This study aims to clarify the development and issues of "open garden" activity by examining the activity actually conducted at three locations. For this purpose, we conducted interviews with administrative officers and the representatives of the activity. As a result, from the histories and actual situations of the three sites, we were able to classify open garden activity into three categories related to public administration: "cooperative," "independent" and "dependent." We also found that open garden activity continues to be carried out as a highly flexible hobby by the participants, based on the exchanges among flower enthusiasts. Furthermore, the activity has also been expanded into collaborative interaction with other groups and into tree-planting activities. To continue this open garden activity, it is necessary for the host group to have its participants interact within their group as well as with other groups on a regular basis. It is therefore more important for the administration to provide opportunities to interact with people, rather than simple economic assistance.

This paper aims to clarify the change of the establishment of the Machizukuri ordinance from 1980's to the present. I analyzed the establishment process of the regulations every ten years from 1980's to the present, I found as follows. Machizukuri ordinances have relation that they are parallel to a citizens movement up to the present after 1960.Machizukuri ordinances are changing from the countermeasure to the law of the country to the one of the choices of the city planning. After NPO law was established, a theme type Machizukuri is born. The degree of the dispersion of the decision authority hardly changes from 1980 to the present.