Unit activity was recorded with intraspinal microelectrodes for investigating the modes of intraspinal conduction of metrazol convulsion in cats, in which succinyl choline chloride was injected to avoid the artefact caused by convulsion.
1) In the early stage, i. e. the tonic convulsion, small spikes about 200 p.s. were seen on the flat base line.
2) In the clonic convulsion, there were seen about 4 to 6 p.s. slow waves, on which about 200 p.s. small spikes and 20 p.s. fast waves were also observed.
3) The 4 to 6 p.s. slow waves corresponded with the rhythm and the time of appearance of the gross clonic movement.
4) The 20 p.s. fast waves corresponded with the rhythm and the time of appearance of the minute clonic spasm of the muscle, which was only seen in the stage of flexion of the clonic convulsion.
5) The 200 p.s. small spikes could only be recorded from the lateral fascicle, while the 4 to 6 p.s. slow waves could also be obtained even from the anterior fascicle.
6) The 4 to 6 p.s. slow waves synchronized with the electroencephalogram were simultaneously recorded,
7) These patterns of convulsive activity were obtained not only from the lateral fascicle of the thoracic cord, but also from the pyramidal decussation of the medulla and the lateral fascicle of the lumbar cord, and were considered to have their origin in the center above the medulla.

View full abstract

Cerebral motor cortex was electrically stimulated with various frequencies in dogs and the activity was recorded from the peripheral nerve fascicles and isolated nerve fibers of the extremities.
The changes in case of cutting the pyramidal tract were also investigated.
1) The action potential of the activity obtaind from the peripheral nerve fascicle showed two peaks by the stimulation up to 20 p.s. frequency, and one or two peaks by that up to 40 p.s. frequency. These activities responded to the stimulation up to 40 p.s. freauency, but began to be omitted when the frequency reached more than 50 p, s.
The amplitude of the activity became the largest at the 20 p.s. stimulation in the first peak and at the 15 p.s. stimulation in the second peak.
In case of cutting the pyramidal tract, the activity could respond to the stimulation only up to 20 p.s. frequency and the action potential showed only the second peak.
2) The activity obtained from the isolated nerve fibers with 16 to 20 μ diameter responded to the stimulation up to 40 p.s. frequeucy and corresponded with the first peak, while that from those with 5 to 9 μ responded to the stimulation up to 20. p.s. frequency and corresponded with the second peak
In case of cutting the pyramidal tract, the activity from the larger fibers with 16-20 μ diameter could not be obtained at all, while that from smaller ones with 5 to 9 μ diameter showed no change. These larger fibers are considered to be innervated by the pyramidal system and smaller ones by the extrapyramidal system. Therefore, the peripheral nerve fibers would appear to be functionally classified into two kinds.

View full abstract

Fundamental studies of this subject were carried out in the following method.
A new reagent “Nen-Thorin” (2-(1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 6-disulfo-2-naphthylazo)-benzene arsonic acid) (max. absorption, 500 mμ in an aq. solution of pH 2.3) was synthesised and complex of this reagent with thorium (max. absorption, 570 mμ at pH 2.3) was studied for the determination of F (<50 γ in 50 ml). The extinctions of both Neo-Thorin and its complex with Th are sensitive towards change in pH, but remain constant between pH 2.1 and 2.4, the extinction of the complex decreasing in proportion to the amount of F^-.
Common ions, including Cl^-, SO₄^2-, PO₄^3-, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺, interefere. Any F in the sample is distilled from an H₂SO₄ soln. in the presence of SiO₂.
(1) By using the Thorium-Neo-Thorin method, small amounts of fluorine may be easily determined.
Color of this reagent changes from red to purple with small amounts of fluorine ion. So that the visual qualitative test for flurorine possible. Realisable limit of fluorine is 1/100 p. p. m.
(2) After the plant tissue was mixed with CaO (3% by weight of dry sample) and a small amount of water, it was evaporated to dryness and the volatile matter was expelled at 250 to 300°C and then ignited at 650°C.
Maximum recovery of fluorine was 98.5%.
(3) A small amount of fluorine in animal tissue was satisfactory determined by the same procedure as in plant tissue. Namely, the sample was calcinated with CaO in proportion of 15 to 20% by weight of dry sample, charred at 350 to 400°C and ignited at 750°C. Maximum recovery of fluorine was 98.93%.

