This study on the enzymic activity consists of two parts, i. e., the experiment in vitro and in vivo. The enzyme materials in vitro experiment are the suspension of erythrocytes of some animals (goat, dog, rabbit and man), and to this suspension phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, potassium cyanide or potassium perchloride are added, otherwise the suspension is treated ultrasonically, through which the Heinz's granules have been induced to appear in the erythrocytes of the suspension. The materials in vivo experiment are also the suspension of rabbit's erythrocytes, which have been subcutaneously injected or orally given phenylhydrazine hydrochloride or p-nitroaniline, causing the Heinz's granules to form in the erythrocytes of the suspension. For both experiments in vitro and in vivo the suspension of the Heinz's-granule-free erythrocytes from the normal animals are used as the control.
The author has examined the activity of cathepsin (by estimation of non-protein nitrogen), of cholinesterase as well as of lipase (by estimation of CO₂ with Warburg's manometer), and of phosphatase (by estimation of H₃PO₄) of the both enzyme materials. The followings are the results:
1) The activity of cathepsin, cholinesterase, and lipase of the erythrocytes showing Heinz's granules had increased in both experiments in vitro and in vivo.
2) The activity of phosphatase of the erythrocytes with Heinz's granules had decreased when compared with that of the normal erythrocytes (control) in vitro experiment, but it was increased in vivo.
3) If the Heinz's bodies have been induced to appear in erytrocytes in the same way, the higher the number (%) of such erythrocytes in the suspension become, the more remarkable is the increase or the decrease of the activity of the said four enzymes of the erythrocytes with the Heinz's granules. When the methods of demonstrating the Heinz's granules in erythrocytes are different, the increase or decrease of the activity of the respective enzyme are not necessarily equal even the number (%) of the erythrocytes with the Heinz's bodies is the same.

View full abstract

After Reiss, Hemphill, the author estimated the cholinesterase values (Ch E) of the spinal fluid in normal infants and of those with disease of the nervous system by Warburg's manometer. As the result, it has been found that the Ch E of the spinal fluid in the nervous system disease fluctuates variously according to diseases, and that the greater is the acuteness of the disturbances, the higher is the tendency of the rise in the Ch E values.
1. The average Ch E value of the spinal fluid in 36 cases of normal infants ranging in age from six months to 15 years is 11.5±1.1 (the fluctuation range being within 7.3 to 16.0) and it rises along with age.
The mutual index between the Ch E of the spinal fluid and age is 0.88, showing a strong mutual relationship; but no difference by sex can be recognized
2. The Ch E values in 14 cases with polyradiculoneuritis showing the so-called Guillain-Barré syndrome are elevated, especially high around 10 to 30 days after the onset of disease, and the fluctuation coincides well with the symptoms of posterior radicular irritation.
In Heine-Medm disease the Ch E is normal or slightly elevated, but it is clearly lower than that in the Guillain-Barré syndrome, showing significant differences between 10 and 20 days or 20 and 30 days respectively after the onset of disease with 5 per cent margin of error.
3. In Guillain-Barré syndrome and Heine-Medin disease the mutual indices between the Ch E value of the spinal fluid and the protein content are 0.84 and 0.61 respectively, demonstrating the mutual relationship. Moreover, the mutual indices between the Ch E of the spinal fluid and the cell count in both diseases are only 0.01 and 0.004 respectively.
4. In viral diseases with exception of herpangina which shows no disturbances of the nervous system, Ch E values in Japanese encephalitis, serous menignitis, herpesencephalitis. and parotiditic encephalitis all show an increasing tendency.
5. The Ch E in tuberculous meningitis and cerebral tumor show an increase in values, but in mental deficiency pigmentary xeroderma, and myasthenia the values stay normal.

View full abstract

With the purpose to know the significance of the changes in the tissue cholinesterase (Ch E) occurring in the viral infection, the author inoculated to suckling mice either singly or in various combinations such viruses as Coxsackie group A type-2, type-19, group B type 1, poliovirus, the Lansing strain, and the mousel-adapted Mahoney and Leon strains; and studied the fluctuations in Ch E of the brain, spine and muscles by Warburg's techniques. As the result it has been found that tissue Ch E values roughly coincide with histological findings and clinical symptoms of the infected mice.
1. The Ch E value of the brain and spine in the normal suckling mice is 72.0±6.6 and that of muscles is 42.5±6.5.
2. In consideration of the changes in the Ch E of the brain, spine and muscles to be brought about by virus invasion, the emulsion of muscles from normal suckling mice is inoculated into other normal suckling mice and the Ch E values are estimated. These values are taken as the control. The ChE value of the brain and spine is 59.7±10.2, 17 per cent less than that in normal suckling mice; while the Ch E of the muscles is 41.±2.6, showing no difference from the control. Such changes in the range of 5 per cent error can not be construed as a significant difference.
3. The ChE values of the brain and spine in the suckling mice inoculated with the gronp A-type2 of Coxsackie virus or with the type 19 do not differ from the control, and the ChE of the muscles in the animals inoculated with the type 19 is 19.5 per cent less than the control, stochastically showing no significant difference. In the animals inoculated with the group B-type 2 the ChE value of the brain and spine is decreased by 23.9 per cent, and this shows a significant difference from the control in the range of 5 per cent error. However, no difference can be observed in the ChE of the muscles as compared with the control. Moreover, the changes in the tissue ChE approximately coincide with histological findings.
4. In the group inoculated with poliovirus, conversely to the group inoculated with the Coxsackie strain, the ChE of the brain and spine in the suckling mice showing the symptoms of disease by the inoculation of the Lansing strain presents a marked increase of 56.8 per cent, while in those inoculated with the mouse-adapted Mahoney and Leon strains but showing no symptoms of disease the ChE values of the brain and spine rather show a decreasing tendency. In addition, the ChE of the muscle show no difference from the control.
5. In the group inoculated with both Coxsackie and polio viruses an interferance phenomenon can be observed, while in the group inoculated with the Lansing and Okumoto strains (A-2) the ChE values show no marked increase such as observable in the group inoculated singly wirh the Lansing strain, and showing only the increase of 12.3 per cent in the ChE of the brain and spine, but the value, fluctuating within the normal range, can not be said to show any significant difference from the control. Other group given inoculation of Coxsackie combined with poliovirus tend to show the decrease of 10.9 per cent to 18.1 per cent. As for the ChE of muscle the group inoculated with both Mahoney and Dohi strains (A-19) a decrease of 13 per cent can be seen. Still other groups given different sets of inoculation show a slightly increasing tendency. All these values in the range of 5 per cent error, however, can not be considered to present any significant differences.

