The nerve fibres of the tractus opticus consist in their greatest majority in minute fibres, and only an extremely small minority in thick fibres. In all probability, the former originate in the small nerve cells of the nerve cell layer of the retina and the latter in the giant cells there. Among the optic fibres and especially among the small bundles of such fibres are found glial cells of two size classes, often ranged in long rosaries.
The tractus opticus, upon reaching the lateral geniculate body, divides in two parts, the smaller of which enwraps the body to form a capsule around it, and sending out minute bundles of fibres into the body in their further courses, enters the pulvinar thalami. The greater part of the optic fibres runs into the body from its proximal end in numerous small bundles. Besides, a rather thick branch of the tractus opticus runs right through the cranio-medial part of the geniculate body, which gives out many small bundles into the body and receives a smaller number of axons from the nerve cells in the body, finally to pass over into the brachium corp. quadrig. ant.
There is nothing to make the so-called griseum praegeniculatum a singular entity. It is nothing but a cranio-medial invagination of the nucleus corp. genicul. lat., bounded off by the above mentioned branch of the tractus opticus on the lateral side. It is rather to be called the accessory nucleus of the corpus than a praegeniculatum. A part of the axons of the nerve cells in the accessory nucleus goes over into the brachium corp. quandrig. ant., while the other part runs into the radiatio optica through the WERNICKE's field.
The zona incerta originates in the vegetative minute fibres making up a part of the pes pedunculi or the capsula interna. These fibres run around the pes pedunculi in an arcuate course, then along the medial side of the accessory nucleus and the corpus geniculatum mediale to appear in the front of the corpus Luysi, and finally to the nucleus ruber probably to come into a close relation with it. Some vegetative fibres emerging at the medial side of the pes pedunculi also partake in the formation of the zona incerta.
At the proximal part of the brachium corp. quadrig. ant. there are frequently found groups of nerve cells similar in nature to those in the corpus genicul. lat. This fact makes it all the more indubitable that this brachium is not only an immediate extension of the optic fibres, but also formed in part by the axons of the nerve cells belonging to the nucleus corp. genicul. lat.
We have to make further and more detailed examination before settling the problem of the doubtful existence of the BALADO's so-called radiatio cellularum giganticum.
The nerve cells in the lateral geniculate body may be classified into the two types of large and small. The large cells are far smaller in number and are chiefly found in the fifth nerve cell layer. This layer is divisible into the inner and the outer sublayers and the large cells are found in the latter in greater abundance. Between these two sublayers I have often found a thin intermediate layer of small nerve cells. Large cells are also found in sporadic arrangement in the basal part of the third nerve cell layer. The small cells are found in all the nerve cell layers and comprise cells of many variable sizes. Both the large and the small cells are pear-shaped, oval, fusiform or spherical in form and have rounded and feminine contours as is common with the sensory nerve cells in the brain stem in general.
The large cells are predominantly pear-shaped with their bases toward the periphery of the corpus genicul, lat. An axon from such a cell mostly emerges from its basal face, is thin but dark-staining and often runs into the capsule of optic fibres around the corpus. The short processes, 1-4 in number per cell, generally emerge from the apex of the cell, are lighter-staining but stout and branch out into numerous rami which end in sharp points.

View full abstract

The development of nerve plexus in the adventitia, the muscularis and the submucosa of the urethra in a female dog is very poor. They consist of numerous vegetative nerve fibres and a small number of medullated sensory fibres. The termination of the former always consists in the terminalreticulum, which is conspicuously formed in the muscularis and around the venous plexus in the submucosa and the propria.
The sensory fibres here are more numerous than in the canine bladder (WATANABE), forming terminations in the propria and intraepithelially. In the propria, we find unbranched, simple branched and glomerular terminations. The unbranched and branched terminations mostly are formed by medium-sized fibres of uniform thickness, but in some cases of thick fibres undergoing change of size in their courses. The glomerular terminations are larger in number and somewhat more complex in structure than in the canine bladder (WATANABE). They are principally of capsulated type and originate in thick fibres. They are to be looked upon as belonging to the type II of genital nerve corpuscles.
More intraepithelial fibres are found in the canine female urethra in its transitional and stratified columnar epithelia, than in a canine bladder. Mostly, they are unbranched, but in some cases they are ramified into two or three branches each. In most cases, they run through the basal or median layer of the epithelium in wavy courses to end in sharp or blunt points. These intraepithelial fibres generally consist in thin or medium-sized fibres, but sometimes, in thick fibres changing their size in their courses.

