This study focused on walking spaces for health promotion and analyzed the differences in walking spaces among administrative areas by estimating the population of neighborhoods. In this study, walking space was defined as a pedestrian network with a minimum width of 2.5m as well as walking course designated by municipal health department. As a result, it was found that differences existed among administrative areas in the population living near walking spaces. Specifically, it was found that there are 5 wards with more than 75% of the population accessible to both the pedestrian networks and walking courses, and 7 wards with less than 25% of the population accessible to both. The importance of greater coordination between health and construction departments was noted to expand walking space and promote walking.

The research aims to clarify what kind of measures are effective in increasing the tolerance of witnesses to specific usage in public spaces, and what should be kept in mind. A literature survey using newspaper articles and a questionnaire survey of witnesses of a social experiment involving the installation space of skateboards were conducted to obtain the following findings. The first is that beautifying the space and eliminating concerns about spreading to other spaces can be effective in increasing the tolerance of skateboard witnesses. The second is that to increase witnesses' tolerance for specific usage, it is helpful to identify and improve issues that are different from the general issues. Third, for specific usage in public spaces to be sustainable, not only the response measures to be viewed favorably but also the response measures to increase tolerance could be important.

The aim of this study is to compare multiple areas of similar density with various time and space, and to clarify the actual situation of the areas forming the density. In addition, the aim is to compare the past population density and urban conditions, examine the factors of urban transformation, and reconsider the meaning of using population density as a planning index / evaluation index. We compare the urbanized land ratio and residential land ratio in 1970, 1990, and 2015 in 37 districts. As a result, regarding the change in density, we confirm that the factors that brought about the increase in density are the progress of urbanization, the increase in the number of apartment buildings, and the increase in height and scale. On the other hand, in the case of density decrease, we confirm the change in the use of residential land, the outflow of population due to the separation of households, and the natural decrease.

The purpose of this paper is to organize the issues and solutions on the inheritance of the Yanaka-Character, targeting the process of the Streetscape Promoting District Planning(SPDP) for Yanaka District. First, this paper focused on SPDPs in Densely Build-up Area in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area through a comparative arrangement, and then, by analyzing the background of the formulation of the streetscape guidance type in Yanaka District, and the determining factors of the form regulation in the City Planning Council, the issues and solutions in the inheritance of the Yanaka-Character were organized. In order to inherit the Yanaka-Character in the formulation of SPDP, the scope of application of the system was reduced and Form Regulation were strengthened. In addition, in SPDP for Densely Build-up Area, this paper indicated the importance of sharing the elements of community character among the entities involved and verification of the scope of application of SPDP

This study examines the hypothesis that the pandemic in the United States may have accelerated gentrification as an influx of investment, focusing on two neighborhoods in the city of Seattle, South Lake Union, and Capitol Hill. The former is a case study of new-build gentrification and the latter is a case study of retail gentrification. Local newspaper reports, the status of the development sites and their owners, changes in commerce during the pandemic, and changes in real estate valuations were analyzed to determine the impact of the pandemic on gentrification and to verify the hypotheses. Although property valuations declined during the pandemic, the study found that store closings and new inflows were accelerated in the retail gentrification case area, while investment inflows continued in the new build gentrification case area.

Nowadays, people's “Ibasho” exist not only in physical space but also in cyberspace, but it is not clear what kind of “Ibasho” people have, including in cyberspace. The purpose of this study is to clarify the aspect of people’s “Ibasho” formed in cyberspace and physical space especially focusing on the characteristics and the psychological aspect of “Ibasho”. This study found that the psychological function of “Ibasho” differs depending on the type of “Ibasho” classified into four categories: cyberspace / physical space, personal / social, and what kind of place it is.In addition, based on the results, this study proposes eight points that make a difference between the "Ibasho" in cyberspace and physical space.

In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted among high school students living in Takaoka city to identify a source of civic pride that foster civic pride and increase their attitudes of settling down in the future. The source of civic pride consisted of four factors: “local environment,” “culture and industry,” “food and nature,” and “history,” and presented four components of civic pride: “participation,” “identity,” “attachment,” and “desire to continue”. The results of the covariance structure analysis revealed that future settlement awareness among high school students is formed by "attachment", which is fostered by sources of "local environment" and "culture and history".<strong> </strong>It was inferred that green spaces and parks that are accessible to them, communication at festivals, and local education that exposes them to traditional culture and industry in elementary and junior high schools will contribute to their attitudes of future settlement.