View full abstract

Rabbits were used as experimental animals. It was investigated how much fluorine was accumulated in their bones and organs, when NaF, CaCO₃+NaF, and AlK(SO₄)₂+NaF were respectively administered to them.
(1) Amounts of fluorine contained in organs of non administered rabbits were considered to be the physiological required amounts which was taken as food from natural source.
(2) When 1 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg of NaF were respectively administered. amounts of fluorine in bones and organs did not increase so remarkably, but when 20 mg/kg of NaF, fluorine contents increased suddenly in all bones and organs.
(3) When both CaCO₃ and NaF were administered in the same amount of fluorine, fluorine was much more accumulated in bones and less in all organs than when NaF alone was administered.
(4) When both AlK(SO₄)₂ and NaF were administered, it showed a reverse result as that of CaCO₃ and NaF namely, fluorine was more or less accumulated in bones, but much more in organs than amounts of fluorine which was accumulated when the same amount of fluorine alone was administred.

View full abstract

Using the strains of Sh. flexneri and Staphy. albus as the test organism, the author studied the O₂ uptake of the resting cells cultured on nutrient agar media for 20 hours, the inhibition caused by Co⁺⁺, Ni⁺⁺ or Zn⁺⁺ on oxydation of glucose or pyruvate in the organisms and the recovering effect of Mg⁺⁺, Fe⁺⁺, Mn⁺⁺ or thionine against the inhibition. The following results were obtained.
1) The O₂ uptake of Sh. flexneri was, of course varying in degree, considerably supprersed at the concentration of 10^-4M of metal ions, Co⁺⁺, Ni⁺⁺ or Zn⁺⁺, regardless the sort of metal. Especially it was serious in the case of oxydation of pyruvate.
2) Concerning Staphy. albus, it was observed only slight inhibition of glucose, but serious inhibition was found in the case of pyruvate. Hence the difference on the inhibition, preeumably, regarded to be based on different pathway of glucose metabolism besides the differnce in the permeability of the surface of bacteria for ions.
3) It could be postulated that the inhibition of Co⁺⁺, Ni⁺⁺ or Zu⁺⁺ on oxydation of glucose were based on a block of the step on the oxydation of pyruvate, since these metal ions could compete with Ng⁺⁺, Fe⁺⁺ or Mn⁺⁺ that were necessary for such enzyme action.

View full abstract

In order to investigate the inhibitory effects of Co⁺⁺, Ni⁺⁺ and Zn⁺⁺ on oxydation of glucose by Sh. flexneri and Staphy. albus, the author made a comparison between the enzymatic properties of the organisms that were cultured on the media containing these metal ions and that of control. The following results were obtained.
1) The oxydative ability for pyruvate and its related substances was considerably lower in the organism grown on inhibitor contained media than in in the control; the accumulated products from glucose metabolism, such as pyruvate, were abundant on the organism tested compaired with control; therefore it could be supposed that the further oxydation of pyruvate was not taken place so successfully.
2) The mechanism of the inhibition on the oxydation were supposed to be the same way in either metal ions tested.
3) It could not succeed to demonstrate the occurence of any changes in the way of glucose oxydation and the hydrogen transfer system of tested organisms.

View full abstract

With the use of the standard strains, namely, Staph. aureus, Staph. albus, Sh. flexneri 2a, Sal. typhi 57 S, and Sal. typhi 57 R stocked in our department, the author studied the relations between the quantities of nucleic acids, RNA and DNA, in the cells and the duration of cultures, and carbon sources in the media; and also investigated the quatitative changes of nucleic acids of the resting cells after shaking of bacterial suspension. The following results were obtained.
1) The quantity of RNA was found to be more laage in the cells of younger culture. It can be asid that the amount of RNA taking the part in protein synthesis was increased in the cells that art multiplying actively.
2) It was found rather large quantity of RNA in the case of bacteria, when it was cultured on the media that were containing carbon sources, especially glucose.
3) The quantity of RNA was gradually decreased by the shaking of the suspension of resting cells. However, it was observed the marked increase of the quantity, if glucose was added into the suspension. But the addition of peptone itself or combination with carbon source, like glucose, revealed decrease of the quantity.