View full abstract

In the vault part, the cutting lines of the dura lay in a direction from anterolateroinferior to postero-supero-medial in the outer layer but in the inner layer lay in that from postero-latero-inferior to antero-supero-medial. Thus they are crossing over each other and their dicrections were bilaterally symmetrical.
The directions of the cutting lines in other parts, such as cerebral falx, anterior, middle and posterior fossas and clivus, were also investigated and precisely reported.

View full abstract

The direction of the pleura and peritoneum was studied and the interrelation of directions between those fibers and the overlying fascia and muscle fibers was histologically investigated and reported in various parts of the pleura and peritoneum, such as the parietal and diaphragmatic pleurae and parietal general and pelvic peritoneum.
The histological interrelation of fiber directions between the muscle and the peritoneum completely corresponded with the macroscopic one.

View full abstract

After inducing experimental catarrh of the Eustachian tube in rabbits the author studied the changes in tubal mucous glands and goblet cells stained with muci-carmine, the staining specific to mucus, and obtained the following results.
1. In the early stage of catarrh of the Eustachian tube the functions of tubal mucous glands are enhanced.
2. If the catarrh of the Eustachian tube persists for any length of time, the tubal mucous glands become atrophied and gradually destroyed, thus bringing about the diminution of thc functions.
3. The functions of goblet cells are diminished from the onset of catarrh in the Eustachian tube.

View full abstract

After induction of experimental suppurative otitis media in rabbits the author studied the conditions of tubal mucous glands and goblet cells stained with muci-carmine, the staining specific to mucus, and obtained the following results.
1. In the case of suppurative otitis media tubal mucous glands are rapidly destroyed from the early stage, but goblet cells are regenerated in a large number and their functions are accelerated. However, ciliated cells are markedly decreased in number.
2. The longer the duration of suppurative otitis media and the greater the degree of its inflammation, the higher is the extent of the destruction of tubal mucous glands, and the number of ciliated cells is decreased while the marked regeneration as well as the acceleration of the functions of goblet cells can be recognized.
3. When suppurative otitis media is cured, those tubal mucous glands that escaped the destruction recover along with the healing of suppurative otitis media to the extent whereby they can perform normal functions However, those mucous glands that were destroyed will not be regenerated. Ciliated cells and goblet cells recover to normal when the otitis is healed.

View full abstract

By injecting pilocarpinum hydrochloricum, atropinum sulfuricum and adrenalinum chloratum to rabbits and guinea pigs the author studied the influences of these drugs on the tubal mucous glands stained with muci-carmine, the staining specific to mucus, and obtained the following results.
1. Pilocarpinum hydrochloricum accelerates the secretory function of the tubal mucous glands.
2. Atropinum sulfuricum inhibits the secretory function of the tubal mucous glands.
3. Adrenalinum chloratum enhances the secretory function of the tubal mucous glands, but the degree of such an acceleration is lower than that of pilocarpinum hydrocloricum.
4. Goblet cells are not in any way affected by these drugs.

View full abstract

By means of the staining specific to mucus, namely, by muci-carmine staining of the tubal mucous glands obtained from the guinea pigs previously irradiated with radium, the author studied the changes in these glands. and obtained the following results.
1. When the animals are irradiated with radium in the dose usually used for the treatment of Eustachian-tube catarrh, neither atrophy nor the destruction of the tubal mucous glands can be recognized, but a transient acceleration of the secretory function is elicited.
2. The degrees of destruction of tubal mucous glands and goblet cells by radium irradiation are proportional to the amounts of the irradiation.

View full abstract

By intraperitoneally injecting to normal guinea pigs the antiserum of bone marrow obtained from the normal rabbits to which the intraperitoneal injection of the guinea-pig bone marrow had been previously given, the author studied the changes in the peripheral blood and bone-marrow pictures in these guinea pigs; and arrived at the following conclusions:
1. By the intraperitoneal injection of bone-marrow anti-serum a transient hyperchromic anemia can be recognized in the test guinea pigs. Namely, the number of erythrocytes and the hemoglobin (Hb) content are decreased, and anisocytosis, erythroblasts, polychromatic erythrocytes, and the erythrocytes possessing basophilic spots are recognized. Reticulocytes have been found to have increased in some of the test animals.
2. The number of leucocytes fluctuates with the injection of the anti-serum of bone marrow, and in the relatively greater number of animals leucocytes tend to decrease at first and later increase. In the leucocyte percentage, a decrease in pseudoeosinophils, and an increase in lymphocytes can be observed in most of animals, and also eosinophils increase in number.
Besides these, the appearance cf young granulocytes such as myelocytes and metamyelocytes as well as the regressive degeneration of various leucocyte cells can be recognized.
3. Platelets are decreased in number in all cases with the injection of bone-marrow anti-serum.
4. As for the bone-marrow picture in the majority of the test guinea pigs the interferance with the production of erythroblasts can be observed, and in some of the test animals the impairment of maturation of erythroblasts and in another part of the test animals the left shift of nuclei in pseudo-eosinophils can be seen.
5. Judging from the relatively slight effect of the normal rabbit serum on the peripheral blood and bone marrow of guinea pigs, it is assumed that the anemia inducing action of the bone-marrow anti-serum is specific.

