Although childcare support organizations such as childcare support salons offer the most important services to relieve the child-rearing concerns of mothers, former studies report that they have various administrative difficulties. It is therefore necessary to share resources for childcare support to resolve the difficulties of childcare support organizations. This study aims to identify the difficulties in the administration of childcare support organizations and propose a solution, based on the case of childcare support salons in Mitaka City, Tokyo and its outskirts as an advanced area of childcare support. We conducted questionnaire surveys of the operators of childcare support salons and their users to determine the present conditions. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows:(1)Childcare support salons have some problems regarding administration in terms of both hardware and software; (2)Regarding the former, we propose the securing of places for children's activities; regarding the latter, we propose a mutual complementary network of specialized childcare organizations and other citizens' organizations.

France has launched broad measures toward the achievement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction to a quarter of 1990 level by 2050. First, this article overviews the current situation of GHG/CO2 emission from transport sector and national policy measures to tackle global warming in France. Secondly, it focuses on the new regional plan of Ile-de-France region, which is abbreviated to SDRIF, and outlines regional strategies on the integration of land use and transport in the context of GHG emission reduction. In summary, the region intends to improve public transport and circumstances for non-motorized modes and to accommodate new growth mainly into central urban agglomerations and along public transport. It will also be worth mentioning that SDRIF specifies desirable densification and urbanization areas in the 25 hectare grids on the plan map

Berlin-Brandenburg region has been facing challenges such as population decrease in outer suburbs, low birthrate and aging population, and excess supply of housing. This article overviews the circumstances where they necessitate taking the urban shrinking policy and reports two aspects of its realization in the region. The first is the partial demolition (Rueckbau) and/or the remodeling (Stadtumbau) of collective housing blocks in Marzahn-Nord district, the city of Berlin. The second is found in the new regional master plan called "LEP B-B" which came into effect in 2009. The article outlines from LEP B-B the restructuring of central place system which omits the lower-level central places to suit the recent and future conditions, and the regional planning policy to concentrate housing developments along radial railway lines and into central places.

This paper examines whether higher regional travel speed lead to lower regional CO2 emissions of passenger cars. Some action plans toward low carbon transport contain new road construction plans, because it was often said that the improvement of regional travel speed contribute to reduction of CO2 emission factor enough to reduce regional CO2 emissions in spite of the growth of traffic volume in the short term. This study estimates regional CO2 emissions considering travel speed with master data of origin destination survey of national road census in 1999 and 2005. It shows that lower regional travel speed reflects shorter trips and smaller passenger car usages in higher density areas and tends to make CO2 emissions smaller in the medium term.

Today, bicycle is important for urban transportation. This paper analyzed the route for bicycle in city area. First, the relation between bicycle speed and the gradient of slope was estimated. Second, the route chosen by bicycle user was compared with following three route models estimated by network analysis; the shortest distance route, the shortest time route and the shortest time route with restriction of gradient. Third, the cross M-function method was applied to these route models. As a result, the preference in route choice by bicycle user was clarified to suggest the road network for bicycle.

The aim of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) from the viewpoint of criminals. A questionnaire of 382 criminals who were incarcerated in detention centers showed that only a few criminals performed preliminary inspection of target locations before the commission of their crimes. Furthermore, the analysis of the questionnaire responses indicated that CPTED can increase the number of factors that can prevent crimes. Finally, the analysis also showed that "natural surveillance" by neighborhood residents is effective in preventing crime. To conclude, we discussed the effectiveness of natural surveillance from a theoretical standpoint.

Tanabe city has a summer festival that is celebrating the 450th anniversary. In this report, mechanism to deal with problem and sustaining the festival was studied to understanding local coping capacity, focusing on the Egawa village, by interview survey and participatory observation. To achieve a common target, the local people did spend time and labor for preparation and sharing the physical load, experiences and problem during the festival. It helped to create a connection of reliance and the region. It was understood that various elements exist and are connecting each other in the community.

In order to achieve a low carbon city, it is necessary to target residential and commercial sectors and transportation sector. It is also important to include aspects of mid- and long-term visions on urban planning and national land planning. Therefore, this study constructs a simulator to evaluate effects of reductions of CO2 emission by changing of urban structures and by introducing saving energy technology. Concretely, this study estimates energy consumptions and CO2 emissions from residential and commercial sectors of Nagoya city from 2000 to 2050 by 500-m meshes. By acquiring the results from this study, we can understand the potential of reduction of CO2 emission by changing of urban structures and by introducing saving energy technology. Also, we believe that it would be useful information for urban planning, especially for the prevention of global warming.

