Infiltration of leucocytes can be frequently found in cancer tissues, but it is not clear whether it is due to infection, by-products of the disintegration accompanying tissue necrosis by the proliferative infiltration of cancer, or toxin from cancer cells. With the purpose to clarify this point the author injected an aseptic extract prepared from cancer tissue under the skin of mice, and by making serial slice specimens and staining these with hematoxilineosin, investigated the manners of exudation of leucocytes.
In the case of the extract of gastric cancer subcutaneously injected in mice a greater number of leucocytes are exudated far earlier than in the case of the extract of normal stomach tissue.
Even when extracts of other cancer tissues including breast cancer tissue are similarly injected, a maked exudation of leucocytes can be recognized, suggesting that there is some inflammation-inducing factor in cancer tissue.

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After injecting various substances extracted from cancer tissues under the skin of mice and preparing serial slice specimms stained with hematoxilin and eosin, the author studied the exudation of leucocytes, and obtained the following results:
1. After fractionating proteins in various extracts of cancer tissues with (NH₄)₂SO₄ and injecting each fraction under the skin of test mice, it has been found that the inflammationinducing factor is contained abundantly in the euglobulin fraction.
2. Even when the extracts of cancer tissues, devoid of proteins after the treatment with trichlor acetic acid or tannic acid, are injected similarly, a marked infiltration of leucocytes can be recognized.
3. When these extracts are injected in the similar way even after heating 30 minutes at 60 C, the exudation of leucocytes can be observed markedly.
4. Substance extracted from cancer tissues by the same treatment as employed in extracting Menkin's leukotaxin demonstrates to contain a factor that induces a marked exudation of leucocytes.

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By observing tissue extension specimens prepared from the rabbits previously given subcutaneous injection of extracts of various cancer tissues for 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes, the author studied the exudation of leucocytes, and obtained the following results:
The earliest exudation of leucocytes observable, namely, five minutes afterwards, is in the case of the cancer-tissue extracts obtained by treating with pyridine and acetone. The findings after the injection of these substances are a more marked hyperemia and dilation of blood vessels than in other cases. Moreover, despite a relatively small increase of leucocytes in blood vessls the exudation of leucocytes can be recognized.
As for the exudation picture after 30 minutes, it is marked in the cancer tissue extracts, the euglobulin fraction of the cancer-tissue extracts, and heated cancer-tissue extracts, followed by the extracts of the cancer tissues treated with trichlor acetic acid and tannic acid.

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With the brains of foetuses on the fifth gravid month and on the eighth gravid month the author isolated and estimated the free amino-acids and related substances at various parts of these brains by means of the ion-exchange chromatography, and conducted the same investigations with the normal tissues surrounding the tumor of the frontal lobe in the brain of an 18-year-old patient with tubosclerosis.
1. The quantities of free amino-acids in the foetal brains differ significantly from those in the mature human brain.
2. In the foetal brain, with some variations according to sites, amino-acids such as taurine, phosphoethanolamine, glycine and alanine, generally tend to decrease with the advance in age, while glutaminic, aspartic and γ-amino-butyric acids tend to increase.
3. In either one of the foetal brains γ-amino-butyric acid is detected in a largest quantity in the hypothalamus.
4. Cystathionine which is often detected in a large quantity in the human brain after birth can hardly be recognized in the foetal brain.

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We attempted to reserch that a poison are produced in blood when the blood are irradiated, and whether such poison causes tissue injuries secondarily or not.
Experimental Method: After the rabbits blood of removing serum in test tube are irradiated with great doses of X-rays or Co⁶⁰ at a time, such blood injected to other healthy rabbits, and then we research to what change are brought in such case, and we find out following matter.
Experimental Results: The peripheral blood cell count reduced after transfusions, the function of the reticuloendotherial system falled and the apperance of Heinz's body erythrocytes were remarkable.
In view of these facts, it seems to be produced a toxic substance in the peripheral blood of the rabbit irradiated with X-ray or Co⁶⁰, and the the toxic substance causes radiation injuries secondarily.

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A long time has elapsed since the cause of anemia in the cancer patient was tried to clarify in vain.
Discovery of Toxohrmone by Nakahara and Fukuoka, a toxic substance in the cancer tissue, gave an important clue clarifying this study.
The author has studied the influence of human cancer Toxohormone on the blood picture of rabbit, obtaining following results.
1) Red cell count and hemoglobin were significantly decreased within 48 hours after the injection, not transitory in nature.
2) Reticulocyte was increased in accordance with occurrence of the anemia and returned to normal with the recovery.
3) No changes in the diameter of red cells were encountered.
4) White blood cells were slightly increased.

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Liver catalase, blood catalase and serum iron were determined in rabbit following injection of Toxohormone, a special toxic substance in the cancer tissue, for studying the each relationship.
Results obtained were as follows:
1) Liver catalase activity was markedly decreased.
2) No changes in blood catalase, blood catalase index and hemoglobin catalase index were noted.
3) Serum iron was noticeably decreased, preceding decrease in red cells and blood hemoglobin.
It has been considered that the iron was adsorbed and seized by the action of Toxohormone, resulting the decrease in the liver catalase followed by anemia.

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The general anaphylaxis is obviously influenced by general narcotics and some agents. To make clear of its mechanism this study was done.
The ovialbumin was administrated and the change of leukocytes, shock symptoms and skin reaction were studied every day after the preliminary management. Thus the influence of Ravonal intravenous injection and cold anesthesia was researched. The results were as follows;
1) After the injection of ovialbumin, normal rabbits showed decrease of leukocytes. Ravonal and cold anesthesia restrained its decrease.
2) By Ravonal or cold anestheisa alone, the numbers of leukocytes do not show any change.
3) The rabbits injected by ovialbumin 3 times every other day obtained tolerance in 3 or 5 days (decline of reaction) and gradually moved into anaphylaxis (increase of reaction) in 10 to 17 days.
4) In every stadium Ravonal and cold anesthesia restrained the reaction grade. Cold anesthesia restraines the shock symptom and skin reaction much stronger. The reason is considered to owe to anesthetic effect of Ravonal upon the respiratory system which is a shock reactive organ, and the duartion of anesthesia.
5) A reciprocity shows that stronger the anaphylactic shock is the more the leukocytes decrease.
6) These anesthesia restrain not only the general anaphylactic crisis but reduse the reactions in normal rabbits or rabbits with tolerance. They also effect upon the combination of antigen and antibody which is a characteristic in the anaphylactic stadium and show a controling effect.