In this study, we examined the power generation potential, electricity demand in the surrounding area, and feasibility of solar power generation by using roadside station parking lots in Tokyo and six prefectures. The analysis revealed that 1) 76 million kWh of electricity is generated annually, 2) the potential for electricity generation is very large, roughly equivalent to the electricity consumption of 10,000 to 20,000 households, taking into account monthly fluctuations in electricity consumption per household, 3) the estimated costs and revenues indicate that, although costs could have been recovered at past feed-in tariffs, it has become difficult to recover the cost of developing solar power facilities through the sale of electricity to power companies as feed-in tariffs have fallen, and 4) the balance between costs and sales can be improved if electricity generators and households directly trade electricity and the unit price of the trade can be increased.

In community planning at neighborhood scale, a long-term vision with consideration of future climate change impact becomes increasingly important. This study demonstrated the projections of future build environment image and weather conditions based on SSP/RCP in an urban center neighborhood in Nagoya City and conducted thermal environment simulation of those 3D models. The result of the simulation of SSP5-8.5 (Fossil-fueled development scenario), which we assumed it for its future image that more high-rise buildings will be constructed by the end of the 21st century, confirmed that the neighborhood thermally deteriorated at noon in summer due to both the temperature rise and the reflections of sunlight from the building sides.

The central government of Japan announced carbon free society up to 2050. However, decarbonization at built-up area is difficult, as low carbon facilities such as insulation walls, PVs should be installed at the rebuilding-stages. The purpose of this study is to clarify the decarbonization at the high-density and low-rise residential areas with great number of burnable houses in Tokyo where disaster prevention is essential. The paper firstly reviews the situation of these areas, followed by the analysis of reduction of energy consumptions at the rebuilding stages. Aa a consequence, we pointed out following two are important for decarbonization in these densely built-up area; promotion of rebuilding of old burnable houses and consideration of regulation for high-rise developments.

This study summarizes the forty-year history of the Shirahige East Area Disaster Prevention Base provided with emergency equipment and catastrophe relief measures, which was developed from 1970s to1980s to reduce future disaster risk of Sumida Ward, and examines its management and disaster risk reduction activities directed by residents. As a result, the following became clear: (1) Maintenance costs and availability of emergency equipment has been changed according to changes in the surrounding circumstance, but it is still recognized as an important disaster prevention base; (2) Due to the aging of the housing complex residents, the capacity to accept evacuees from outside is declining, (3) Although the number of vulnerable buildings in the surrounding area has decreased and open space has increased as a whole, some high disaster risk districts still remain with population decline and aging.

This study aimed to clarify the actual situation of land use as temporary use or open space in Land Readjustment Projects for recovery from the Great East Japan Earthquake, approximately ten years after the disaster. A visual survey of 11 land project areas in Iwate Prefecture confirmed that, on average, about 20% of the vacant lots were being used. The content of land use, such as temporary or open space use, was confirmed to vary depending on the district conditions. The reconstruction status and location of convenience facilities in the same district have affected the uneven land use distribution even within the same district. In addition, it became clear that there are cases where temporary urban use is expressed and cases where green land use predominates, depending on the pre-earthquake urban conditions and other factors.

In this study, we analyzed the relationship between built environment and marriage / birth behavior using Web questionnaire survey data for the Tokyo metropolitan area. Statistical control and longitudinal design were used in the analysis to consider self-selection based on individual preferences. From the statistical control analysis, the relationship between car use and marital behavior was influenced by individual preferences for car use, but the relationship with single-family homes, no such effect was observed. The relationship between single-family homes and birth behavior was influenced by individual preferences for single-family homes, but the relationships with car use and proximity to train stations were not significant. From the longitudinal design analysis, we found the relationships between living environment, transportation mode and the marriage behavior, and between built environment and birth behavior.

Getting to our destinations, we often seek the better way to avoid traffic jams. In this study, we evaluate some routing policies in the view of the traffic flow at roads and intersections. This study is focused on a finite square grid graph. We assume origins and destinations are uniformly and independently distributed at nodes. The main results by computing traffic flows for each policy are as follows: (1) Increase the number of turns causes more traffic flow at the center, (2) The policy to avoid roads where heavy traffic is expected to occur causes heavy traffic on other roads, (3) To relieve heavy traffic on the road, a single left-turning route is desirable, (4) In ideal situation where the maximum inflow at intersections is minimizes, the maximum inflow at intersections is more than 7% more than the average inflow.