Shirakawa village hasn't had voluntary organizations for disaster prevention. Instead of them, fire-volunteers which base on the community have played significant roles for local disaster management and safety. The study reviewed history of fire-volunteers, their activities, awareness of members, residents'awareness about the fire-volunteers, and activities of women's fire prevention club. It clarifies fire-volunteers' roles and mechanisms of their continuance. The activities of the fire-volunteers have enhanced the local disaster management and people's awareness against disasters and emergencies. And fire-volunteers have carried out the important function at the time of almost all events as well as disasters. Result showed that those various fire-volunteers'activities have been sustained by the awareness to protect"Gassho"style houses from disasters in the whole community. In addition, fire-volunteers have been able to play major roles with the cooperation of women's fire prevention club and residents.

Most of Kumano Kodo (old trail) network which stretches in forest area and the nature is one part of world heritage for Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range. We discussed subtle move and contrast of sequential landscape based on the relationship between walkers and natural components selected from photographs taken by themselves along Nakaheji of Kumano Kodo : 1.Surface condition of the road and surrounding vegetation, 2. Parts of vascular plant, 3. Mosses, mushrooms and ferns in forest floor, 4. Giant trees, 5. Small creatures and wild animal, 6. Dynamics and form of water, 7. Light condition. Conclusion is that such components would support to conduct an experience out of daily life of walkers and to motivate them to photograph for sharing remembrance.

Studies in the fields of local community development suggest that contacts between elements belonging to places during transfer influence on people's understanding or attachment to the places. Additionally, characteristic of means of transportation is also suggested to cause differences on traveler's degree of contacts between those elements. However, most of those studies are intended for local people who belong to those places. This report is based on researches traveling by bike in Kumano region, Wakayama. Given elements on the route, such as natural environment and culture, and those which travelers experienced were extracted and classified through the research. The result showed that these "on-the-route"elements have some relationships and influences among each other. It suggested that both characteristics and traveler's selection of means of transportation influences on traveler's experiences and feelings.

The aim of this research is to clarify the problem of the land use plan system of our country. It paid attention to the problem in the land use of the urbanization control area, the region without land use plan. in Chiba. .Prefecture.The land use plan should be assumed to be basic of all the development permissions, And change the system to settle on a land use plan original in each city.

The main purpose of this paper is to review regionalization methods that have been developed and/or used in urban planning and its related fields. In many fields including urban planning, it is often required to divide a region into sub-regions in a manner such that the sub-regions are spatially contiguous and as homogeneous as possible. In literature, such division is referred to as regionalization and many types of regionalization methods have been proposed. This paper classifies the methods into broadly two types according to whether the number of sub-regions is predetermined, and further classifies into types. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type and also discuss how studies on regionalization methods can be extended in the future.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the practical methodology and theoretical backgrounds of the Land Suitability Assessment System (Type1) in Korea, especially to Japanese spatial planning experts. This includes the overview of the system such as statutory position, applicable indices, assessment criteria, calculation of suitability values and classification of land suitability. The authors point out that although the interim outputs such as suitability values are absolute scale, the final output appears to be relative scale, which means that the process would smartly contribute political or realistic decision through scientific analysis. We also suggests this system has significant suggestions for planning system reform in Japan, especially on how to restructure the development control system in outside of urbanized areas.

In the improvement of the townscape, how individuality and originality in the city are created becomes an important problem. In the townscape planning in the past, a standard content that specifies the material and the industrial method by the regional environment quality can be seen. But, it is limited to historical townscape.This case is becoming of the district the decision of the townscape planning with individuality in a general urban area, and the following can be pointed out. Elaborately grasp Left proposal on inside and resident's daily sense, In addition, make it to the standard and take it into the ordinance. It works the city planning and the improvement of the townscape as one body, and attempt the enhancement of the support environment of the system for improves resident's participation desire. Labor for the substantial prior consultation with WS, and Establish the structure of the role that cooperate of facilitator.

In some developing countries, as a huge amount of people immigrating to the urban area, the expansion of informal urban area with bad living conditions is more and more becoming a severe problem. In China, an informal urban area called Chengzhongchun (village inside city) has become a universal phenomenon in most of Chinese large and medium-sized cities. Discussion and research concerning the village inside city has become more and more a new focus. To improve the living conditions in Chengzhongchun , reconstruction and transformation has gradually been conducted since the year 2000, However, there is still no case being acknowledged as a successful example Moreover, the value judgment and the limit of reconstruction and transformation are still under discussion, This article is aimed to investigate how the reconstruction and transformation being conducted and to identify existing problems during the reconstruction and transformation process.

Africa is urbanizing. All over Africa, cities with over one million population count up to 50 cities. However, many of the population live in slums. In spite of this situation, urban planning has been almost ineffective. How can we think about the future African cities? This is a research aiming to find a hint in "informal urban planning" of slums.<br>At the first step of the research, with reference to Lusaka, Zambia, this paper provides the basic information about the situation of its urbanization, slums (usually called "compound") and housing policy.