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The Lugol solution was administrated and the changing of leukocytes, shock symptoms and skin reaction were studied every day after the prelimiary management. Thus the influence of Ravonal intravenous injection and cold anesthesia was researched. The results were as follows:
1) Injecting 0.03cc Lugol solution to normal guinea pigs each weighting 100g, shock symptoms appeared but using 0.01cc solution no general symptoms were found.
2) In normal guinea pigs, leukocytes decrease after the Lugol solution injection. Those which were managed preliminary by Lugol solution, leukocytes incresed in three or five days by the reinjection of Lugol solution. Even by injection of 0.03cc per 100g weight guinea pigs, they showed no shock symptoms and acquired tolerance.
3) On the 10th and 17th day from the preliminary management leukocytes decrease markedly if the reinjection of Lugol solution be done. Shock symptoms will be caused even by injection of 0.01cc per 100g weight guinea pigs and anaphylaxis found.
4) The skin reaction descends on the 3rd and the 5th day from the preliminary management (tolerance). On the 8th day it becomes nearly similar to normal guinea pigs and then gradually moves to anaphylaxis on the 11th and the 17th days.
5) For each reaction above mentioned the intravenous injection of Ravonal and cold anesthesia shows reduction. Only the control effects of Ravonal to the skin reaction is very slight.
6) The controlling mechanism of Ravonal and cold anesthesia for the general anaphylaxis is not the effect of the antigen and antibody combination nor that of the produced chemical reactive substances but is regarded to act on the decrease of reactive power of a living body.

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The present author, to measure the human thmpanic membrane by making a mold of the external ear with alginate impression material, made preliminary fundamental experiments on phantoms and rabbits.
1. When alginate impression material was introduced to a phantom with rubber membrane 0.1mm thick, the pressure on the membrane being only 23mm Hg, an accurate mold was obtained. On the contrary, with wood's alloy, the membrane of the phantom swelled markedly and no accurate mold could be obtained.
2. The bony bulla of a rabbit being opened, the picture of the tympanic membrane was taken from the tympanumside through the opening, and it was compared to the alginate mold obtained by introducing the material into external auditory canal simultaneously. In this way, it was proved that the mold represented faithfully the shape of the tympanic membrane.
3. With alginate impression material several molds could be obtained repeatedly on one rabbit.
4. With wood's alloy, because it perforated the tympanic membrane of the rabbit by its weight and heat, no mold could be obtained.
5. The deformations of the tympanic membrane at various negative and positive pressures into rabbit's tympanum could be recorded in molds by introducing alginate impression material into the external auditory canal.
6. When more than 10mm Hg negative or positive pressure was loaded on rabbit's tympanic membrane from the external auditory canal, perforation was evoked at the pars flaccida in 15 out of 18 ears.
7. When the external ear and bony bulla of the rabbit are fixed and imbedded in celoidin, they contracted as a whole and the tympanic membrane underwent a considerable deformation.

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The present author, by the method of measuring human tympanic membrane by molding with alginate impression material, studied the detailed morphological changes of drum at normal pressure and-30mm Hg of the tympanum in 7 normal ears.
1. The present experiment was performed on 7 ears of 7 adults, 1655 years old, whose heasing acuity was normal and who had no abnormal findings in the tympanic membrane.
2. Average size of the tympanic membrane. Projecting on a flat surface the vertical diameter was 9.85mm, the diameter along the malleus 7.51mm and the horizontal diameter 7.55mm. In true lengths, the vertical diameter was 11.19mm, the diameter along the malleus 8.81mm and the horizontal diameter 8.77mm. The projection resulted in a shortening to about 14%.
3. The radius of the tympanic membrane from the umbo was shortest antero-inferiorly (3.63mm). The postero-inferior radius was next (4.39mm, and 4.42mm to the short process) and the postero-superior radius was longest (5.15mm). The average diameter of the pars flaccida was, along the vertical line, 2.37mm.
4. By negative pressure the tympanic memdrane was distended on the diameter along the malleus by 0.22mm (2.5%) and on the horizontal diameter by 0.17mm (1.97%). Centering the umbo the distention was 0.12mm (2.73%) on the postero-inferior radius, 0.09mm (2.48%) on the antero-inferior radius, 0.10mm (2.26%) along the malleus, and 0.08mm (1.55%) on the postero-superior radius. The distention was largest in the pars flaccida (0.22mm, 9.28%).
5. The average distance of the infundibulum to the imaginal surface of the tympanic membrane was 2.04mm, which was displaced 0.21mm medially by negative pressure. The height of the short process was 0.06mm. By negative pressure the process was displaced 0.18mm medially. The height of the basis of the pars flaccida was 0.49mm. The basis was retracted by negative pressure 0.35mm more. Namely, comparing to the degree of retraction of the umbo, that of the short process was smaller by 14.4% and that in the pars flaccida was larger by 67%.
6. The retraction in the pars tensa by negative pressure was most extreme in the posterosuperior part (0.26mm). This was larger than the retraction of the umbo by 24%. The retraction of the antero-inferior part was 0.18mm, that near the handle of the malleus 0.16mm, and that in the postero-inferior part was 0.13mm, which was slightest, and furthermore, smaller than the retraction of the umbo by 38%.
7. Otoscopically, the radius centering the umbo was 4.59mm in the antero-superior part, 3.11mm in the antero-inferior part, 3.16mm in the postero-inferior part, and 1.46mm in the postero-superior part. The radius was lengthened by negative pressure 0.32mm and 0.36mm in the antero-inferior and postero-inferior parts respectively, while it was shortened 0.01mm and 0.34mm in the antero-superior and postero-superior parts respectively. Namely, the umbo was displaced 0.35mm in the postero-superior direction and gave a criterion of measurement of the degree of retraction.
8. The average width of the posterior fold of the tympanic membrane, observed with an otoscope, was 0.75mm. By negative pressure it decreased by 0.36mm to a half. Thus it formed a sharp border by an extreme retraction of the posterior part of the tympanic membrane and accentuated the degre of the retraction.

