopping costs being lower as the age groups became younger. (3) Differences in the share of consumption of each item was also found amongst the age groups with teenagers and 60s and above showing a preference of spending on participation costs. These results may support tourism sites and transportation organisations with their strategies to develop tourism in the future.

This paper attempts to analyse the preference of consumption by tourists based on occupation. It examines both domestic day trips and accommodation travel for various tourist consumption items. The following were the main results. With total consumption, professional/technical specialist, housewives and non-employed consumed more than others. The same results were also found for the consumption items of accommodation, entrance fee/attraction cost/other and souvenir/shopping. Secondly, with total consumption per capita, managers, professional/technical specialists, farmers/foresters/fishermen and factory/transport/construction/physical labor workers were found to consume more than others and managers consumed the most with almost all consumption items. Thirdly, with regards to the ratio of the consumption items, there were similarities amongst managers, professional/technical specialist, office workers and factory/transport/construction/physical labor workers.

In recent year, tourism is becoming an important market, therefore, it is vital to appropriately acknowledge the characteristics of tourists. Hence, this paper analyses consumption by tourists according to sex and consumption items for domestic day trips and accommodation travel. The results found the following characteristics. The first finding was that the total consumption for women is larger than men, especially souvenir/shopping for both day trips and accommodation travel. The second is that, men's total consumption per capita for both day trip/accommodation travel was larger than women and it was larger for all items except for souvenir/shopping. The third is that men and women have similar consumption ratio of each consumption item. These results may support tourism sites and transportation organizations with their strategies to further develop the domestic tourism market.

This article describes the role of development councils in an urban area of France. Development councils are tools of participatory democracy and appear to show the will of civil society. These bodies were established legally by the acts MAPTAM in January 27, 2014, and NOTRe in August 7, 2015. This article gives the background to and legal position of the development councils and describes the specific example of the Eurometropole in the urban area of Strasbourg. A good influence on local democracy is to be expected from development councils, with such benefits as the activation of public debate, greater citizen participation, the use of expertise in decision making, and the growth of social networks for urban development among local players.

Over six years have passed since the East Japan Great Earthquake occurred and the reconstruction has reached a new phase. It is important to grasp the influence of the damage in long term in order to conduct policies efficiently. From the viewpoint of management of firms, there are two points which had not been recovered yet, and we tackled these. First, it is not sure not-directly-damaged firms are how much influenced. Second, not only recovering the original relationships with suppliers and customers but also acquiring new business partners is critical problem. Through analysis presented here, firms injured from tsunami are not good at both recovering and acquiring relationships, while not-directly-damaged firms are being stronger within local areas. However, all firms in Tohoku Pacific Coast shows bad performance for transaction with remote areas.

This study will discuss two main points. Firstly, what are the problem either from internal or external factors that can obstruct the development of the Kuin Floating Market in Banjarmasin? Secondly, what is the perception of visitors towards the development of a floating market as an economic strategic area in Banjarmasin? Based on the analyses of this research, the conditions and the efforts of the Kuin floating development and the small boat businessmen in Banjarmasin City carrying out these economic activities can be classified into several categories. The first result is about the problems that occur in the river, and this is a very important constraint for river voyages in terms of

With the development of transport networks, the coverage of day trips have been expanding and there has been growing interest to understand the consumption behavior of day trip tourists. Hence, this paper investigates the day trip tourists' consumption by both ages and consumption items. The results are mainly as follows. First, tourists in their 40s to 60s have the highest total consumption and they consume more than others in the area of transport, food/beverage and souvenir/shopping. With regards to total consumption per capita, tourists in their 50s to 70s were higher than others, and this was also found in the items of food/beverage and souvenir/shopping. Tourists under the age of 10 consumed less than others with almost all consumption items. There were also differences concerning the share of the consumption items by age and 60s and above were found to prefer spending on participation costs and souvenir/shopping.