View full abstract

After inducing experimental anemia in guinea pigs by the intraperitoneal injection of the anti-serum of the bone marrow and by culturing the bone marrow of these animals in a fluid medium, the author observed the changes in the number of erythrocytes and the hemoglobin (Hb) content. The results are as follows:
1. In the bone-marrow cell suspension of experimental guinea pigs erythrocytes decrease in number along with the lapse of time in all cases, while in the normal guinea pigs, the control, the number of erythrocytes increases gradually up to six hours after the initiation of the culture, and it be gins to decrease only thereafter. Namely, the proliferation of erythrocytes in the test bone marrow diminishes to a greater extent than that of the control, and it further declines along with the lapse of time, clearly demonstrating the impariment of the proliferation of erythrocvtes.
2. As for the rate of increase in Hb in the course of the culture no marked difference can be recognized between the test animals and normal guinea pigs.

View full abstract

By carrying out the tissue culture of the bone marrow from the guinea pigs with experimental auemia induced by the intraperitoneal injection of anti-serum of the bone marrow, the author observed the growth of bone marrow cells in the leucocyte series and the function of pseudo-eosinophils, and obtained the following results:
1. The relative growth rate in the test guinea pigs falls to 1/2 or 1/3 of the ccntrol, and the cell growth has declined in all the cases. The cell density in the test animals is less dense than in the control, showing the poor cell growth.
2 The wandering velocity of pseudo-eosinophils in the bone marrow of test animals is more diminished when compared with that in the control.
3. The average rate of neutral red vital staining of pseudoeosinophils in tne test animals to stain and fade more quickly than in the control, i. e. the function is diminished.
4. The carbon-particle phagocytoticpower of pseudo-eosinophils in test animals is slightly lowered when compared with that in the control.
From these findings of bone-marrow tissue culture irrespective of an increase or decrease of peripheral leucocytes in the animals with the experimental anemia induced by the antiserum of the bone marrow, it has been found that the growth rate and function of the cells in the leucocyte series of the bone marrow are diminished though there is some variation in the degree of changes.

View full abstract

The author calculated the number of platelets in the peripheral blood of the guinea pigs given the intraperitoneal injection of bone-marrow anti-serum and determined the fuction of megakaryocytes by performing the tissue culture of the bone marrow from these test animals. The following are the results of the present experiment:
1. By the intraperitoneal injection of the bone-marrow antiserum the number of platelets in the peripheral blood of the test guinea pigs decreases beyond the physiologically normal limit.
2. The intraperitoneal injection of the anti-serum of bone marrow brings about a decrease in the number of megakaryocyte appearance in the bone marrow culture of the test animals as well as the diminution of megakaryocyte function, especially the decrease in the number of megakaryocytes carrying on the separation of platelets by projecting tentacles, and it is believed that this phenomenon is chiefly responsible for the decrease of platelet number in the peripheral blood.

View full abstract

1) Cerebral pyruvate metabolism was experimentally studied by Inoue's cerebral irrigation method, which was considered to enable the study performed in the state most similar to the vital body.
2) The pyruvate as well as the citrate in the irrigating fluid considerably increased by irrigation of the fluid (blood three times diluted by Ringer's solution) without adding any pyruvate.
3) In case of adding 6 mg pyruvate to 90 ml of the irrigating fluid, the pyruvated decreased while the citrate increased.
4) The above-stated changes of the pyruvate and the citrate were discussed.

View full abstract

The amounts of the pyruvate and the citrate in the irrigating fluid were measured before and after irrigation of rabbit's brain with pyruvate-added fluid, and TPP, CoA, DPN, oxalacetate or biotin was added to the experiment. Each of these substances proved to accelerate pyruvate oxydation as well as citrate formation.

View full abstract

Pyruvate oxydation and citrate formation in the normal rabbit's brain as well as in that with latent cerebral local anaphylaxis were evaluated and compared, and it was proved that the pyruvate oxydation was depressed and the increase of citrate was greater in those with anaphylaxis compared with the normal.

View full abstract

Administering the Sodium Monofluoracetate, SMFA, to the rat, the quantitative determination of ammonia and glutamine in the rat brain was made by the Conway's microdiffusion analysis and on the other hand amino acids by the paperchromatography.
The results as follow,
To wit:
1) In the convulsion stage caused by SMFA administration, ammonia content in its brain was 2.18 mg%, glutamine 63.9 mg%, glutamic acid 120.7 mg%, γ-aminobutylic acid 25.2 mg% and aspartic acid 42.8 mg%.
2) About the hourly observation after the SMFA adiministration to the rat.
a) Ammonia content in its brain showed gradual increase in 4 hours up to 4 times of control value.
b) Glutamic acid content showed always low level in 4 hours but the lowest one in the first one hour.
c) Glutamine content also decreased in all 4 hours, remarkably at the first and thlast.
d) γ-amino butylic acid content decreased.
e) Aspartic acid content increased remarkably in the first 10 minutes, and then decreased. But it showed remarkably increased at the 4 th hour again.

View full abstract

The activity of glutamine synthesis in the brain extracts of various animals were observed by means of the Conwsy's microdiffusion analysis. The brain extracts were incubated at 37°C, pH 7.2 for 25 minutes under aerobic condition.
1) The activity of glutamine synthesis in the normal rat brain extract was 1.53 μM per tube on an average.
2) In the mouse brain it averaged 0.81 μM per tube and was lower than the rat's.
3) It was 1.18 μM per tube on an average in the cat-fish brain.
4) In the human brain, even though only two cases, it was 1.80 μM per tube in average.