Since the preferences differ greatly in tourist behavior, it is required to postulate heterogeneity. We develop a method to estimate the utility of tourist destination, which means the threshold of travel cost such that no stopover is generated, by means of the inverse shortest path problem (ISP). The proposed models assuming homogeneity and heterogeneity estimate the utility common to all travelers and the utility of each traveler, respectively. With the use of excursion behavior extracted from location data, we elucidate the popular and niche sightseeing destinations in Yamagata Prefecture. Our methodology is novel in that ISP estimates the value of the facilities visited during excursion from the perspective of the travel cost method. It contributes to the tourism promotion based on the preferences of each traveler.

In recent years, efforts to automate heavy freight vehicles, such as the introduction of high capacity vehicles and automated trucks, have been rapidly promoted for the purpose of reducing labor and environmental impact of truck transportation. In this study, the optimal location of logistics hubs in line haul transport in Japan is formulated using the hub location problem, taking into account the cost reductions due to increased capacity and automation resulting from the implementation of trucks platooning in line haul transport between hubs. The results show that, in common with the automation scenarios, as the number of hubs increases, they are located in locations with high traffic demand on the Pacific Ocean sides. Even if the technological evolution progresses, it was also found that there is no significant difference in the location results, and there is no problem in considering the allocation to bases as a single allocation in an approximate manner.

This study aims to analyze the trip patterns of railway commuters in the Chukyo metropolitan area, and to determine the locations of flow-intercepting facilities over the railway network based on the flows. We created railway network data based on the railway lines covered in the Census data for commuter traffic in Chukyo metropolitan area in 2010. We solve the problem of determining a specified number of stations to maximize the volume of flows that have at least one facility along the travel path. The number of target flows is about 11,500 and the total flow volume 725,000. We found that the optimal three-facility solution is the combination of Nagoya, Kanayama, and Ozone stations, and the solution covers nearly 60% of the total flow volume in the Chukyo area. The results are useful in planning the location of commercial stores, childcare and medical services, and various public facilities.

This paper describes a Condorcet two-stage voting model to determine the number and location of facilities for flow-demand in a spatial setting. Although electorates enjoy the facilities, flat tax is imposed on them for the recovery of facility maintenance costs. We consider two types of voting systems based on the place of residence and the origin and destination of flow-demand. First, we verify that the electorates choose more facilities than optimal policy in the former voting system,<br />but less facilities in the latter one, by use of median voter theorem. Second, we prove that these two types of voting systems induce different facility location in the case of two-facility. Third, we reveal that the identification of the facility specialized in flow-demand is critical to reduce the derivation from the socially optimal supply.

To consider the development of urban areas and future planning, it is important to analyze the micro land use transition of architectural units. The purpose of this study is to develop a machine learning model to estimate building type from building name and obtain micro land use transition data. The target area is the city center, where mixed building types are observed, and the types were classified into five types. The closer distance between the region to be studied and applied is better percentage of correct answers. Although it is better to collect the training data close to the area of application,even when the data is collected uniformly across the country, a useful generalied model a better result, than the human correct response rate.

In this paper, methods for detecting districts with locally significant population changes are discussed. The methods are practically applied to 240 meshes (1km×1km), including the three wards of Nerima, Suginami, and Setagaya in the western part of Tokyo's 23 wards. There are some problems with using a choropleth map of the rate of population change, and in particular, it is difficult to capture population change according to the difference in spatial scale. To overcome the problem, a method is employed to test whether the population ratio of a mesh relative to the surrounding meshes has changed or not. This method allows us to find districts that show local population changes, and is expected to be effective for urban planning in a society with a declining population in the future.

Urban shrinkage has become a common phenomenon in China. This study, taking all prefecture-level cities in mainland China as the research subject, analyzes the Spatio-temporal changes of shrinking cities from 2000 to 2020 based on the population and socio-economic data. This study identifies factors that significantly affect urban shrinkage through panel data regression and explores the differences in the impact of factors across regions through geographically weighted regression. The results show that: 1) The number of shrinking cities has increased significantly. 2) Urban shrinkage is significantly affected by population mobility, aging, industrial structure upgrading, and local government revenue. 3) There are significant differences in the impact of factors on different regions. In west-central China, shrinking cities are most affected by population mobility. Aging has the strongest impact on Southwest China. Northeastern cities are mainly affected by the industrial structure upgrading, and local fiscal revenue is also an important factor.