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The changes of the blood vessels and connective tissue following the local antigen-antidody reaction were experimentally investigated under various conditons.
The local antigen-antiboby reaction was produced on the ears of rabbits, sensitized by ox serum, and histologically examined.
The reaction following the second re-injection repeated one month after the first re-injection was compared with the reaction following a single re-injection.
Wounds were made on the ears of sensitized rabbits one month after the re-injection. On the other hand, antigen was intra-arterially or intracutan ously re-injected to the wounded ears of sensitized rabbits twelve hours after the wounding. The healing processes of these wound were histologically examined.
The results of these experiments were summarized as follows.
1) Intra-arterial injection of antigen are preferable to intracutaneous method as the method of re-injection, the reaction is intensified by arresting the local blood flow during a certain time immediately after the intra-arterial re-injection.
2) The early exsudative reaction following the second re-injection is less marked than that following the single re-injection, but the massive small round cell infiltration is more marked after the repeated re-injection.
3) In the wound healing process on the ears of rabbits, wounded one month after the re-injection, the proliferation of granulation and connective tissue is accelerated and the massive small round cell infiltration is intensified.
4) Re-injection twelve hours after the wounding suppresses the development of granulation in an early stage of wound healing but thereafter accelerates the proliferation of connective tissue.
5) Changes of the arterial intima and media are most commonly observable blo odvessel damages and these changes are intensified by repeated re-injections or wounding.
6) From these results, it is thought that the function of the local connective tissue has been accentuated at least one month after the reinjection and blood vessels have been oversensitive during the same time.

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With the administration of histamine there occurs a transient increase of the urinary excretion of free histamine in the female rat being loaded with water and whose urine being collected every 30 minutes. In the previous paper (Folia pharmacol. japon. 54, 1221, 1958) it was reported that such an increase is dependent upon the basal rate (a) of the urinary excretion of histamine and the amount (b) of histamine excessively excreted after intraperitoneal injection of a limited amount of histamine and that there is a relationship of b/a=k (k stands for constant pertaining dose). On the basis of these findings and taking the increase in the urinary excretion of histamine as an index, the author compared the potency and time course of in vivo histamine release as demonstrated by sinomenine hydrochloride, Compound 48/80, quinine hydrochoride, sodium cholate, dextran, egg white, decylamine and Tween 20, administered intraperitoneally.
Judging from the relationship between the degree of the increase in the urinary excretion of histamine and the amount of the substances being administered, the histamine-releasing ability of these substances was found to be in the order of; Compound 48/80>decylamine>sinomenine>sodium cholate>quinine, Tween 20>dextran and egg white. Of them, Compound 48/80 and sinomenine showed the increase in the urinary histamine exactly identical with that observed after histamine administration, taking the shortest time course; while in the cases of quinine, sodium cholate, dextran, and egg white the increase was somewhat slower; and by decylamine and Tween 20 it developed most slowly yet most persistently.
In the rats previously treated with guaiazulene, cortisone, aminopyrine or cinchophen sodium, increases in the urinary excretion of histamine by all the releasers mentioned above were similarly inhibited. Since mechanisms of histamine release action are not the same by different releasers, it seems that the action of these inhibitors is of such a nature as to be manifested at a common stage involved in different patterns of the mechanism of histamine release.
Such an action of cortisone was more marked in a relatively small dose rather than in a large dose, suggesting presence of an adequate amount of this steroid to be used for the manifestation of this action.
The histamine-releasing ability of egg white was inhibited in the alloxan-diabetic rat, while on the contrary, it was greatly accelerated in the insulin-treated rat. Such an effect of alloxan was completely antagonized by an adequate amount of insulin. However, in the rat with glycosuria induced by glucose administration, sensitivity to egg white was not altered. Succinic acid or oxaloacetic acid given with the purpose to inhibit the formation of keton bodies, could not eliminate the above mentioned alloxan effect. Both alloxan and insulin did not in any way modify the histamine-releasing effect of sinomenine.

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The experiments were performed on adult rabbits divided into four groups; simple laparotomy, small intestinal anastmosis, resections of upper and lower small intestines (1/3 to 1/2 of the whole length, respectively), estimating inorganic substances and protein in the sera for a week after operation. The function of the parathyroid glands was pursuited histologically after operation.
1) Calcium, potassium and protein in the sera were decreased in amount after operation. The decrcasing rate was highest in the group resected upper small intestine, the lower, the anastomosed, and the simply laparotomized in order. The rate was maximum on the second day after operation, and thereafter increased gradually until nearly normal level on the seventh day.
2) The amount of inorganic phosphorus in the serum was in inverse proportion with calcium, and was increased after operation, maximum on the second and returned to normal on the seventh postoperative day. The increasing rate was highest in the group resected upper small intestine, the lower, theanastomosed, and the simply laparotomized in order.
3) In the rabbit resected small intestine showed, histologically, a picture of hyperfunction the parathyroid gland, which was most remarkable in the cases passed three weeks and in two months after operation.

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Absorbability of the small intestine after resection was determined by P³² appeared into the peripheral blood, following instilment of the isotope into the stomach or into the bowel in loco.
1) Absorbability of the small intestine resected (1/3 to 1/2 of the whole length) was low as compared with that of the simple laparotomy or the intestinal anastomosis, and was slightly lower in the cases resected the upper than in the lower small intestine.
2) Absorbability of the small intestine three weeks after the resection was nearly the same as that in the control group, and no differences were observed between resections of the upper and lower small intestines.
3) In the cases instilled P³² into the small intestine in loco, the absorbability was hith both in the cases resected the upper or the lower small intestine, without showing any difference between them.