View full abstract

The activities of glutamine synthesis in the brain extract of the rat treated with various methods, were observed by means of the Conway's microdiffusion analysis. The brain extract were incubated at 37°C, pH 7.2 for 25 minutes under aerobic condition.
1) The activity of glutamine synthesis in the rat' brain extract treated with intensive electro-shock series, averaged 2.21 μM per tube and showed an increase in comparison with the control value.
2) In the insulin shock series it was 1.04 μM per tube in average and was a lower level than the control value.
3) The activity averaged 0.91 μM per tube in the Philopon (Pervitin) administration series.
4) In the Ritalin treatment series its average activity was 1.10 μM per tube and so Philopon and Ritalin decreased in its comparative activities with the control.

View full abstract

Various Anticancer Agents (Nitrogen-Musrard N-Oxide (N. M. O.), Carzinophilin, 8-Azaguanin, Actinomycin and Thio-TEPA) were adminstered locally on rabbits, and the changes in the wall of blood vessel and in lymphnode were studied histologically.
Changes in blood vessels were as follows;
Local administration of these agents did not resulted breakdown of blood vessels even in use of high units. N. M. O.; thrombosis and necrosis of perivascular tissue of vein, Carzinophilin; remarkable capillary bleeding and cicatricial contraction of perivasular tissue, Actinomycin; marked necrosis (danger to use), 8-Azaguanin or Thio-TEPA; no noticeable changes.
Changes in lymphnodes were as follows;
N. M. O.; marked atrophy especially seen in morbid nodes, Carzinophilin; no atrophy but hemorrhage and inflammation, Actinomycin; necrosis, 8-Azaguanin or Thio-TEPA; no changes.
As results described above, it is concluded that caution must be paid when the Anticancer Agents are administered locally.

View full abstract

Various Anticancer Agents (Nitrogen-Mustard N-Oxide (N. M. O.), Carzinophilin, 8-Azaguanin, Actinomycin and Thio-TEPA) were administered intraperitoneally on rabbits, and the changes in the wall of intestinal canal were studied.
Those agents were managed to act only on walls of the appendix and the stomach.
Changes in the walls were as follows;
Intraperitoneal adminstration of the agents did notresulted breakdown and hemorrhage from local blood vessels even in use of high units. N. M. O.; capillary bleeding and destruction of lymphatic tissue, Carzinophilin; significant capillary bleeding and adhesion due to proliferation of tissue, Actinomycin; necrosis of tissue, 8-Azaguanin or Thio TEPA; no remakable changes.
As results described above, it is concluded that the changes in intestinal wall after intraperitoneal administration of the Anticancer Agents are not to be neglected.

View full abstract

On the local application crystal trypsin solution, massive hemorrhage due to destruction of vessels was not observed. Though, in the case administered a large dose of trypsin, the wall of vein showed a marked productive change; exfoliation of intima proliferaation of intima and media. Blood stasis was observed after formation of thrombus organized, and trypsin acted more strongly to the tissue interrupted blood supply, resulting local necrosis.

View full abstract

In this paper, the results of the several observations on the effects of high amino acids dosage on the induction and the growth of the hepatoma in DAB feeding rats have been reported.
High dosage of amino acids (Moriamin S) proved to give no effect on the induction or growing rate of tumors, the blood pictures. the protein fractions of serum and ascites, and the non hemin iron level, the catalase and the succinic dehydrogenase activities and the histological pictures showed to be in the range of those of control animals fed DAB without other treatments.
Results show that the long dulated injection of aminol acids for the purpose of retaining the nutrient to the patients bearing the cancer will not act to accelrate the growth of tumors.

View full abstract

1) A head fixing apparatus radiography was made. Encephalograph could be taken in correct position to measure exactly the position of the pallidum.
2) A characteristic stereoenchephalotomic apparatus was made and the results were found satisfactory in using.
3) 10% Moljodol oil-wax injected to clarify the position and the form of the lesion after operation.
4) After operation radiorgaphy was performed to make the form and the position of the lesion clear. They were compared with the operation effects.

View full abstract

Dogs were kept alive for a long time after the destruction of lenticular nucleus in both sides. The provocation of epileptic convulsion was repeated by cortical stimulation with metrazol.
1) The destruction of lenticular nncleus is more surely performed by mechanical method than chemical method.
2) After complete destrucsion of bilateral lenticular nuclei the epileptic provocation did not occure by metrazol injecsion in the cortex.
3) If the destruction of bilateral lenticular nuclei was incomplete after fixied time the cortical epileptic convulsion occured by metrazol injection.
4) After the destruction of bilateral lenticular nuclei the existence of convulsion for chronic experimental provocation agreed with the histological perfection of the destruction of lenticular nuclei.

View full abstract

1. A model experiment was pergormed just as in the case of a real wound occurrred in the lung. The air leak changed according the diameter of the opening, the difference of the pressure and the expansion of the the bag.
2. Three bottle catheter suction drainage consisting of a trap bottle, water seal and valve bottle in series was used as Theaspiration apparatus. By animal experiment, the air leak mostly continues 7 hours to 12 hours after the operation.
3. The appropriate pressure of the intermittent insufflation for the re-expansion is +15cm H₂O. This insufflation does not injure the surface of the wound and the parenchyms of the lung.
4. By the intermittent insufflation after the segmental pneumectomy, the air leak continues for about 6 hours, and it showe better re-expansion more earlier than the non-insufflation.
5. Testing the air leak by cutting the bronchus in different thickness, the air leak stops around 6 hours with the 0.1 cm diameter one but takes more than 30 houts with 0.3cm one.
6. The air leak and the insufflation have important influence upon the intrathoracic pressure, and by the massive air leak the re-expansion of the lung is much slower.