This paper aims to identify the factors affecting the installation of residential solar photovoltaic (PV) in housing estates in Kakegawa City, Shizuoka Prefecture. The analysis of 1,327 houses in housing estates revealed that houses that were lower, fully rebuilt, newly constructed, larger as well as newly constructed were more likely to have PV installed. Furthermore, comparing to houses in adjacent blocks, the analysis of 1,971 houses showed that houses without building agreements, that were lower, fully rebuilt, newly constructed, smaller as well as newly constructed were more likely to have PV installed. Based on the results, full reconstructions, new constructions, building heights and property areas were suggested as factors affecting PV installation.

This study used a composite of data on land transactions in municipalities across Japan to estimate the uneven distribution of areas where land transactions are stagnant and the factors influencing their flow. The results show that stagnation in the flow of land transactions is particularly pronounced in conditionally disadvantaged areas, even after adjustment by existing stock. In addition, we found differences by type of stock ownership, such as the different transaction trends between owner-occupied and rented houses. A more detailed analysis of the actual status of flows is expected to contribute to the formulation of strategic countermeasures for vacant houses in an era of declining population.

In this paper, production-constrained gravity model for urban trip pattern, that is Huff's model, is formulated according to the entropy maximizing framework. Some characteristics useful to understand the structure of the model were found by a precise observation on an analytical aspect on it. A new method for parameter estimation for Huff's model is also proposed in our study: the distance decay parameter for the Huff's model can be estimated just by solving a non-linear equation which is derived by the constrained entropy maximization problem, and the uniqueness of the estimator has been verified mathematically.

Japan has seriously faced on depopulating, nevertheless the population of the Tokyo region has increased by inflow from other rural areas. Especially, migration from rural to urban is often appeared at entering university. Therefore, it is important that we understand what factors related to local settlement by U-turn. Based on these circumstances, this study carries out a questionnaire survey for inhabitants of local cities focused on with or without of migration at entering university and their local settlement intention. Based on this questionnaire survey, we analyzed and compared an important factor on settlement intention between local city and migrated city, and suggest improvement measures for local settlement intention.

This paper attempts to model residential choice model with teleworking, building on the models of urban economics. Existing models use a conditional maximization problem. However, since household residence choice is considered a stochastic act, this model uses a logit model. We also set multiple values for households and show how the residential distribution changes with telework frequency. The results show that the diversity of residential choices increases as the telework frequency increases, and that the points of maximum number of households move differently depending on the type of values. Furthermore, by assuming a change in values due to teleworking, we show that the number of households in the urban center may be larger than before when the frequency of work visits returns to normal.

The purpose of this study is to clarify how the location of large-scale retail stores and the distribution of urban population affect each other in local cities. 36 local cities were classified by population size. Using DID, station and bus station areas within and outside DID, and population in reachable areas from the urban center as the cities features, we analyzed the relationship between location of large-scale retail stores and distribution of urban population. As a result, no matter with city size, if large retail stores are located in the suburbs, more people tend to live in the suburbs, and conversely, if more people live in the suburbs, large retail stores also locate at the suburbs, which appears to be a vicious cycle.

In this study, we conducted a survey of residents' attitudes in Daijiji district, Morioka City, in order to examine the relationship between satisfaction with the district as a whole and satisfaction with the living environment, as well as the evaluation structure of the living environment, and the impact of social capital on these factors. The results of the analysis showed that the living environment items related to the overall satisfaction level of the district differed depending on the difference in social capital, and that the evaluation structure of the living environment also differed. The results also suggest that living environment items that are not significantly related to overall district satisfaction are related to overall district satisfaction through other living environment items.

This research investigates the location control of facilities related to renewable energy in Denmark, which has comprehensive spatial planning by municipalities and has quickly shifted to renewable energy. Our investigation revealed that Denmark is planning renewable energy facilities in the Municipal plan based on the Danish Planning Act, which is the basis of spatial planning. Based on the plan, wind turbines are mainly led to locate in land zones, district heating systems located close to existing buildings, and small wind turbines will locate in built-up areas. Furthermore, wind turbines and photovoltaic power plants, which are mainly led to located in land zones, have many guidelines and location regulations that consider nature, landscape, etc. And the rules of removal for wind turbines and photovoltaic power plants are also outlined.