View full abstract

1. Durch die Einwirkung der Ultraschallwellen werden die mit dem Osmiumsäuredampf fixierten Erythrocyten des Kaninchens und Haushuhns vorerst in der Mitte durchlöchert und zerfallen dann in Stücke.
2. Durch die Färbung der Erythrocyten mit Farbstoffen vershiedener Dispersität ist festgestellt, daß die Beschallung nicht nur den groben Bau der Zellen zerstört, sondern auch ihre feinsten Strukturen aus Molekülen auflockert.

View full abstract

Already, FUJIE and his co-workers reported that secretory function of the pancreatic cell can be divided into two, production and discharge of zymogen granules, and on the other hand, though there are only few investigations, cytoplasmic basophilia (RNA), which greatly related to protein synthesis in the cell, and to the secretory function of pancreatic cells. The author have investigated and compared the functional images of pancreatic cells, especially putting a stress on mitochondria, zymogen granules and RNA.
According to my results obtained in the forgoing research with methyl green-pyronin staining of pancreatic cell, RNA images in pancreatic cells were separated in two parts, the basal part and the granular layer. The former does not show any difference in accordance with the functional movement of the cell, but the latter showed a remarkable difference, for instance, the homogeneous type, the heterogeneous type and the transitional type etc. In the homogeneous type, RNA was lightly stained by pyronin and which spreaded out homogeneously in the granular layer, and the mitochondria showed a vigorous type with new production of zymogen granules. On the contrary, in the heterogeneous type, RNA was distributed like small scabs or granules in the granular layer, and mitochondria did not show any morphological changes, and new production of zymogen granules was ceased. Transitional type consisted of heterogeneous and homogeneous type, and perhaps functionally stood at the mid point between homogeneous and heterogeneous types.
Although, I classified RNA images of the pancreatic cell into 3 types, this is not conclusive. I first investigated RNA images of the pancreatic cell on two points of view, the first is the separation of pancreatic secretory function, a new production and discharge of granules, the other is on the consideration of methyl green-pyronin staining conditions which is very difficult to obtain a constant result. I believe that this investigation will benefit the morhological research of cytoplasmic basophilia (RNA), generally on RNA in secretory cells to some extent.

View full abstract

CASPERSSON and his co-workers introduced that RNA metabolism is closely related with protein synthesis in the cell, and it is generally said that RNA is related to cytoplasmic function. According to my results obtained in the forgoing research concerning cytoplasmic basophilia (RNA) and pancreatic function, RNA images in the pancreatic granular layer showed remarkable difference in accordance with functional movement, for instance, homogeneous type, heterogeneous type and transitional type etc. But in the liver cell, which has more complicated function, it was easily considered that the allotment of RNA was not so simple as in the pancreatic cell, and even now a different opinion is held between cytoplasmic basophilia and liver function. In order to explain the above facts, the author made the following investigation.
Through the movement of mitochondria, glycogen and fat etc. in rats fed with various protein contents in the diet (non-protein, 20, 40, 60 and 80% protein) for 10 and 20 days, the functional states of the liver cells were understood. In consideration of the states the RNA images of the liver cells appearing after feeding were classified into 6 types. When protein content was 20%, RNA images in the liver cells did not show any particular consequence, but with 40% protein diet for 20 days, they seemed to be some unusualness in functional movement. RNA images during the resting period in the case of controls, receiving 14.7 and 20% protein diet, types I and II appeared, which seems to be equal to my heterogeneous type in the pancreatic cell. During the active period, RNA images displayed the similar I and II type, but was accompanied by accumulation of stored substance (glycogen and fat), and dispersed as small bits in the circumferential area. These images showed a different appearance from pancreatic cells. Type III which peculiarly increased in rats fed with 40% protein diet, had a high grade of dispersions tendency, and was considered as a transitional type from the resting period to the active one. But as a rule, when fed with above protein content (14.7, 20 and 40% protein), there were few remarkable differences in the liver cells.
The author made an experiment on an extremely high protein diet, 60 and 80%, and also on a non-protein diet. When fed with high protein diet, the mitochondria was mostly granular shaped before and after feeding, and gradually increased its grossness after feeding. Especially in the case where 80% protein diet was given for 20 days, grossness of granules showed a remarkable inequality, and the movement of fat and glycogen after feeding were not appreciated when compared with their control (14.7%). RNA images were influenced very much by protein content and term of feeding. Types III and IV, equal to transitional and homogeneous types in the pancreatic cells, appeared appreciately. This fact suggests that the increase puts more “strain” to the protein synthetic function. In non-protein diet, the mitochondria became a thick and granular shaped rod when hungry, and transformed into gross granular shape after feeding. When fed for 20 days, grossness became in high grade. Glycogen and fat appeared regardless to feeding, particularly when fed for 20 days, it definitely became into a fat-liver. Stainability of cytoplasmic RNA diminished remarkably, and a specific type VI appeared and was presumed that function of protein synthesis. had fallen. In this investigation the author used the thionin-metachromasy method. Once this staining has been mastered, it can replace methyl green-pyronin staining. It has two valuable points, sharpness of its stainability and simplicity of its staining method.
As above mentioned, an interesting intimate relationship between the liver function and cytoplasmic basophilia (RNA) has been displayed.