View full abstract

1 The status of the air leak and blood effusion after the segmental pneumectomy was studied using the three bottle catheter suction drainage as the aspiration apparatus. Silicone rubber drain pipe (0.8 cm in inside diameter, 1.5 cm in outside diameter and 90 cmin length) was used and no closure by clotted blood was experienced by the time the drain pipe was drawn out, that is 72 hours after operation. It was in good condition to observe the air leak.
2. The air leak stops the quickest in 10 hours but mostly in 12 hours to 48 hours. Yet there are some that continues more than 60 hours.
3. The intermittent insufflation after the segmental pneumectomy was performed with the I. P. P. B. apparatus (Bentt), and the air leak, re-expansion, complication etc. were examined compared with that of the non-insufflation.
4. By this positive re-expansion of the lung after the segmental pneumectomy the air leak stops mostly in 6 hours to 24 hours. Furthermore it shows good re-expansion of the lung and no combined symptoms by insufflation can be found.

View full abstract

In our clinical and statistical surveys on 35 cases with hypolastic anemia, treated in the Hiraki Clinic during the period from 1954 to 1958, we paid a special attention to various examinations of the bone marrow and also followed carefully the classification for this disease, established in our clinic; namely, Type I: the type with the suppression of bone-marrow blood cells, Type II the maturation inhibition type, Type III: the type with disorders in cell multiplication, Type IV: mixed type, and Type V: type with panmyelophthisis. As the result we obtained the following data:
Throughout all age range, the majority of the patients are male, and about one half of them belong to Type I. Their main subjective and objective symptoms are anemia followed by hemorrhage.
The changes in the peripheral blood picture approximately coincide with those findings generally believed to occur in this disease. The amount of serum iron, with exception of five cases, shows a marked increase, and the serum-copper content an intermediate increase. The rate of appearance of Heintz bodies generally tends to increase, but in Type I such an increase is somewhat moderate. In the bone marrow, with exception of nine cases, nucleated cells are decreased in number, and the myelogram varies according to each case. The sideroblast ratio has been found to be on the increase. The respiration and glycolysis in the bone marrow are diminished, showing a slight decrease in Type I while a marked one in Type V. In the bone marrow tissue culture, excepting Type I, a fall in the relative growth rate, a decrease in the cell density, and the diminution in the wandering velocity of neutrophils can be recognized. Moreover, the increase of fat cells in the explant and a fairly large increase of lymphocytes are outstanding characteristics; and and all these findings are significant in the diagnosis of this disease. In Type I, such changes being slight in degree, only a small number of megakaryocytes appear and their functions are moreover diminished.
Aside from repeated blood transfusions it has been found that the administration of Polytamine or splenectomy is effective in some cases.

View full abstract

With the purpose to pursue the platelet reducing factor in the serum of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the author performed the bone-marrow tissue culture of the nor-mal persons and the patients with this disease by the simple method of bone-marrow tissue culture; and also observed number of megakaryocytes, their functions (motility and separation of platelets) in the tissue growth area, relative tissue growthrate, and the wandering velocity of neutrophils by means of the bone-marrow tissue culture of normal persons in the serum of patient with this disease.
1. In the bone-marrow tissue culture of this disease number of megakaryocytes appearing in the tissue growth area was normal in one case, and greater than the normsl in two cases; but the megakaryocyte funcion was on the whole lowered. The relative growth rate and the wandering velocity of neutrophils showed no significant differences from those of the control.
2. In the case of the bone-marrow tissue culture of normal persons in the serum of this disease there was no significant difference in the number of megakryocytes appearing in the growth area from that of the control, but the megakaryocyte function was markedly diminished and also a marked degeneration was recognized. However, the relative growth rate and the wandering velocity of neutrophils showed no significant differences from those of the control.
From these findings it is clear that there exists some factor in the serum of the patient with thrombocytopenic purpura, which acts directly on megakarycoytes so as to inhibit the thrombocyte production.

View full abstract

With a view to study the causative factor of the experimental thrombocytopenia induced in guinea pigs by injecting anti-platelet serum into guinea pigs, the author performed the bone-marrow tissue culture of normal guinea pigs in the serum of guinea pigs with this experimental thrombocytopenia by means of the simple method of bone-marrow tissue culture, and observed the number and functions of megakaryocytes as well as the relative tissue growth rate and the wandering velocity of neutrcphils.
The number of megakaryocytes appearing in the tissue growth area showed no significant difference from that of the bone-marrow tissue culture in the serum of normal guinea pigs, the control, but the megakaryocyte function was markedly diminished as compared with the control, especially after 24 hours' culture no such megakaryocytes as showing the separation of platelets could at all be observed and also a marked degenerative picture was observed.
The relative tissue growth rate was somewhat decreased, and the wandering velocity of neutrophils showed no significant difference from that of the control. From these findings it has become clear that in the serum of guinea pigs with experi-mental thrombocytopenia there exists a factor acting directly on megakarxocytes as to suppress the separation of platelets.

View full abstract

In an attempt to study the relationship between the megakaryocyte function and the spleen in experimental thrombocytopenia, the author performed the tissue culture of the bone marrow and the spleen of normal guinea pigs and also the bone-barrow tissue culture of normal guine pigs side by side along with the spleen of the guinea pigs injected with anti-platelet serum on the same slide glass, each by a simple culture method; and observed the number and functions of megakaryocytes appearing in the growth area and the wandering velocity of neutrophils.
1. In the case of the bone-marrow tissue of normal guinea pigs cultured side by side with normal spleen on the same slide, megakaryocytes appering in the growth area was somewhat less in number and their functions were also lower than in the case of the bone-marrow tissue cultuse alone. However, there was no significant difference in the wandering velocity of neutrophils.
2. When the spleen of normal guinea pigs given anti-platelet serum was cultured side by side with bone marrow of normal guinea pigs, no significant difference in number of megakaryocytes appearing could be recognized as compared with the case with the normal spleen, but the functions were markedly decreased.
The wandering velocity of neutrophils in both of these cultures was ldentically the same.
From these findings it has been found that in the spleen of the guinea pigs injected with anti-platelet serum there exists a factor which acts directly on megakaryocytes of the normal guinea pigs as to inhibit their platelet production.

