SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY

The Financial Structure of an English Provincial Town in the Early Modern Period : An Analysis of the Chamberlains' Accounts of Elizabethan Newcastle upon Tyne

Tadashi NAKANO

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 317-349,450
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_317

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The Chamberlains' Accounts are the records of weekly receipts and payments of the town chamber. Using these documents of Elizabethan Newcastle upon Tyne, I tried here to analyse the financial structure and performance of a town corporation and make sense of the changing nature of its government during this period. One of the most distinguishing characteristcs of this period is the sharp expansion of financial base, even at a higher pace than that of inflation in those days. The cause of this increase is indisputable; the unprecedented advance of the coal industry in this region brought ample funds to the common hutch of the town chamber in the form of impositions on coal and ships or other dues, while the traditional incomes like admission fees for freedom and various rents were relatively decreasing. However a more notable aspect of the financial performance in this period is that the expansion of expenditures was also rapid enough to match, or rather exceed, this incomparable increase of revenue. I classified these unarranged payments written in the Accounts into several main items. In the early Elizabethan period, more than one third of toral expenditure consisted of the outside payments such as fee farm rent, costs for sending representatives to the parliament and various legal expenses, which were indispensable to claiming the privilages of this corporation. Of other items, fees to officeholders, expenses relating to disposal of ballast were principal outgoes. An item peculiar to this town is payment to the town-owned colliery managed for the supply of coal to the town inhabitants. By the end of the Elizabethan period, expenses of all items except coal mining greatly increased, but the ratio of almost all of them to total expenditure decreased or at most retained their former levels. On the contrary, both the amount and percent of expenses concerning the social life and welfare of the town inhabitants significantly incrreased. The swelling of town finance of this period was thus the result, not only of inflation or industrial progress, but of changing nature of town government. This change of financial structure suggests that the town corporation was shifting from the medieval fee-farm paying body to an agent of social policy.

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The Native Custom System in Modern China : Control of Yingkou Native Custom(営口常関) by Newchang Maritime Custom(牛荘洋関)

Wataru IIJIMA

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 350-374,449
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_350

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In the late Ch'ing period, there were three custom systems, traditional native custom system(常関制度), newly established li-jin system(厘金制度) and maritime custom system(洋関制度). From the financial viewpoint of the Ch'ing dynasty, the relations of three customs system were the process of traditional native custom system giving way to the li-jin system, controlled by the provincial governor, then to the maritime custom system, centrally controlled by the inspector general of customs(総税務司). In November 1901, part of the native customs went under control by nearby maritime customs, which was the result of the Yi-he-tuan(義和団)indemnity problem. But in that background, there was the collapse of the traditional native custom system. The Ch'ing central government attmpted to strengthen the matitime custom system in order to reorganize its custom's revenue.

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The Movement against Smoke Pollution in Kosaka Copper Mine : 1907-1917

Yuko OKADA

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 375-405,448
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_375

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This paper attempts to clarify the Kosaka Copper Mine Pollution Problem between 1901 and 1917 by analyzing the parties concerned-the mine company(Fujita, one of the five largest Japanese copper companies), government authorities, and the local government and regional inhabitants, who were at Kazuno and Kita-Akita District in Akita Prefecture-and the internal structure of the movement against smoke pollution. The Kosaka Silver Mine which Fujita managed since 1884 faced a crisis of closing, but it succeeded in the Pyritic Smelting of copper in 1900 after a lot of hard work. The subsequent development of the mine caused smoke pollution, which damaged crops, forest land and the human body. As it was technologically impossible to prevent damage from smoke in that day, the mine company compensated the stricken inhabitants for the loss. But it was only a small sum. Moreover, the mine could weaken the opposition movement and disregard the damages to national forests through governmental policy. Government authorities and the local government adopted a stance not only of being unconcerned about the matter, but of regarding the mine as most important. They gave priority to the development of the copper mining industry rather than to the basic settlement of air pollution from smoke. The opposition movement proceeded under the leadership of landlords and independent farmers. Tne movement, however, was greatly influenced by the regional structure in which the mine was the center of the community. In addition, there was a political dispute in the prefectural assembly where some leaders of the movement had seats. And all of the damaged inhabitants did not take joint action. Though these internal and external factors led the movement to a loss of power, the prevention of injury from smoke remainded unsolved. This caused the smoke pollution problem to recur in the 1920s.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 406-408
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_406

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 408-411
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_408

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 411-414
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_411

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 414-416
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_414

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 416-419
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_416

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 419-422
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_419

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 422-425
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_422

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 425-428
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_425

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 428-431
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_428

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 431-434
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_431

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 434-436
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_434

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 437-438
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_437

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 438-441
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_438

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 441-444
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_441

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Bibliography
1990 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 448-450
Published: September 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.56.3_448

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