View full abstract

The vestibulum vaginae of dog is covered with a thick uncornified stratified flat epithelium and strongly developed papillae are formed from the propria into the epithelium. The vestibulum passes over into the labium minus pudendi near the outer edge of the so-called labium vulvae. Hair follicles make appearance in the latter, which is, however, lined with a thick epithelium with strongly developed papillae beneath it, so that it does not belong to the usual hairy skin, but is under a transitional part between mucous membrane and skin. The labium majus is represented by a usual haired skin consisting of papillaless thin cornified epidermis and corium. Unlike as in human pudenda, no pigment granules are found in the canine counterparts, and smooth muscle fibres are very scarce in the latter, being almost entirely absent in the labia.
The nerve fibres distributed in the canine vulva are found abundantly in the vestibulum vaginae and the labia minora in proportion with the good development of the papillae, as was the case in man. In the labia minora, sensory hair-nerve fibres connected with hair follicles are fonnd in existence. On the other hand, as papillae are not found in the labia majora, its stratum papillare is very poor in sensory fibres, only terminations of sensory hair-nerve fibres being found here.
In the vestibulum vaginae plexus proprius is formed, from which sensory fibres run out to form their terminations in the propria, especially, in the papillae in most cases, but not rarely fibres are found that run further up into the epithelium to end as intraepithelial fibres. As terminations in the propria, beside the usual unbranched and simple branched terminations, some uncapsulated simple glomerular terminations may be mentioned. All these are composed of fibres showing marked change in size during their courses in most cases.
In an unbranched termination, a simple devaginated fibre runs a peculiar winding course to end sharply, while in a simple branched termination the fibre divides into 2-5 branches which run similar courses. The glomerular terminations, which do not belong to the genital nerve bodies, are always uncapsulated and consist of very simple glomerular arrangement of sensory fibres.
The intraepithelial fibres chiefly originate in thick sensory fibres and show much or less change of size during their courses, ending sharply or bluntly in the basal layer of the epithelium. They run intra- as well as intercellularly as the other intraepithelial fibres.
In the canine labia minora too, plexus proprius not to be found in usual haired skin is formed in the subepithelial connective tissue layer. The sensory fibres emerging from such a plexus form their terminations chiefly in the papillae, but here none of them pass over into intraepithelial fibres. Beside the unbranched and simple branched terminations similar to those in the vestibulum above, we find here some special complex branched terminations, which are formed in the close vicinity of the tip of the epithelial erista found between adjoining papillae. In such a special termination, one or two thick sensory fibres, after losing their myelin sheath, divide into several branches, which, after running special peculiar winding courses while showing marked change in size, mostly show as the whole an arborized arrangement and end sharply.
In the labia majora pudendi of dog, only sensory hair-nerve fibres are found in abundance, almost no sensory fibres being found in the stratum papillare, Sensory hair nerve fibres are found also in the labia minora of dog, and their terminal formation is entierly identical in both the larger and the smaller labia. These fibres run into the follicle necks over the lower brims, and end in the SETO's hair-nerve tubes formed in the follicle necks or in the transparent layer just inside the tubes, mostly in plexus-like terminations.