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Although primary malignant neoplasms of the duodenum have been recognized as rare for many years, this condition has not been clarified yet.
On the assumption of existence of anti-tumor activities in the duodenum, Brunner's glands as an anatomical singularity, the following results were obtained experimentally.
1) The possibility of Brown-Pearce tumor-take in the duodenum of rabbits was less as compared with in the other gastrointestinal canal, and an intimate relation was observed histologically between Brunner's glands and tumor growth in the duodenal wall.
2) The secreting fluid of Brunner's glands played a suppressive role on the growing of cultured tumor tissue in the incubated eggs.
3) The fluid showed anti-tumor activity on the Ehrlich mouse ascites carcinoma.
4) The fluid had an inhibitory action on the growing of Brown-Pearce tumor in the eyes or testicles of rabbits.
5) The anti-tumor activities presented by the secreting fluid of Brunner's glands were completely inactivated by heating the fluid at 100°C. for five minutes. The secreting fluid of the stomach had no such anti-tumor activities.

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Changes in serum and urine electrolytes, sodium and potassium in erythrocytes, water and electrolytes contents in tissue were studied in dogs under hypothermia. Following results were obtained.
1) Changes in serum sodium and calcium are not found, though potassium decreases and chloride increases in hypothermia.
2) No marked changes in sodium and potassium in erythrocytes are found.
3) Urinary excretion of sodium and chloride decrease, while potassium increases. No changes in excretion of calcium are noted. Total amount of electrolytes excreted in urine decrease because urine volume is markedly diminished in hypothermia below 28°C.
4) No significant changes in water content in tissue are found. There is found no changes in sodium of tissue. Chloride in tissue decreases, while potassium in liver increases though no changes are found in other organs. Calcium in tissue remains constant.
Decrease of serum potassium and increase of chloride are remarkable changes in electrolytes in hypothermia. It is anticipated that deposition of potassium develops in liver because of decrease of glucose utilization due to low metabolism and decreased consumption of glycogen with resulting glycogen formation from excessive glucose which carries potassium from the extracellular fluid into the cells.
Increase of serum chloride is supposed to be due to mobilzation of intracellular chloride into blood and decrease of excretion in urine.

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Effects of operation on seruml evel and urinary excretion of sodium, chloride and potassium, and water and electrolytes coutent in tissue were studied on dogs in both hypothermic and normothermic conditions. Following results were obtained.
1) Hyponatremia and hypochloremia, decrease of urinary excretion of both electrolytes, increase of potassium-sodium ratio and increase of urinary excretion of potassium in accordance with decrease of urine volume were found during postoperative period in dogs who underwent operation under normothermia.
However, increase of urine volume occurred on about 5th or 6th postoperative day resulting in increase of urinary excretion of sodium and chloride, and decrease of potassium excretion.
Increase of water, sodium and chloride content of the tissue which had operative intervention, were found on the 4th postoperative day, though decrease of potassium was noted.
2) Decrease of serum sodium and chloride, and increase of potassium were noticed in hypothermic group, though these changes were not so significant as in nomothermic group.
Urinary excretion of sodium and chloride increased in accordance with increase of urine volume and chloride-sodium ratio were diminished. However, changes after 5th to 6th postoperative day were same in both groups.
There were found no significant changes in water and electrolytes content of tissue, which had operative intervention, on the 4th postoperative day in hypothermic group. Increase of water, sodium, and chloride in tissue were slight and no decrease of potassium was found.
It was anticipated based on these findings that excretion of ADH and function of adrenal gland were suppressed resulting in increase of urinary excretion of sodium and chloride with less retention of water, sodium and chloride in tissue during postoperative period in operation performed under hypothermia.
In addition to, decrease of potassium content in tissue was not found, suggesting of less consumption of body protein and suppression of catabolism during postoperaetive period.

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Hybrid guinea pigs weighing about 300grams were used for the test. Egg-album in antiserum was injected immediately after the whole body irradiation of X-ray. The same was done on the 5th, 7th, 14th, 21st and the 28th days. Twenty four hours later, the antigen was administered to observe the passive anaphylactic shock. The results were as follows:
1) The passive anaphylactic shock was restrained 5-7 days after the x-irradiation of 200r. It returned to normal after 14 days. After 28 days the reaction seemed to turn stronger.
2) By x-irradiation of 200r, the time of incubation to typical shock showed a tendency to prolong. The duration to death by shock also seemed to prolong.
3) Concerning the reduction-rate of the compliment no particular result was obtained.
4) The drop of body temperature was uncertain in case of 200r irradiation.
5) The dilation of the lung after the shock in guinea pigs has a mortal effect. By 200r irradiation, the lung dilation was moderate on the 7th day after the irradiation.
6) As for the clinical signs after 200r irradiation, no serious condition showed on the 7th day. The condition on the 5th day succeeded while they advanced after the 14th, the 21st and the 28th days.
7) After the 7th day of irradiation, the anaphylaxis of guinea pigs did not appear apparently in 100r irradiation but showed stronger in case of 50r and 25r irradiation.
Thus the author concludes that the effect of irradiation on the serological reactivity of guinea pigs was mostly restrained around one week after the irradiation in case of passive anaphylaxis by egg-albumin antibody as an indicator.

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Guinea pigs were sensitized with anti-egg-albumin rabbit serum with various intervals after the whole body x-irradiation. Twenty-four hours later 0.1cc of antigen of 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001% were injected on the abdominal skin intracutaneously. Arthus' phenomenon was observed after twenty four hours. The results were as follows:
1) By 200r x-irradiation, Arthus' phenomenon was mostly restrained on the 7th day after the exposure and returned to normal later but showed a tendency to incraese on the 28th day. The area of skin-redness at Arthus' phenomenon became small on the 7th day after exposure, and returned to normal later but showed a tendency to enlarge on the 28th day after the exposure.
2) By 400r irradiation, Arthus' phenomenon was mostly restrained on the 7th day and the area of skin-redness was scarecely observed.
3) Arthus' phenomenon by the method with Evans-blue injected intraveously as an index showed the largest area of the skincolouring on the 7th day after 200r x-irradiation without showing any clear margin. It returned normal afterwards. On the 28th day, the area of the skin-colouring was small with a clear margin.
4) After the 200r exposure, while the epidermis group was atrophic, pathological changes of skin were not so marked in general.