From the point of river basin disaster resilience through cooperation between urban planning and river improvement, this paper aims at identifying issues that arise in the field of urban planning, by examining urban flood control measures that are conforming to the place and basin-wide, based on the effects and limits of river improvement and future change in number of households. A comparison of flood risk before and after river improvement reveals that the effects of river improvement differ depending on the basin municipality. The study also revealed the need to consider long-term urban conditions and the need for consistency with flood control measures in the surrounding area and the urban planning system led by the municipality.

In this study, we focused on walking accessibility to life service facilities in nationwide residential promotion areas and compared the results by municipality, and revealed that Walking accessibility to medical facilities especially are high. Then, we examined the relationship between walking accessibility to life service facilities and population density, and disaster risk per 500m mesh. We showed that the higher the population densities, the higher the walking accessibility to life service facilities. We also made cleared that, for meshes with similar population densities, the higher the walking accessibility to life service facilities, the lower the risk of landslide disaster, but the higher the risk of flood disaster, which was stronger in municipalities with higher population densities in the residential promotion areas.

At present, the indicators used by many local governments to evaluate cities are based on the resident population, so it is considered insufficient to evaluate the daytime bustle caused. Therefore, in this study, we grasped daytime bustle by time zone using mobile spatial statistics, and evaluated around the railway stations. The conclusion is the following three points. First, using the Moran scatter plot, we revealed the characteristics of the exchange population by time zone. Second, the four quadrants calculated by the Moran scatter plot (aggregated type) revealed little change over time. Finally, by focusing on the continuous bustle by the accumulated times for each aggregated type, we evaluated around the railway station and proposed the development policy around the railway station in the future.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, net migration to Tokyo decreased, whereas net migration to surrounding prefectures increased. This dispersal of residents to the suburbs was probably influenced by the attributes of relocated persons and changes in their preferences for their new locations. This study analyzed the effects of “dispersal to the suburbs” from several perspectives based on an original questionnaire. Results revealed that 1) factors such as occupation, annual household income, and frequency of telecommuting affected COVID-19-related relocation, and 2) not all of the three factors of infection anxiety, change in commuting, and increased home time affected changes in personal preferences.

This study aims to identify the determinants of population mobility. A novel method using partial least squares regression is proposed, demonstrating that it can avoid the problems of conventional methods such as multicollinearity. The estimation results reveal that the main patterns of population migration include (1) migration to spatially proximate areas, (2) migration seeking higher urban services, (3) migration to areas with more universities, and (4) migration to older urban areas with higher density. Furthermore, estimates for the young generation aged 20-24 show that, in addition to factors common to all generations, university entrance and graduation have significant impacts on population mobility in this generation. These findings can be helpful for local governments to make evidence-based urban policies.

Since the masterplan for urban planning requires efficient implementation of a large variety of projects, it is necessary to manage the progress of projects according to the PDCA cycle management concept. As the computable urban economic (CUE) models is one of powerful tool to analyze effects of policies to the goals of the plan, it is necessary to consider the human flow to evaluate polices to urban area, as human flow has significant impacts to the economy in cities with huge population especially in developing countries. In addition, it is necessary to evaluate effects of policies to each industry, as targeted goals for specific industry is frequently indicated in the plan. Therefore, in this study, CUE model with the structure that enables detailed analysis of human flow and each industry basis effects is proposed and applied to the evaluation of Hanoi urban master plan as a tool for PDCA cycle management.

In this study, we empirically examined the impact of citizen satisfaction with each urban policy as written in the local government's comprehensive plan on the fostering of civic pride, using Oyabe City as a case study. The results of the citizen questionnaire survey statistically revealed a cause-and-effect relationship in which increasing the level of satisfaction with policies related to municipal management through public-private collaboration, formation of attractive urban space and promotion of tourism, and promotion of education fosters attachment, which constitutes civic pride, and thus identity, engagement and desire for maintaining. The study also revealed that creating opportunities for citizens to participate in society and fostering a sense of ownership is the most effective policy for fostering civic pride, and that civic pride is higher among men, the elderly, and citizens who have lived in the community for longer periods of time.