View full abstract

Using the standard strains of Staph. aureus and Sh. flexneri stocked in the labolatory, the author studied the effect of addition of aureomycin, chloramphenical, Co⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺ and Fe⁺⁺ on the quantitative changes of RNA, DNA and proteins in the bacteria that was shaken in it's suspension, and also investigated the P³² incorporations into the nucleic acids and the preteins fractions of these bacteria. The results obtained are following.
1) The amouot of RNA showed marked increase in the bacteria shaken with the addition of glucose into the snspension, whereas that of proteins was found to show only slight increase. The addition of peptone or peptone and glucose into the suspension showed the decrease of the RNA amount, but did the marked increase of the proteins.
2) Aureomycin, chloramphemicol and Co⁺⁺ inhibited the increase of the prpteins amount, but Mg⁺⁺ and Fe⁺⁺ accelerated it.
3) The P³² incorporations into the nucleic acid and the protein fractions were increased with the addition of peptone, especially in the case of glucose and peptone.

View full abstract

In order to establish the effects on oxydative degradation of glucose and practical utility of chloromycetin as inhibitor, the author studied the effect of chloromycetin on O₂ uptake of the microorganisms and the cooperative inhibition by the combined use of chloromycetin and other inhibitor. Sh. flexneri 2a, Sh. flexneri 3 a, Staphy. aureus and Staphy. albus, all taken from the departmental stock, were used in this work. The following were obtained.
1) The O₂ uptake of organisms were not affected in the presence of dilute chloromycetin, but the uptakes were decreased in 30-40% with 10^-3 M of chloromycetin in either substrates, glucose, lactate. pyruvate or succinate. With the concentration of 3×10^-3 M the decrease of the uptake reached to 60-70%; moreover, the suppression was most serious on the uptake of pyruvate.
2) In the case of Sh. flexneri 2 a and Sh. flexneri 3 a, the simultaneous use of chloromycetin and NaN₃ showed marked inhibition on the O₂ uptake compared with use of each of them. But in Staphy. aureus and Staphy. albus, it was not observed such cooperative inhibition like this.

View full abstract

To establich the addition effects and the utility of chloromycetin as inhibitor, the author studied the effects of chloromycetin on interaction between substrates following the previous report. Sh. flexneri 2 a, Sh. flexneri 3 a, Staphy. aureus and Staphy. albus was also used in this work. The following results were obtained.
1) The O₂ uptake by Sh. flexneri 2 a or Sh. flexneri 3 a was promoted by the interaction that was revealed with addition of any combination of two taken among 2 groups substrates respectively; one contained glucose and pyruvate, the other asparate, glutamate, tryptophan, histidine, citrate and ribose. This promotion was not inhibited by the addition of chloromycetin.
2) In the case of Staphy. aureus and Staphy. albus the promotive interaction upon the O₂ uptake was observed only in the combinations of substrates containing asparate or glutamate; moreover, the promotion could be suppressed by chloromycetin.
3) The complete oxydation of pyruvate was supressed by NaN₃, but the reaction yielding acetate from pyruvate was not inhibited by it, while chloromycetin could suppress this reaction. Thus the cooperative inhibition on O₂ uptake seemed to be occured by the combined action of them.

View full abstract

Staph. aureus, Staph. albus, Strep. hemolyticus, D. pneumoniae, A. aerogenes, M. luteus, all taken from the depaqtmental stock, were used throughout this work as tested bacteria. The author divided these organisms in two groups, one contained Staph. aureus an Staph. albus, the other Strep. hemolyticus, D. pneumoniae, M. luteus; made any possible combinations of 2 strains between both groups; and observed the interaction between 2 strains on the growth and the oxydative degradation of glucose when cultured in the liquid media containing glucose. The following results were obtained.
1) The bacterial growth of combined inoculation tended to be inferior than the pure culture of either strain. Comparing with control, the growth was also inferior in the case ot pure culture into which media added the cell fue supernatant separated from the culture of other strain.
2) However, it was observed much consumption of glucose by the eombined culture of bacteria than by the pure culture. And the same was said concerning with the accumulation of glucose metabolite; pyruvate, lactate and acetate. This tendency was also demonstrated in the culture into which media the supernatant of others was added.
3) Hence, it was postulated that two strains in the combined culture interacted cooperatively in degradation of glucose so far as resulting in pyruvate; but, contrasted to that, competitively in further degradation of pyruvate.