View full abstract

1) When rabbits are immunized by human fetal serum, high titer precipitin reaction on human serum can be obtained by injecting ten times.
2) When rabbits are immunized by human fetal serum with Globulin and Albumin precipitin productions can be obtained easier than that of human fetal serum. As for each antigenity, the remarkable difference can not be seen and the antigenity of fetal serum Albumin is by no means inferior to that of Globulin.
3) In case of fetal serum Albumin as antigen, precipitin quantity is lower than that of Globulin, and appearance of reaction is less.
4) Specific protein contained in fetal serum, exists in serum Globulin, not in Albumin.

View full abstract

In part I and II, the antibacterial or bactricidal action of photosensensitizing dyes was reported. In the present part, the author studied the influence of 14 sorts of photsensitizing dyes on the bacterial metabolism and respiration by means of warburg apparatus. Salmonella typhi 57 S and Staphylococus aureus (Terashima) were used as the test organisms, and 10^-2M glucose as the substrate. The photosensitizing dyes of several concentrations around their antibacterial concentrations were used ror experiments. The results are briefly summarized as follows;
1. As for the inhibitory action of monomethin cyanine group dyes to the respiration of Sal. typhi, NK 564 (3, 3'-di-n-hepthyl-4, 4'-dimethyl-2, 2'-monomethine th azolocyanine-3-chloride) was the strongest, and it decreased in the order of NK 570 (3, 3'-di-n-octhl-4, 4'-dimethyl-2, 2'-monomethine thiazolocyanine-3 acetate), NK 266 (3, 3'-di-n-hepthyl-4, 4'-dimetyl-2, 2'-monomethine thiazolocyanine-3 iodide) and NK 400 (3, 3'-n-octhyl-4'-dimethyl-2, 2'-monome-thine thiazolo cyanine-3-iodide): this fact suggests that the inhibition of the respiration of Sal. typhi depends upon the number of carbon of alkyl radical and C₇H₁₅ is stronger than C₈H₁₇. To the repiration of Staph. auueus, NK 564 showed the strongest inhibition, and this inhibition decreased in the order of NK 570, NK 266 and NK 400; the inhibition of the respiration of Staph. aureus chiefly depends on the halogen and acid radical, though depends somewhat on the alkyl radical.
2. Of the pentamethin cyanine group dyes, NK. 74 (3, 3'-diethl-10-chlor-2, 2'-pentamethine rhiocyanine-3-iodide) showed a stronger respiratory inhibition to Sal. typhi than Staph. aureus, and, in some concentrations, the dye somewhat accel erated the respiration of Staph. aureus.
3. Of the three nuclei group dyes, NK 19 (3, 3'-tri-n-hepthyl-4, 4', 4''-trimethyl) showed very much stronger inhi-bition to the respiration of Sal. typhi than NK 9 (1, 1', 1''-triethyl-11-lepidine-4, 4'-pentamethine quinocyanine-1, 1''-di-iodide). The respiration inhibitory action of this type of dyes seems to depend on rathes the number of carbon of alkyl radical than the difference of nuclei. Things were nearly the same as to Staph. aureus.
4. As for the respiratory inhibition of Styryl group dyes to Sal. typhi, NK 143 (2- (p-dimethylamino- styryl-4-methlthylthiazole-3-n-heptyl iodide) was ths strongest, and it decreased in the order of NK 612 (2- (p-hydroxy-styryl)-pyridine-1-n-octhyl iodide), NK 547 (2, 4 bis-(p-dimethylamino-styryl)-pyridine-l-etyl iodide) and NK 611 (2 (o-hydroxy-styrl)-pyri-dine-1-n-octhyl iodid); fhe alkyl-heptyl radical plays the most important role in the respiratory inhibition, and the presnce of some accelerationg factor is also inferred. To the respiration of Staph. aurens. NK 573 (2. 6-bis-(p-dimethylamino-styryl)-pyridine-1-methyl acetate) showed very much stronger inhibition than NK 547; this fact suggests that CH₃COO has big influence.
5. Of the aminovinyl group dyes, NK 122 (2- (w-anilino) vinyl-4-methlthiazole-3-n-hepthyl iodide) showed somewhat stronger inhibition to the respiration of Sal. typhi than NK 344 (2-(w-5'-bromo-2'-pyridyiamino)-vinyl-4-methyl thiazole-3-n-hepthyl iodide). NK 344, however, showed stronger respiratory inhibition to Staph. aureus than Sal. typhi.

View full abstract

1. Four mature dogs, weighing 10 to 12 kg, were anesthetized with “Zyclopan” and fractional aspiration of the gastric juice was performed through Levine's tube. On the other hand, secretion from the pouch which was previously prepared on the stomach of 30 dogs in Wedge or Heidenhain's method was collected at every 10 or 20 minutes.
When the profuse secretion started about 1 hour later, 10% cancer extract was injected intravenously into the leg vein of the dog in a dose of 1 cc of the extract per kg weight of the dog. The aspiration was continued for more three hours after the injection of the cancer extract in all cases. Volume of the specimen and its peptic activity were measured.
2. As a result of intravenous injection of cancer extract, the gastric pouch secretion decreased moderately and its peptic activity was depressed gradually. In most instances, peptic activity showed the maximum depression between 40 and 60 minutes after the injection, followed by gradual increase, and finally 3 hours after recovered to almost same level as at the beginning.
The depression of gastric pouch secretion and its peptic activity after injection of the cancer extract, was more intensive and continued for longer time of period, compared to the cases injected with the extract of stomach wall.
3. These findings may partially depend upon the sudden change of the balance between water and electrolyte in blood, but the functional disturbance of gastric secretion cell by the cancer extract can be considered.
4. The experiment in vitro revealed the depressing action of cancer extract on peptic activity.