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Forssman's antibody was obtained from rabbits by injecting 10 percent saline emulsion of guinea pig kidney seven times every four day.
The minimum lethal dose of Forssman's antibody was administered into guinea pigs after the whole body X-irradiation. The effect of the irradiation on the lethality, the time to the death, the reduction rate of the complement, weight of the lung and clinical signs were investigated. The results were as follows:
1) By 200r irradiation, the reverse-anaphylaxis of guinea pigs by Forssman's antibody was restrained, and the lethal minimum dose was highest around the 14th day, and gradually returned to normal around the 21st day.
2) By 200r iradiation, the period of incubation until the typical shock of reverseanaphylaxis and the duration until the death by shock were prolonged.
3) By 200r irradiation, the lung-weight showed a tendency to be lightened in comparison with the control group.
4) By X-irradiation below 100r, no typical view was found, but it seemed to have the same tendency with the 200r exposure as a whole.

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As a step to investigate the pathological physiology of joints, the author attemped to study the absorption of sodium salicylate and carbon black in granuloma pouch (Selye) of rats and artificial connective tissue pouch (Terazawa) of rabbits and obtained the following results:
1. The absorption of sodium salicylate in the granuloma pouch of rats and in the artificial connective tissue pouch of rabbits is very rapid.
2. The absorption of 20%-polyvinyl pyrrolidon-sodium salicylate is slower than in the former.
3. In the pouch of the hydrocortisone-protected rat (Selye), the proliferation of the granuloma tissue and carbon absorption in the granuloma pouch are inhibited.
4. When the daily injection of 100mg/kg sodium salicylate is administered intraperitoneally to rats, the proliferation of granuloma tissue and the carbon absorption are slightly inhibited.
5. After the injection of hydrocortisone into the rat granuloma pouch, necrosis can be observed on the surface of the pouch wall, proving that there is a little carbon absorption.
6. Although the carbon absorption in the pouch having remarkable fibrosis is retarded, it can be accelerated by the scraping or washing of the pouch wall.

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No study has been found on exfoliated cells in the mouth washings, while some have been made on exfoliative cytology of the mouth. For the purpose of investigation of exfoliated epithelial cells in the mouth washings by physiologic saline solution, preliminary study was made on effective factors in centrifuging rounds and time, staining, and changes of cell morphology by the use of mouth washings taken from the normal oral cavity with healthy teeth. Mouth washings were centrifuged for 5, 10, or 30 minutes at 1, 000 r.p.m., 2, 000 r.p.m. or 3, 000 r.p.m. Washings were mixed immediately with 50 per cent alcohol or 95 per cent alcohol in comparison with those mixed with no alcohol. Each of materials was kept under the room temperature or in an incubator and examined consecutively concerning staining effect and changes of cell morphology.
The results obtained are as follows:
1. The stable condition in staining effect and cell morphology was obtained in case of mixing with an equal quantity of 50 per cent alcohol immediately after mouth washings were taken and of 10-minute centrifugation at 2, 000 r.p.m. And these smears could be stained and differentiated even 48 hours later in stable conditions.
2. Leucocytes were liable to be disintegrated more than 30 minutes after materials had been taken, while epithelial cells were not disintegrated.
3. When no alcohol was mixed, staining effect decreased rapidly 24 hours later, cell disintegration was marked and cell count could not be done successfully.

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By means of Evans blue test, Rhodan-natrium method, and antipyrine test, the author estimated the contents of circulating blood-plasma, circulating blood, total body water, and intracellular and extracellular fluid in normal old persons and in hypertensive old persons; and obtained the following results.
1. The content of circulating blood-plasma in norma lold persons shows a decreasing tendency as compared with that in normal adults; and in women it is about the normal level. The volume of circulating blood in normal old persons shows a decreasing tendency both in male and female. The total body water and intracellular fluid contents are decreased whereas the extracellular fluid content shows an increase.
2. In hypertensive old persons as compared with normal old persons the contents of circulating blood-plasma, circulating blood, total body water, and extracellular fluid show a slight increase while the intracellular fluid is decreased, but the mean average of the two groups does not differ so significantly.
3. Among the hypertensive cases there can be recognized no marked difference with respect to the content of albumin in urine.
4. In relation to the systolic blood pressure, the contents of circulating blood and total body water are increased at the pressure of 160 to 200mmHg, while no great difference can be seen at the blood pressure over 200mmHg.
5. With respect to the diastolic pressure, the body fluid phase is slightly more associated with it than with the systolic pressure, but the differences between two stages is not so marked.
6. In relation with pulse-pressure it has been found that the content of total body water increases in proportion to the increase in pulse pressure. As for the relationship between the circulating blood-plasma and circulating blood male shows a positive relation while female the negative.
7. As for the seasonal relationship, the contents of circulating blood plasma and blood tend to increase in winter; the total body water in summer; while the values of both intra-and extracellular fluid phase show no variation by seasons.
8. With respect to age, the contents of circulating blood-plasma, circulating blood, and value of the extracellular fluid phase are increased at the age above 70 years, while the total body water increases at the age over 80 years.