View full abstract

In order to study the interaction of 2 bacterial strains of glucose metabolism, the author conducted the same experiment as has been reported in Part I on the resting cells of the organism. The following results were obtained.
1) The O₂ uptake showed marked increase by the combination of 2 strains in which a strain was taken from Staph. aureus or Staph. albus, another from Strep. h molyticus or D. pneumoniae, compaired with either only. A similar relation was also observed in the oxydation of pyruvate, lactate, acetate and succinate, as well as of glucose.
2) It could be postulated that the acceleration of glucose oxydation depended upon partly supplementaly action for the slow speed of reaction in a strain by another, and partly the serviceability of metabolites produced by a atrain for the oxydation of another by means of conjugated reaction.

View full abstract

Using the standard strains of Sh. flexneri and Staphy. aureus taken from the departmental stock, the author studied the effects of oxine, Cu⁺⁺, Co⁺⁺, combination of oxine-Cu⁺⁺ and that of oxine-Co⁺⁺ on the growth of bacteria and the glucose metabolism during their growth. The following results were obtained.
1) The cooperative inhibition of oxine and Cu⁺⁺ or oxine and Co⁺⁺ on the growth was revealed most strikingly when oxine and metal ions came near equal concentrations. Of course, it was necessary to be kept both oxine and metal ions are exceeded a certain concentrations for revealing their inhibitory effects.
2) The accumulation of pyruvate and lactate in the media was markedly increased in oxine or Co⁺⁺ added media, on the other hand the accumulation of the metabolites from glucose was decreased in the case of Cu⁺⁺ added media compaired with control.
3) It was found that the metabolite acumulated slightly much in the media added oxine and Cu⁺⁺ or oxine and Co⁺⁺ than control media.

View full abstract

With the use of standard strains of Sh. flexineri and Staphy. aureus taken from the departmental stock, the author carried out the serial transplantation through generations on the media that was added oxine, Cu⁺⁺, Co⁺⁺, the combination of oxine and Cu⁺⁺ or that of oxine and Co⁺⁺ in order to obtain bacteria adapted to respective media. Then the investigation was made on the properties of the bacteria thus obtained. The results are following.
1) It was found the decreased activity of catalase by the bacteria grown on ox ine added media, but that activites of other other bacteria were maintained nearly normal.
2) It was revealed slight defferences between the permeabilities of inhibitor through the surface of bacterial cells cultured on different media.
3) The inhibitory effects of Cu⁺⁺ on O₂ uptake were varied by the bacteria cultured on different media added respectively oxine, Cu⁺⁺ or oxine+Cu⁺⁺. That effects of Co⁺⁺ were also varied by the bacteria on different media added respectively oxine, Co⁺⁺ or oxine+Co⁺⁺
4) There was found no difference on the pathway of glucose metabolism resulting in pyruvate, but was noticed some difference in further oxydation of pyruvate.

