SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY

Building Societies in Late Nineteen th Century Britain

Koji SHIMA

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 347-371,472
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_347

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The purpose of this article is to trace the history of British building societies, and to find out the conditions which enabled them to enjoy real prosperity after the 1930s. The following points must be emphasized here: (1) The so-called Starr-Bowkett building societies, peculiar terminating societies which were dependent on smaller subscriptions, and grew explosively between the 1870s, have been regarded as heretical and insignificant by several historians. But analysis of their prospectuses and rules showed that the Starr-Bowkett societies were in fact mirror images of the bigger permanent societies, which themselves evolved after the 1870s from basic terminating societies, but gradually lost their original co-operativecharacter and developed many similarities to banks. Although these two kinds of building society looked quite different, they reffected two sides of the same phenomenon. (2) The growth of Star-Bowkett societies, therefore, enlarged the scope of the Building Society Movement so that they attracted a much poorer part of the population. At the same time, they bebame an obstacle to further development of the big permanent societies, clearly ecouraging the latter's metamorphosis, or their growing resemblance to banks. (3) The Building Societies Act of 1894 can be explained as one solution to the conffict between the different types of building society. The problem, which was crystallized in the Building Society Movement of the 19th century, was controlled and evaded by this Act, and a nw era of building societies dawned.

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The Development of the Scottish Linen Industry in the Eighteenth Century : An Analysis of the Linen Manufacturing Process

Miauh-Yin LIN

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 372-400,471
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_372

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The linen industry was the staple of the Scottish economy in the 18th century. The development of the industry has been considered very important in the industrialization of Scotland; later it also played an indispensable role in the development of the Scottish cotton industry. In order to make clear the relationship between these two industries, we should first investigate the characterictics of the Scottish linen industry in the 18th century. First of all, we have to inquire into the character of the industry policy maker, the Board of Trustees for Fisheries and Manufactures in Scotland, in the 1700s. The Board of Trustees was a semi-official agency constituted in 1727 under the regulations of the Treaty of Union of England and Scotland of 1707. Just because the Board of Trustees was regulated by the Treaty of Union, many of its policies reflected the relation between these two coutries after the Union. The series of schemes for the promotion of the linen industry, rather than the woollen industry, is one example. Under these policies, we can see that Scotland sought to have an economic relationship with England which wsa complementary, not competitive. This is why Scotland had to develop the linen industry, rather than the wollen industry. Secondly, we will examine the contents of the policies the Board of Trustees had adopted for the promotion of the linen industry by the year 1780, and look into the improvements that the linen industry had made by the same year. This subject will be discussed through examining the five main steps of the linen manufacturing process: (1) the cultivation of flax; (2) the preparation of flax for spinning; (3) spinning; (4) weaving; (5) bleaching. Finally, we come to the conclusion that under the encouragement of the Board of Trustees, merchant capital earned a dominant position at all the stage of linen manufacturing. Merchants played a great role in establishing a link between all the steps of the manufacturing process. In additon, they helped to increase the market share of Scottish linens, especially in the American colonial market. Those characteristics of the Scottish linen industry were also passed on to the Scottish cotton industry from the late 1700s.

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The Significance of the Land Tax Reform in Zhejiang Province in the 1930s : The Districts of Lanxi and Pinghu

Yuji SASAGAWA

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 401-432,470
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_401

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The Chinese Nationalist government was forced to discontinue its program of land tax reform after the Japanese invasion of July 1937. The aborive project has failed to attract the attention of reseachers since then. However, the reform program should not be neglected since the government aimed to introduce correct registration of land and landowners, and legal guarantees of private land-ownership. In addition, the government attempted to adolish the unofficial privileges that influential landlords had enjoyed under the traditonal taxation system, and to reduce the unjust tax burden on small and medium-sized landowners. This paper deals with the case of Zhejiang province. Just before the Japanese invasion, the provincial government was rapidly putting the various complicated measures of the land tax refoms into one package. It was also engaged in an exact land surver of all land in the province which extended plains along the Qiantangjiang river. This indicates that the modernization of land-ownership and the land tax system in the area had really begun. In the process of the reforms in Zhejiang, the local governments of Lanxi and Pinghu achieved achieved very successful results through different methods. In Lanxi, the government gatherd all of the old land ledgers that ceshu had possessed. This led to a large increase in land tax revenue, but it did not involve land survey and was inapplicable to many other districts. Lanxi therefore does not provide a suitable model for land tax reform in Zhejiang as a whole. Pinghu county government carried out an aerial land survey, using the latest methods of the time, and achieved the best results at a minimum cost. As a result of this, the Zhejiang provincical government planned to extand the aerial survey to every other district that had not finished surveying. Though many Zhejiang districts had already begun their own surveys, the results in Pinghu would have provided a new technical basis for land surverying and encouraged other areas.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 433-436
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_433

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 437-439
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_437

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 439-442
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_439

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 442-444
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_442

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 445-447
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_445

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 447-450
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_447

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 450-454
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_450

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 454-456
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_454

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 457-459
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_457

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 459-462
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_459

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 462-466
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_462

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Bibliography
1993 Volume 59 Issue 3 Pages 470-472
Published: September 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.3_470

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