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Using five depressants, namely, Serpetin, Methobromin, Ansolysen, Apresorin, and Trapon, the author estimated the contents of circulating blood-plasma, circulating blood, total body water, and intra- and extra cellular fluid in hypertensive old persons along with the lapse of time; and obtained the following results.
1. In the case of Serpetin administration it has been observed that the volume of circulating blood is slightly increased, and likewise a slight increase of blood-plasma in a greater majority; and the contents of total body water, the value of extracellular and intracellular fluid phase are all improved.
2. In the case using Methobromin, the volumes of both the circulating blood-plasma and circulating blood fluctuate about the normal value threshold, but the value of the extracellular fluid phase shows no marked change. Changes in the content of total body water and the value of intracellular fluid phase show a parallel relationship.
3. In the case of Ansolysen administration the contents of circulating blood-plasma and circulating blood show a transient decrease, but the value of extracellular phase alone shows somewhat increasing tendency. Whereas the total body water and the value of intracellular fluid phase are not markedly affected but their fluctuation is parallel with one another.
4. In the case of Apresolin administration both circulating blood-plasma and circulating blood show a strong tendency to increase. The value of the extracellular fluid phase, though not constant, shows no marked changes, while the total body fluid and the value of intracellular fluid phase, though fluctuating transiently, show a strong tendency to return to the normal level.
5. In the case of Trapon administration, the contents of circulating blood-plasma and circulating blood fluctuate slightly for a time being but return to the original values; and the total body water and the value of intracellular fluid phase, though fluctuate temporarily together, return to their original values. The value of extracellular fluid phase shows hardly any change.

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Among 62 cases with excised lung the authors studied the morphology and stainability of tubercle bacilli found in 30 cavities proved to be acid fast bacillus positive by smears, 13 inspissated cavities, and 57 encapsulated caseous foci to the total of 100 foci; and obtained the following results.
1. Kuroda test is superior to Z.-N. test for the detection of tubercle bacilli, and it is also better for determining the changes in acid resistance of the bacilli. A.-F.-G. test and Z.-H. test surpass Z.-N. test and Kuroda test in the rate of bacillus detection as well as in the rate of determining granulation paterns.
2. In Z.-N. test the acid resistance of bacilli coincides relatively well with the growth rate, showing a negative tendency in the growth rate along with the decrease in the acid resistance; whereas in A.-F.-G. test along with the improvement of focus a decrease in the number of acid fast type of bacilli, showing an accompanying increase of the growth (-) tendency. On the other hand, in Z.-H. test the changes in the stainable type bacilli do not necessarily coincide with the nature of focus and growth rate. Moreover, the acid resistance roughly parallels with the deformation of bacilli, and along with a decrease in the acid resistance an increase in the deformation of bacilli can be recognized, especially a granulation tendency becomes marked.
3. According to the kinds of foci, bacilli in the tuberculous cavity are greated in number and the growth (positive) rate is highest, showing an increasing tendency of long bacilli, while in the inspissated cavity the long bacilli are decreased in number and short bacilli show an increasing tendency; and in the encapsulated caseous focus the granulation tendency becomes marked. Namely, with the improvement in foci bacilli tend to decrease, showing a concurrent decrease in the growth rate(-), and moreover, with the healing of foci an increasing tendecy of short bacilli as well as the fibrilllation and granulation tendencies of bacilli can be recognized.
4. In the case where bacilli are being expelled by chemotherapy of the focus, the greater the amount of antituberculous agent used, the greater is the increase in the growth rate (positive), showing a marked increasing tendency in the number of long bacilli as well as a higher acid resistance by the A.-F.-G. test. In the cavity where there occurs no expulsion of bacilli, the greater the amount of therapeutic agent used, the greater is the increasing tendency of the growth rate(-) as well as the number of short bacilli. Further more, on the whole the granulation tendency grows more marked as the amount of chemot herapeutic agent is increased.
There is no correlation between the concurrent use of INH, collapse treatment of the lung, and bacillus shape. Likewise no relationship can be recognized between the duration from the onset of disease to operation, culture results, the shape and stainability of bacilli.
There can berecognized on the whole no correlation between the resistance against drug and the length of bacilli, and in the case of acid fast bacilli the change in the shape of bacilli is somewhat less and the acid resistance is relatively well maintained.
In the case of stainability (positive) and cnlture (-) bacilli, the decrease in the resistance and shortening deformation and granulation tendency are marked.

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Of 44 lungs resected after chemotherapeutic treatment the authors studied the shapes and stainability of bacilli centering around the distribution of tubercle bacilli in focal tissues of 20 cavities proven to be acid fact bacilli positive to the Z.-N. test, 17 inspissated cavities, and 17 encapsulated caseous foci to the total of 54 foci; and obtained the following results.
1. The acid resistance of the tubercle bacilli within the focus is not affected up to 60 days after the formalin fixation.
2. The bacillus detection rate of the H test does not differ from that of the Z.-N. test.
3. In the cavity the distribution of tubercle bacilli is greatest on the surface layer of necrosis, showing mostly the acid fast type by A.-F.-G. test, while in deeper layer the distribution is markedly less and the acid fast type decreases as well. The readily stainable type by Z.-H. test are found least in the surface layer and they increase in number in deeper layer. This type of bacilli can be found also in the typical granulative layer, atypical granulative layer and atelectatic layer, though only a few in number, but epitheloid cells, the cells phagocytosed by Langhans' giant cells, are extremely rare. Moreover, the cavity expelling tubercle bacilli before operation the bacillus distribution on the surface layer of necrosis is decreased as compared with that in the cavity of the group expelling no bacilli.
In the inspissated cavity bacilli are found greatest in the central portion of the caseous focus, revealing mostly the acid fast type by A.-F.-G. test, and nearer to the basal part the bacillus distribution as well as the acid fast type decrease gradually, however, the degree of such a decrease is less marked than in the case of the cavity. No tubercle bacilli can be found the atypical granulative layer.
In the encapsulated caseous ocus degraded cells are more numerous than those undegraded cells. Undegraded cells are distributed evenly in the entire caseous focus, while degraded cells are found mostly in the portion where the damage is greatest. The distribution of the acid fast type by A.-F.-G. test does not generally show any fixed tendency, but there is an increasing tendency of the acid fast type on the face of the destroyed part. Deformed bacilli are evenly distirbuted in all foci and in entire layers, but the deformation tendency is somewhat diminished on the damaged face of the encapsulated caseous focus.
4. As for the relationship between the bacillus distribution and the growth rate of culture the number of tubercle bacilli is greatest in the culture negative gruop of cavity, and the bacillus distribution is decreased on the necrotic surface layer. In all other foci there can be recognized no relationship between the bacillus distribution, the distribution of the acid fast type and readily stainable type and the growth rate.
5. With respect to the chemotherpeutic method, in the cavity that showed bacilli the greater the amount of antituberculous agent used the greater is the number of bacilli, and the bacillus distribution and the distribution of the acid fast type are abundant on the necrotic surface layer. Likewise in the group treated concurrently with INH the bacillus distribution and the distribution of the acid fast type on the necrotic surface are greater than in the group that had no concurrent use of INH.
In the inspissated cavity the greater the amount of the drug used, the lesser is the bacillus distribution in the central portion of the caseousfocus, while in the group treated concurrently with INH the bacillus distribution is greater in the central portion of the caseous focus.
In all the encapsulated caseous foci no relationship between the chemotherapy and the bacillus distribution can be recognized.