View full abstract

[in Japanese]

View full abstract

When ECK's fistulization was performed between the dog's portal vein and vena cava inferior and raised on mixed diet, the sinusoids in the lobules of the liver became enlarged and the cords of the liver cells became smaller, which furthermore degenerated the liver cells and increased the congestion of blood in the capillaries and as the resultes were presumed to produce hypoxia histologically. The appearance of fat was seen from the early stage to its period of hunger and it gradually increased into huge fat drops which later fomed a complete fat liver. There was a decrease in sugar and protein metabolism, but if this continued for a long period, the liver cells that were not infiltrated by fat took over the sugar and protein metabolism and worked at a high rate. Granulation of mitochondria and the action of fat had mutual relations.
When the dog was on mixed diet for two weeks after fistulization, and then changed to a diet where the three nutrients were given individually, it was found that fistulization did its most damage on the function of the liver cells when put on fat diet or protein diet rather than on hydrocarbonate diet.
Following this experiment, quantitative changes were made on the amount of protein in the diet to see what its influence was on the metabolic disturbance caused by fistulization. At this time it was found that sugar was quite protective. When the problem was studied from the point of liver cell function and its fine structure, it was presumed from the ribonucleic acid in the protoplasm and from the distribution and morphological behavior of mitochondria and also from the state of vacuoles in the cell-body that probably the function of the liver cell was propelled from around the nucleus and around the cell body and the other parts were also in position to be subjected to future infiltration of fat.

View full abstract

To see what changes occurred in the liver cell with non-fat diet, young male rats were fed with a diet which contained nearly all the nutrients except fat for a period of one week to three months. And the result of its observation was as follows:
After a month's feeding the increase of body weight stopped and showed a gradual loss. From the first week fat granules appeared in the liver cells when hungry and showed a gradual increase. These fat granules were usually small and were of neutral fat, at first they are highly unsaturated with its hight during the first month. After that the saturated one gradually started to increases. Once the saturated one started to increase there was no time where the unsaturated starts to reincrease.
Mitochondria gradually became fine thread-like, and ribonucleic acid formed into a net-like state. Glycogen, also increased up to the first month, then started to decrease. Fat appeared in the nucleus during the early part of the raising and its diameter gradually enlarged. Also, during the first month there was an increase in the number of interstitial and stellate cells. After meal during the early part of the raising, there was only a slight decrease of fat, and a great increase of glycogen, and the shape of mitochondria showed some changes. But during the latter part of the raising, these changes hardly occurred.
As seen here, rats raised with non-fat diet showed fat liver from the early stage which gradually came to a higher degree and after a month dysfunction of the liver cell became quite strong. When fat was added to make a full diet in their last meal, phosphatide of the fat, appearance of glycogen and granulation of the mitochondria were seen in rats kept for a short period and showed a picture of activation in the cell function. When the raising was over a month no phosphide of fat occurred, the appearance of glycogen was very small, and on the other hand, mitochondria became very fine and the stainability of ribonucleic acid became very poor. The function of the cell was quite disturbed. When a full diet was given for five days to rats, raised for three months, they showed a tendency to become near normal.

View full abstract

A large amount of thymic lymphocytes (tymocytes) obtained from thymuses of 2 to 3 young rabbits were injected intravenously into one adult rabbit in a form of cell suspension in physiological saline solution, and the behavior of the injected thymocytes was compared with that of the lymphocytes observed in the previous experiments (OSOGOE, 1944; 1950).
1. The chief findings which agreed in both the present and the previous experiments were: 1. From 48 to 72 hours after injection, there occurred a striking focal accumulation of lymphocytes, including large lymphocytes, in the periportal spaces of the liver and in the perifollicular regions of the spleen. 2. No remarkable lymphocytosis was produced by intravenous injections, except in one example which was represented in Table 1. These findings, especially the former, prove the physiological identity of thymocytes and lymphocytes.
2. The main difference between the present and the previous experiments was as follows: The lymphocyte accumulations in the periportal spaces of the liver, which had been produced by injection of thymocytes in the present experiments, disappeared within several days without showing any tendency towards growth, whereas those produced by injection of lymphocytes in the previous experiments persisted for a much longer period and often showed a tendency towards growth. Other differences of minor significance were also recognized.
3. The above-mentioned difference between the present and the previous experiments may be ascribed to the fact that the tymocytes are more susceptible to mechanical agitation than lymphocytes and easily injured by the procedure of making cell suspensions, and due by no means to the non-lymphocytic nature of thymocytes.
4. The blood picture of one example, in which a marked lymphocytosis (maximum 55, 000 lymphocytes per cubic millimeter) was produced immediately after the injection of thymocytes, was described (Table 1). This is of interest because no such information has hitherto been gained, so far as the authors are aware of.

View full abstract