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Volume 55 (1989)
- Issue 6 Pages 713-
- Issue 5 Pages 555-
- Issue 4 Pages 407-
- Issue 3 Pages 261-
- Issue 2 Pages 121-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 55, Issue 4
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Shinji SUGAYAMAArticle type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 407-439,554
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThe outbreak of World War I, which spurred on industrialization, provided a good opportunity for the rise of a lasting labor movement for the first time in the Japanese history. Under union pressure, labor management of big companies clearly changed. According to a popular view, from the period of WWI, managers invented a set of welfare programs including seniority-based wage system for workers, regarding them as members of the enterprise community just like white-collar staff. These caused a sharp decrease in the workers separation rate under the stagnation of the labor market after the panic of 1920, thus resulting in the emergence of "permanent employment". If this view is true, it follows that "the Japanese emyloyment system" in large factories today, characterized as "white-collarizationof workers"(Kazuo Koike), took its shape in the interwar period. However, no one has ever raised and objection to another common opinion that there existed sharp discrimination between staff employees and workers all through the pre-war period. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interwar employment conditions of both white-collar staff and workers intensively with special reference to Hitachi Co. Ltd., and to shed light on the problems as mentioned above. The chief points illustrated are as follows: (1) At Hitachi, employment management encouraging long-term service such as school-graduate hiring and seniority wage came to be arranged systematically for white-collar staff in the late 1920's. It was also applied to workers in part, which brought about stratification in the labor market of both large and small factories. (2) However, managerial efforts to elicit long-term service of workers were limited and inconsistent. Workers hired upon graduation comprised only 10% of all the recruits between 1920 and 1938. Wages of workers didn't necessarily rise with seniority, and income differentials between junior staff and workers amounted to four times as much in the late forties. When business was slow, old workers with seniority were most often fired. (3) The remaining rate of workers recruited in the late 1920's is estimated to be about 40%, while junior staff was about 70% and senior staff was about 90%. The rate of workers recruited in the late 1930's is presumed to be much lower, but this did not occur in the case of staff employees.View full abstractDownload PDF (2746K) -
Fumio MAKINOArticle type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 440-465,553
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSIt is the purpose of this paper to examine the process and the causes of change of fuel for the Japanese merchant fleet in interwar period. Oil was first adapted for marine fuel in 1907 in Japan. It was until the year 1924 that the first ocean going ship with the marine diesel(motorship) ran regularly. Motorship began to substitute for coal-fired vessels after the late 1920's. The oil-fired ships, including both oil-fired steamer and motorship, accounted for only 11% of aggregate Japanese tonnage in 1924. The oil-fired tonnage went up rapidly and reached 43% in 1940. The share of oil in total fuel consumption in calorie equivalent was estimated to be 15% in 1924 and 45% in 1940. The hypothetical rate of profit was calculated by the contemporary financial data on ocean shipping in order to identify the factors which made motorship more profitable than the competing technologies of ship engine and fuel; coal-fired reciprocated engine, oil-fired reciprocated engine, oil-fired turbine, and oil-fired turbine. It was the advantages of motorship over the alternatives that diesel engine required less fuel, as well as cutting the number of seamen and the wight of machinery, bunkers, and boiler water, all of which resulted in an increase of useful load and compensated higher capital cost of motorship. The rate of adoption of motorship was far more rapid in North American and Europen lines via the Panama Canal than in other lines. This was because heavy oil was supplied at lower prices in ports of the United States which amounted to about 60% of world crude oil production in the late 1930's. The availability of cheap oil was essential for the diffusion of oil-burning vessels as well as the factors written above.View full abstractDownload PDF (1953K) -
Masaru YAMADAArticle type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 466-499,552
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSUnder the Qing dynasty, there were many people who emigrated from some Advanced provinces, especially Hubei and Human into Sichuan province. The major concern of this paper is to make clear the process of organizing stable system in the immigrant society. To approach this issue, I intend to investigate the matrimonial alliances of the Tu lineage in Yunyang country. In the Qianlong period, the Tu family emigrated from Hubei province to Yunyang country. After becoming a large landowner and local elite, the powerful segment of the Tu lineage formed a matrimonial alliance with the other local elites, the Wu lineage, the Peng lineage, the Xue lineage and so on. In the case of powerful segments, the matrimonial alliance was made repeatedly and led to their firm and continual alliance with local elites. But it was impossible for the humble segments to make an alliance in such ways. The humble segments only had a smaller circle of alliance, and they did not have regular allies. In the late Qing period, the matrimonial alliance between local elites had a great influence upon their own local administration.View full abstractDownload PDF (2897K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 500-502
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (386K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 503-505
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (391K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 505-508
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (543K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 509-513
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (612K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 513-517
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (642K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 517-520
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (513K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 520-525
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
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[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 525-527
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (369K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 527-530
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (495K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 531-533
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (379K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 534-536
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (395K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 537-539
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (390K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 539-543
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (648K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 543-546
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (511K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 546-549
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (459K) -
Article type: Bibliography
1989 Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 552-554
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (155K)
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