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Tuberculous foci are induced in 36 guinea pigs devided into a sensitized group and a nonsensitized group, by intrabronchial injection of human tubercle bacilli, H₃₇Rv strain. Of the group given nonchemotherapy 13 foci proved to be aid fast bacillus positive by Z.-N. test are taken as the control. Of the group receiving chemotherapy of SM, PAS, or INH singly, 13 foci proved to be bacillus positive are selected. With smear specimens prepared from the contents of these foci in the two groups and by means of Kuroda test, A.-F.-G. test and Z.-H. test concurrently, the authors studied morphological changes of tubercle bacilli in the focus as well as differences in the shape and stainability of bacilli due to the kinds of antituberculous agents; and obtained the following results.
1. In the caseous foci that received no chemotherapy mainly intermediate bacilli are found, and along with softening and subsequent cavitation long bacilli and acid fast type of bacilli by A.-F.-G. test tent to increase. And with inspissation there appear an increasing number of short bacilli as well as more deformed bacilli.
On the other hand, bacilli in the case receiving chemotherapy gradually lose their acid resistance and at the same time they become fibrous, showing an increasing number of. short bacilli and more marked deformation.
2. Examining differences in the shape and stainability of bacilli due to different kinds of antituberculous agents employed, in the case given SM the change in the length is not so marked, but the deformation of bacilli as well as the fall in the acid resistance are most marked when compared with the case of PAS- and INH-administrations. Change in the length of bacilli in the case of PAS administration is likewise not so marked, but the effect exerted on the acid resistance is least. In the case of INH administration the lengthening of bacilli is most striking.
3. There can be found no marked differences in the shape and stainability of bacilli between the sensitized group and the non-senstitized group.
4. Even in the group given no chemotherapy bacilli of stain (positive) and culture (-) can be recognized, and although those of stain (positive) and culture (positive) are increased by chemotherapy, no other specific deformation can be observed.
The acid fast bacilli by A.-F.-G. test decrease along with the improvement of the focus, and such a change does not coincidewitn the culture result.

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Correlation between the morphological changes and the functions in fine structures of the liver cells at acute pancreatitis induced experimentally was studied by use of electron microscope.
The changes in the liver cells were observed in various intracellular organella, especially marked in the mitochondria and in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Although, the mitochondria is said to be related to the various enzymatic activities as a source of energy, and that the endoplasmic reticulum to the protein synthesis, it was observed that those changes in the organella were connected in parallel with the functional deficit of the liver cells.
Fatty degeneration in the liver cells seen at acute pancreatitis induced experimentally were thought to be derived from the changes in the mitochondria.
It would be concluded, in facts, that the changes in the liver cells both at acute pancreatitis and acute peritonitis induced experimentally were essentially equal in this study.

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Ulceration and disturbances of circulation in the rat's stomach wall were induced by adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy. and changes of these specimen were studied by infusion of india ink benzidine staining (Campbell-Wake's method), and X-ray photography of blood vessels and capillaries.
1. After adrenalectomy the bleeding, erosion and ulcer were found on the stomach wall.
2. As chief changes of the blood vessels the venous congestion and the bleeding preceded the destruction of mucosa.
3. These abnormalities of blood vessels and ulceration were prevented by administration of 0.9% NaCl solution and adrenocortical hormone (cortisone).
4. Vagotomy prevented the circulatory disturbance and ulceration of the adrenalectomized rats.
5. Combined extirpation of pituitary and adrenals produced more marked changes of the blood vessels compared to adrenalectomy alone.
6. After hypephysectomy and adrenalectomy administration of cortisone or 0.9% NaCl solution could not prevent the change of blood vessels, on the other hand administration of 5% glucose solution recovered these changes.
7. If bilateral vagi were previously cut, the congestion and bleeding did not occurred even after hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy.

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1. After adrenalectomy bleeding and erosion on the glandular portion of the rats stomach were observed. The pathogenesis of this ulceration was suggested to be induced by serous disturbance of the local blood circulaton.
2. When 0.9% NaCl solution and cortisone were administered for adrenalectomized rats to recover them from the adrenal insufflciency, circulatory disturbance was minimized, probably due to the restoration of humoral change.
3. In vagotomized rats ulcer formation or disturbance of circulation were minimized even after adrenalecomy, therefore it was suggested that the vagotomy did be one of the causes of circulatory disturbance.
4. The combined procedure of hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy produced high degree of ulceration, and in this case the nature of histological change was similar to that after adrenalectomy alone.
With these findings it was concluded that the more intensively the condition of the hormonal disharmony became, the more prominently appeared the disturbance of the local blood circulation.