View full abstract

1. The urine of the male adult mongrel dogs was collected through the urethral catheterization at every 30 minutes for 1 hour before cancer extract was injected into the leg vein. Collection of the urine was continued for about 3 to 4 hours after injection. Uropepsin was measured by modified West's method.
2. There was no change on the quantity of uropepsin in the series without any injection, compared to slight increase in other series which were injected with physiological saline solution.
Intravenous injection of the muscle extract of the stomach wall made a moderate increase of the uropepsin in urine. The injection of the cancer extract made a more remarked increase of uropepsin than the control.
3. The gastric juice of the adult male dogs from the Wedge or Heidenhain's pouch was collected at every 20 minutes and its quantity and peptic activity were measured.
At the same time the urine was collected through the urethral catheterization at every 30 minutes and studied on uropepsin. As a result of intravenous injection of the cancer extract, the gastric pouch secretion decreased moderately and its peptic activity was depressed, however the uropepsin level in the urine increased.
In most instances, when the peptic activity was most depressed, the uropepsin level in urine reached the peak, except one case on which the peptic activity showed the parallel relation with the uropepsin level in urine.
4. From the above experiments, it appeared that the gastric pepsin of the pouch secretion was not in parallel relation with the uropepsin in urine, and it was supposed that the endocrine mechanism of pepsinogen may counteract the exocrine mechanism of pepsinogen.

View full abstract

1. The gastric juice of the adult rats, with histamine injection, with extirpation of endocrine organ, vagotomy and fracture of femur was collected respectively for 6 to 12 hours after pylorus-ligature. The samples were studied on quantity and peptic activity. The urine was collected for 24 hours after the same procedures and studied on uropepsin.
2. As a result of histamine injection, the peptic actvity of gastric secretion was slightly depressed. The peptic activity showed moderate depression with adrenalectomy, marked depression with hypophysectomy or adreno-hypophysectomy, some depression with vagotomy or thyreoidectomy, slight change with orchiectomy or oophorectomy and slight depression with fracture.
On the other hand, the uropepsin level in urine showed no remarked change with histamine injection, decrease with adrenalectomy, moderate increase with hypophysectomy when the ample water was administered; slight decrease with vagotomy, no change with thyroidectomy, slight change with orchiectomy or oophorectomy and increase with fracture.
3. From the above experiments, it was concluded that the pepsinogen secretion into gastric lumen was not always parallel with its excretion into urine. It was suggested that there is some difference between the factors influencing upon the exocrine mechanism of the pepsinogen and those upon the endocrine mechanism.

View full abstract

By means of bone-marrow tissue culture the author investigated the influences of ACTH and adreno-cortico-steroid hormones on the function of megakaryocytes, and obtained the following results:
1. The pituitary body and the megakaryocyte function In the case of repeated administration of ACTH to normal guinea pigs the function of megakaryocytes is accelerated, whereas in the case of the rats whose pituitary body is removed, it has been found that the megakaryocyte function is decreased. When ACTH, cortisone, testosterone or the powder of the thyroid gland is added directly to the bone-marrow tissue culture of the rat removed of the pituitary body, the function of megakaryocytes is restored most effectively by ACTH, followed by cortisone and the power of the thyroid gland, in that order, but testosterone hardly affects the function. On the other hand, in the direct addition of ACTH to the bone-marrow tissue culture of normal person, the megakaryocyte function is also increased, proving that ACTH acts directly on the megakaryocyte function without mediation of the adrenal cortex.
2. The adrenal cortex and the megakaryocyte function: In the case of repeated administration of cortisone to normal guinea pigs, the megakaryocyte function is accelerated, while in the guinea pigs whose adrenal gland is removed, the megakaryocyte function is diminished. Furthermore, when cortisone is added directly to the bone-marrow tissue culture of normal person, the function of megakaryocytes is accelerated, and likewise the direct addition of predonisolone to the bone-marrow tissue culture of normal person enhances the megakaryocyte function.

View full abstract

By means of bone-marrow tissue culture the author studied the influences of various sex hormones on the function of megakaryocytes, and obtained the following results:
1. The male sex gland and the megakaryocyte function: By repeated administration of testosterone to normal guinea pigs the mega-karyocyte function is accelerated, while the megakaryocyte function is diminished in the guinea pigs devoid of testicles. Furthermore, when testosterone is added directly to the bone-marrow tissue culture of normal person the megakaryocyte function is accelerated.
2. The female sex gland and the megakaryocyte function: In the repeated administration of estradiol to normal guinea pigs, the megakaryocyte function is diminished, whereas the removal of guinea-pig ovaries by operation accelerates the megakaryocyte function. Moreover, the direct addition of estradiol to the bone-marrow tissue culture of normal person decreases the mcgakaryocyte function.
On the other hand, repeated administration of progesterone to normal guinea pigs increases the megakaryocyte function. In addition, when progesterone is added directly to the bone-marrow tissue culture of normal person, the megakaryocyte function is accelerated.

View full abstract

By means ef bone-marrow tissue culture the author pursued the influences of thyroid hormones on the function of megakaryocytes, and obtained the following results:
1. By repeated administration of thyroxine to normal guinea pigs the megakaryocyte function is increased, and the megakaryocyte function in the patient with Basedow's disease has been found to be accelerated.
2. The removal of thyroid gland from normol guinea pigs diminishes the function of megakaryocytes, and on the other hand, the megakaryocyte function in the patient with myxedema has been diminished.
3. When the powder of the thyroid gland is added directly to the bone-marrow tissue culture of normal person, the megakaryocyte function is accelerated.