In this study, we analyzed the relationship between activity and stress and a sense of purpose in life under the influence of the COVID-19. The results indicated that anxiety about using facilities and transportation caused by COVID-19 led to a decreased activity. It was also shown that the decreased activity leads to stress, and stress leads to a decrease in the sense of purpose in life. It was also revealed that the decreased activity and recovery from the decreased activity in the COVID-19 pandemic differed depending on regional characteristics. Since the relationship between decreased activity and decreased a sense of purpose in life was shown, it is necessary to consider the creation of activity opportunities according to regional characteristics.

In recent years, there have been some cases of public facility reorganization, in which public libraries and other complex facilities are developed in city center. The paper first analyzes the recent trend of public libraries in local cities, focusing on facility complexes and their location. Next, the paper conducts case studies of libraries that have combined its facilities in city center. Based on these studies, the paper examines that kind of library from the aspects of public facility reorganization and urban planning as well as the direction of new library services. As a way to develop facilities that meet the needs of both aspects, the paper locates the complex facilities in city center as a hub of collective knowledge. On the other hand, it is found that not only the construction of facilities but also efforts in the central district are necessary for revitalization, and that it is necessary to consider the difference in perceptions of revitalization between urban planning and library.

As Japan's young population continues to decline and the concentration of young people in Tokyo continues, UIJ-turns are attracting attention. Although various efforts are being made by ministries and agencies to promote UIJ-turn, there is no detailed understanding of the factors that influence the formation of regional attachment, which may trigger young people to return to their hometowns. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand in detail the influence on the formation of regional attachment and the relationship with UJ-turn behavior, focusing on the part of urban symbols among young people in their 20s. From a questionnaire-based attitude survey, we found that there is a relationship between UJ-turn behavior and the degree of regional attachment. It was also indicated that symbols that residents are often actively involved in, such as festivals and traditional events, may lead to the formation of regional attachment and the intention to make a UJ-turn.

In the areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake, it was necessary to regenerate the shopping district. In the reconstruction after the earthquake, various actors took on new challenges. Since the decline of shopping streets has been progressing nationwide since before the earthquake, changes are required not only in the affected areas but also in the shopping streets of local cities. In this study, we will analyze the changes in the shopping district that occurred during the reconstruction process and analyze the places that will play a new role in Ishinomaki City and Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture. The purpose is to consider the new role of the shopping district in the central area of a provincial city.

This paper investigates the formation of place attachment in the potential shrinking communities (PSC), considering the difference in perception of daily convenience. Via a questionnaire survey conducted in ageing communities in Miyagi Prefecture, we found that the physical environment is important for forming place attachment in PSC. No significant effects were found on length of residence and age. A further comparison between the higher daily convenience group (H-DC) and the lower daily convenience group (L-DC) reveals that H-DC shows higher place attachment than the L-DC. Additionally, the effect of social cohesion on place attachment seems to be slightly stronger in H-DC. These results suggest that it is efficient to increase local assets’ attractiveness and promote activities that can build trust between locals, to foster place attachment in PSC. In addition, enhancement in social cohesion including infrastructure improvement seems important for people who perceived lower daily convenience.

In this study, we construct a mathematical model that simultaneously minimizes the operating costs of regional centers and network, as well as the traveling cost of center users. In recent years, the spread of videoconferencing and related services enables people to receive higher level services at the lower-level center near their residences without going to the higher-level center. The model was used to calculate the optimal center locations and network structure in the case of a decrease of demand and an increase in the demand capture rate at the lower centers, and clarified that it is important to appropriately change the location and network structure according to the changes expected in the future, from the viewpoint of efficiency.

The COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2020, affecting various aspects of society and the economy, is expected to have an impact on wide-area population movement, which is of great interest from the perspective of national land planning, and in fact, an expansion of migration from metropolitan areas to rural areas has been observed. In this paper, we attempt to understand the characteristics of migration under the COVID-19 pandemic by using a modified gravity model based on data on inter-prefectural migration obtained through the Basic Resident Registration Population. As a result, it was confirmed that migration to areas with lower incomes or larger per capita living space tends to occur relatively more frequently. In terms of short-term changes, it was found that migration is suppressed once at the time of infection spread in the originating area, but then recovers and exceeds the previous level of migration.