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1) Every skeletal muscle contains three types of muscle fiber according to the content of sarcosome (mitochondria and fat body) in sarcoplasm which is the site of metabolism in the muscle fiber. In this study, these three types of fiber are classified as follows; sarcosome rich (red or dark), sarcosome poor (pale or light) and intermediate fiber.
In general, sarcosome rich (red) fiber is thinner than the others, but that contained in functionally tonic proximal muscles of the extremity is thicker than the pale.
The histological and histochemical differences among these three types of fibers are markedly seen in the lower animals than in the higher ones.
2) Extrinsic ocular muscles consist of three types of fiber with characteristic distribution. In the peripheral part of the muscle they are crowded with thin red fibers, but in the axial part the three types of fiber intermingle.
3) Red fibers in muscles with vigorous contractile power and also which take part in postural function have higher sarcosome density than the others. But muscles taking part in isotonic contraction and plastic tonus contain numerous intermediate fibers. Extremity muscles with phasic function have numerous sarcosome poor (pale) and a few intermediate and red fibers.
Considering these findings, it seems that the three functions of the muscle are taken partial charge by the three types of fiber. That is, contractile tonus to sarcosome rich (red), phasic contraction to sarcosome poor (pale) and plastic tonus to intermediate fiber.
4) Each muscle fiber of these three types differs in their microscopic picture of contraction by indirect electrical stimulation to the muscle. Contraction knots are seen only in the red fibers and tetanizing picture in the pale ones.
5) Denérvated muscle atrophy appears more early in the pale fibers than in the red.

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1) Main nerve trunk of intramuscular nerves consists of nerve fibers with bimodal diameter spectrum, but intramuscular nerve bundles and preterminal nerve bundles become unimodal diameter spectrum ranging 3-10μ and 3-5μ while they distribute in the muscle. Accordingly, preterminal fibers are usually of the same caliber, but motor end-plates of the pale fibers show relatively extensive network than of the red.
2) Muscles with phasic function are usually composed of pinnate muscles and motor end-plates are mainly confined to a broad band (innervation zone) about the middle of the muscle. Muscles taking part in a tonic function are composed of parallel fibers and show plexiform innervation pattern with scattered motor end-plates over the muscle.
3) Histological picture of muscle atrophy of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis shows atrophy of discrete groups of red fibers but also frequently shows parts mingled with normal pale and atrophic red fibers.
Considering from these findings and innervation pattern, fiber components of a motor unit are composed of both scattered diffuse type and random fiber bundle type acting as red tonic and pale phasic motor unit.

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1) By lipid and succinic dehydrogenase staining, it can be proved that muscle spindle (stretch receptor) consists of sarcosome rich (red) and sarcosome poor (pale) intrafusal fiber, which corresponds to the physiologically known 2 units, tonic (slow) and phasic (fast).
2) Muscle spindles can be classified into three types according to the histochemical type of intrafusal fibers.
Type 1. Muscle spindle; consists of only red (tonic) intrafusal fibers
Type 2. Muscle spindle; consists of only pale (phasic) intrafusal fibers
Type 3. Muscle spindle; consists of both red and pale intrafusal fibers
Proximal muscles of the extremity with tonic function many 1 and 3 types while in the distal mucles with phasic contraction 2 and 3 types are often seen
3) Spindle efferent nerves (γ-fiber) consists of relatively large (5-9μ) and small (3-5μ) nerve fibers.
4) Human muscle spindle like that of a cat is composed of two types of intrafusal fibers and is innervated by small (6μ) and large (16μ) nerve fibers. These findings show that γ-system may exist in the human body as in a cat.

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With the purpose to establish the integrating methods for the selective histochemical demonstration and colorimetric estimation of each enzyme and enzyme system belonging to the terminal respiratory enzyme system, an alytical study on the reduction of neotetrazolium chloride by tissue homogenates was carried out in the present report using various substrates and inhibitory agents, and the steps with which the reaction of neotetrazolium chloride reduction conjugates were determined as follows. 1. The reaction of neotetrazolium reduction by tissue homogenetes using sodium succinate as substrate is not the succinic dehydrogenase reaction but the succinoxidase system reaction; and the reaction takes place cojugating about 50 per cent in the step of the succinic dehydrogenase system, of these about 15 per cent conjugates in the step prior to the antimycin A sensitive step and 35 per cent in the step itself; and about 50 per cent in the step of cytochrome c oxidase. 2. In the case using p-phenylenediamine as substrate the reaction of neotetrazolium reduction is the reaction due to the activity of cytochrome c-cytochrome oxidase system, and when p-phenylenediamine is used with the sufficient amount of cytochrome c, the reaction appears to be dependent on cytochrome c oxidase activity. Neotetrazolium reduction in all these reactions takes place conjugating in the step of cytochrome c oxidase. 3. In the case where DPN and substrates taking DPN as a coenzyme are used, the reaction of neotetrazolium reduction is mainly the reaction conjugating at the step below antimycin A sensitive step in the DPNH-cytochrome c reductase system. 4. Endogenous dehydrogenase reactions are the sum total reactions conjugating at the steps prior to the antimycin A sensitive step in the terminal electron transport system and with other various reduction systems which are not inhibited by antimycin A.

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Basing on the theory presented in the previous report, the author described in the present report the new colorimetric methods for the estimation of the activities of cytochrome c oxidase and of cytochrome c-cytochrome oxidase system in tissue homogenates using neotetrazolium chloride in the presense of p-phenylenediamine with or without additional cytochrome c. Moreover, colorimetric estimation of cytochrome c-cytochrome oxidase system activity in various tissues such as the kidney, heart, liver, brains, and skeletal muscle was made using this methods.

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Basing on the theory presented in the previous report, the author described the new methods for the histochemical and cytochemical demonstration of cytochrome c oxidase and of cytochrome c-cytochrome oxidase system using neotetrazolium chloride in the presence of p-phenylenediamine with or without additional cytochrome c, respectively. The reaction in fresh cell suspensions or in fresh tissue blocks appears as a distinct violet granules coinciding with the sites of mitochondria. The reaction in frozen tissue sections is not so distinct as that in cell suspensions and fresh tissue blocks, but histochemical observation on the distribution of the enzyme activity in the tissue can be made. By the combination of the histochemical method and the colorimetric method for the estimation of the enzyme activity, integrating studies on the morphologic structure and biochemical function in the respiratory activity in the living tissues are possible.

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