View full abstract

By means of bone-marrow tissue culture the author studied the influences of various hormones such as ACTH, cortisone, and predonisolone on the megakaryocyte function in various blood diseases, and obtained the following results:
1. ACTH has been found to act most effectively to restore the megakaryocyte function in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and cortisone and predonisolone follow in the effectiveness in that order.
2. Cortisone has been found to act most effectively to restore the megakaryocyte functon in aplastic anemia, followed by predonisolone and ACTH in the effectiveness in the descending order.
3. Predonisolone acts most effectively in restoring the megakaryocyte function in Banti's disease, follewed by ACTH and cortisone in the effectiveness in the order mentioned.

View full abstract

There are many studies on radiation disturbances but as for the causative factor of the disturbances it is vaguely considered to be the disorders of the hematopoietic organs and still it is uncertain whether such disturbances are due to the primary or the secondary factor, However, in our experiments we have come across the evidence indicating that such disorders can be induced even by an indirect causative factor. Following upon this point, we have studied the problem from histochemical standpoint of blood cells and have clarified that various substances what may be called toxic granules are produced during X-ray irradiation. Therefore, with the purpose to find an aid in the diagnosis of radiation disturbances as well as a clue in the elucidation of the causative factor we performed the present experiment by pursuing the relationship between the radition disturbance and the dosage of X-rays.

View full abstract

This study was undertaken to establish the amount of lochia of Japanese, and conducted on 512 unselected patients who were delivered in the Maternity Hospital of Okayama University School of Medicine.
The pads employed were preserved in caped-bottle after having lochia absorbed, and weighed daily as those of 24 hours during the 7 days of postpartum. The rate of evaporation at the time of weighning was 5.5%, including both on the external genital organs and in the bottle. The measurement was begun 2 hours after the delivery.
The sampling results derived from this observation are as follows,
1) The amount of lochia shows the regular distribution.
2) The rely-bounds are obtained as 286.0±10.1 g, throughout all cases, and 268.0±12.0 g in 182 untreated normal deliveries.
3) The more abundant amount was obtained in the groups of toxemia of pregnancy and forceps delivery as compared with the untreated normal group, and the less, contrary to this in premature delivery and cesarean section groups.
4) The primiparous was more abundant in amount than the multiparous.
5) The elder the maternal and fetal ages are, the more in amount is obtained.
6) There were found no influence to the quantity by the amount of hemorrhage at the time of labor, and the length of labor.
7) The period of leaving from bed and the administration of uterotonics has no influence to the lochial amount.
8) The amount increases with the weight of the placenta.
9) The less adequate the involution of the uterus at the time of the 7 th day of postpartum is, the less in the quantity.
As has been described above, it was confirmed that the quantity of lochia of Japanese is far less than those of 500 to 1000 g stated hitherto in the text-books, and, moreovere, influenced by various factors.
On account of the definite relationship of lochial quantity to the course of puerperum, the author believes that the lochial amount be able to be one of the critical basis for the process of the involution in the genital organs.

View full abstract

In order to investigate the cytological pictures of lochia and influences by sex hormones, the cytological examination by Papanicolaou's staining was daily performed on lochia of 80 normal and abnormal puerperas during the 7 days after delivery. The discharge was taken from the posterior fornix of vagina by usual small sponge. Ishikawa's classification was employed for that of vaginal epithelial cells.
The percentage of the keratinized cells (keratinization-index) was obtained by microscopic examination performed to avoid the thickend parts as far as possible.
The result derived from the observations is as follows,
1) Although the cytological pictures of lochia markedly differ with the individual patients, there is present the definite picture with the process of puerperum.
2) The change of keratinization-index is one of the most reliable basis for diagnosing the transition of the cytological pictures, in which the 10 th gestational month shows the lowest value, beginning to rise at the onset of labor and then the highest is obtained on the first day of postpartum, after which time the rapid lowering is found.
3) The keratinization-index does not demonstrate the absolute quantity of estrogens, but the estrogenic activities as a whole in perplexing endocrine system.
As has been stated, the cytological pictures of lochia demonstrate the definite changes after labor and, furthermore, have the close relationship to the sexual functions. This procedure is, therefore, of great importance for recognizing the healing process of puerperal involutions of genital organs and the transitions of the sexual functions.

View full abstract

The statistical observation was performed on 1, 337 cases of premature babies over 5 gestational months delivered at the Maternity Hospital of Okayama University School of Medicine, during the period from April, 1934 to November, 1957. (total number of deliveries 10, 000 during the same period).
The following results were obtained from this observation.
1) The incidence of premature baby is 13.37%. (14.63≥P≥12.50%)
2) Being divided into two groups, prewar and postwar groups, there is noted the significant difference between them, the later showing the distinct decrease of the incidence.
3) The younger age group is generally higher than the elder in frequency.
4) There has been noted remarkable difference between the primiparous and the multiparous groups, the former having the higher frequency than the later,
5) The great majority of premature babies has been delivered in winter.
6) The ratio of male to female is 106 to 100.
7) The majority of babies is weighed over 2000g and beyond 253 days of fetal age.
8) The number of patients having historically the premature interruption of pregnacies is found more in the postwar than the prewar.
9) The types of labors are shown as follows, sponsaneous, 91.8%, breech presentation, 7.3%, and artificial induction of labors, 2.9%. (by bougie)
10) In about half number of babies, there are present the maternal complications to be suggestful as the causes, among which the great majority of number is covered by the premature rupture of membrane, toxemias of pregnancy, twin and contracted pelvis.
11) The external malformation is noted in 1.12%.
12) The death-rate of babies is 13.83% (15.99≥P≥12.38%) during 7 days of postpartum. Prewar: 12.31%, postwar; 17.27%. As has been shown above, the higher incidence has been noted in the postwar than prewar groups. The deathrate classified into the groups under the birth weight and the length of pregnacy has significant tendency.
Dividing the death-rate mentioned above into the prewar and postwar groups, the later being not necessarilly increased in comparison with the former. The remarkablly high deathrate is found at the time immediately after the delivery.
The great majority of babies, being separated into the causes of death, was died of the congenital devility.

View full abstract