Many municipalities have established Urban Function Induction-encouraged Areas (core areas) in a hierarchical manner through Location Normalization plans. Although there have been many studies on what kind of facilities to core areas, "human movement" to there has not been systematically evaluated. In this study, the validity of the core areas is discussed through the categorization of sites based on human movement. The results of the analysis <br />using the Tokyo Person Trip Survey showed that 1) there are cases in which the local government has set up a core area but there are no appropriate arrival trips, and 2) on the contrary, there are cases in which even a sub-core area is judged to be highly hierarchical in terms of concentrated trips. Therefore, it was suggested that it is important to set up core <br />areas based on wide-area coordination that covers the entire area.

The return of population to the urban center has led to population growth and a mix of uses in commercial zoning areas in Fukuoka. This study analyzed the management of small parks by community based organization (CO) in commercial zoning areas in Fukuoka.<br />The challenges are: (1) population growth has not led to the strengthening of COs, resulting in a shortage of local park managers; (2) park management by COs is limited in its ability to handle many anonymous park users; and (3) management by COs does not occur in parks under 1000 sqm because it is difficult for COs to use these parks for their events.<br />The three main categories of local park managers were (1) Existing COs, (2) non-community based organization(NCO), and (3) specific park users. In relation to land use, park management by NCO was more likely to occur in parks with a greater mix of non-residential uses in the surrounding area. Parks with predominantly residential use and smaller in size were managed by specific users.

After the decision of height restriction, there are opinions that the restriction should be maintained or tightened for landscape conservation. On the other hand, there are opinions that the restriction should be relaxed because of prioritizing the economy. This study aims to clarify the process and contents of opinions about revision of the restriction. The results are as follows: (1) Discussion about height of buildings by civil organizations was stopped after decision of the restriction. (2) There are six issues in this discussion. Especially, only issues to relax the restriction are updating. (3) Difference of opinions between civil organization and local government has expanded because the discussion by civil organization had stopped. (4) Even after decision of the restriction, discussion about townscape should be continued.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual conditions of formation and transformation of local industries and residential areas in the Sumiyoshi and Mikage, Kobe areas in order to contribute to community development and landscape formation and conservation.Specifically, the focus is on the cultural inheritance of the region from the early modern period to the modern period. Granite natural stone (Mikageishi) was used in the condominiums to create a landscape in harmony with the surroundings, taking advantage of the local history and culture. As a mechanism for maintaining the landscape, the reality was that the granite landscape spilled over starting with the granite masonry of the mansions and their outbuildings that are currently being maintained.

In this study, it is discussed the actual situation of tourist and non-tourist behavior in railway trackside spaces, including the background awareness and characteristics of the places of behavior, based on interviews and field observations in the areas along the Enoshima Electric Railway line, with a view to both creating a living landscape and ensuring safety. As a result, the types, purposes, and safety awareness of their Behavior toward Railways and their three functions in the formation of living landscapes were clarified. (1) "enjoyment" of the scenic and convenience value of the railway, (2) "provision" to enhance the quality of enjoyment or to provide new value, and (3) "maintenance" to ensure safety and maintain the performance of the enjoyment and provision functions. These actions are performed based on a reading of the characteristics of the place, and they show differences in the awareness of the subjects.

Restoring the nature on land near rivers over the basin, after residential relocation due to a flood mitigation, is an important issue for regenerating the river environment. However, one of difficulties for planning is to share the values of it among various citizens. This study’s goal is to identify the characteristics of the public participatory planning process in which the planning body could share the values of regenerating the river environment with citizens, focusing on the Ōtākaro Avon River Corridor Regeneration Plan in Christchurch, which presents a spatial plan for regenerating the river environment in the extensive Residential Red Zone land. As a result of the research, it is identified that the establishment of a consensus-building base such as land conditions between the planning body and citizens in the early stage and the gradually expanding the area of restoring the nature from places such as the land outside embankments with high flood risks, where many citizens can share the importance of restoring the nature, were important.

Since the 2000s there have been cases in Seoul of preserving large-scale buried cultural heritages and old street during the redevelopment of. downtown areas. In the early phases, the Seoul Metropolitan Government forced to recommend the private sector to preserve without providing any special incentives to redevelopment projects owners. However, as the number of cases gradually accumulated, it was confirmed that it was developing into a system that actively preserves and provides incentives. Especially, redevelopment projects in <em>Cheongjin</em> and <em>Gonpyeong</em> area, where the urban fabric created since Joseon Dynasty buried underneath, were good illustrations to understand the paradigm shift of the local government in preserving the historicity of old Seoul.