View full abstract

Out of 207 cases of pulmonary resection, the author studied tubercle bacilli in 314 foci by smear, culture and estimation of resistance with the purpose to find out the characteristic traits of these bacilli, and obtained the following results.
Smear positive ones occupy 94.2 per cent while culture positive only 45.2 per cent, and smear positive, culture negative ones occupy 49.7 per cent.
The smear positive rate by various methods of staining is poorest in the case of Ziehl-Neelsen method and highest in the fluorescent method.
There can be found no difference in the culture result whether cultured in an untreated 1% ogawa medim, 4% sodinm hydrocide-treated medium or untreated-3% ogawa medium. It seems that the question whether or not the tubercle bacilli in the focus are culture positive does not depend so much on the kind of chemotherapy, the dose of drug administered or duration of the treatment, but it rather depends on the character of the focus, and the effect of the chemotherapy affects indirectly ans secondarily, and that after the closing of focus and the hardening of contents with lapse of time smear positive-culture negative cases will increase in number.
In the case given chemotherapy and collapse treatment prior to the resection, no fixed relationship can be observed in the cavity but in the case of the caseous cavity accompanied by penumothorax many culture positive ones can be recognized.
In the case whose bacillib in the focus proved to be culture negative the majority of them show the normal value of the blood sedimentation before operation, and in these showing the value over 21 mm most of the bacilli in the cavity prove to be culture positive.
The acquiring of resistance by the bacilli in the focus is dependent on the character of the focus rather than the dose of drugs or the duration of the treatment. In the open focus treated with a large dose of drug for a long period of time the resistance of bacilli in the focus is high, while the resistance of the bacilli in the encapsulated focus is generally low. However, even in the same kind of foci the resistance of bacilli tends to be higher in the foci whose contents are softer, and the same thing can be said of bacilli in different kinds of foci. Even in the cavity which stopped expelling bacilli soon after the start of chemotherapy, when the chmotherapy is continued for a long time afterward, generally there is no rising tendency in the resistance of bacilli in the focus. As for the degree of resistance acquired by bacilli against various drugs, the majority acquire a higher resistance against SM, and the resistance against PAS is on the whole low, while that ahainst INAH is approxiamtely similar to that against SM.

View full abstract

By inoculating into the tail vein of mice 40 samples of culture positive bacilli obtained from different kinds of the excised pulmonary foci and by the estimation culture of the viscera of these test animals, the author studied the virulency of the tubercle bacilli, and also carried out observations on the relationship between the color reaction and the ability of cord formation.
1. Tubercle bacilli in the excised pulmonary focus generally tend to show a less potent virulency that that of H₃₇Rv, human F strain, and ones isolated from human sputum.
2. However, the tubercle bacilli from the cavity expelling becilli up to the time of operation show the virulency almost as potent as the tubercle bacilli isolated from sputum. The longer the time after the cessation of bacillus expulsion the weakeer the virulency tends to be. In the caseous focus the virulency of bacilli tends to be less potent than in the case of the cavity. In addition, the softer the contents of the focus the weaker is the bacilli.
3. Tubercle bacilli in sll kinds of foci show no fixed relationship between the virulency on one hand and the size of focus, the kind and amount of drug administered befoer operation, and collapse therapy or no collapse theapy on the other hand.
4. Of various stainings, neutral red reaction in the case of extremely strong or extremely weak stain coincides well with the degree of virulency in the animal experiment, but in the case staining in an intermediate degree, although coinciding well with the potency of virulency, it does not necessarily agree with the results of animal experiment. It seems that this method is fairly useful for a rough estimatiou of the virulency of tubercle bacilli but it is not adequate enough for a precise analysis. Furthemore, P-K reduction test will yield the degree of virulency to a certain extent for the virulent strain, but for the determination of the degree of virulency in human infected bacilli, irrespective of the potency observed in animal experiment, no maked discoloration can be observed by this thst and it seems to possess no great significance.
5. No fixed relationship between the resistance against SM and PAS and the virulency toward mice, but in the case of INAH-resistant strain that acquired the resistance of over 10 γ, a weakening tendency can be recognized in their virulency. Such a tendancy has also been observed in the N-R reduction test. In addition, no decrease in the coloration can be recongized by the N-R reaction in SM-highly-resistant strain.
6. The cases showing the colony formation even after a long period of culture carried over 8 weeks amount to 12.7 per cent, but the number of colonies is small in all cases, snggesting a fall in the power of subsistence. However, the virulency is not necessarily diminished. Judging from the fact that with an exeption of the bacilli in the cavity expelling bacilli np to the operation, the potencyof the virulency and the power of subsistence in the majority of badillido not coincide with one another and that the virulency grows less potent along with the encapsulation and hardeniog of the foci, it is not difficult to understand that most of tubercle bacilli found in foci undergo physiological and bacteriological changes to a greaert extent than those tubercle bacilli usually found in the sputum of patient. Furthermore, in two caseous foci whose diamater is under 0.5 cm and whose contents are caseously hardened, the bacilli, though weak in viruleucy, have beeu found to be positive to the estimation culture. It is not reasonably impossible to say that such characteristic trait of tubercle bacilli may recover the virulency, and from such a reasoning there remains a problem to be solved before deciding definitively that the bacilli proving to be smear-positive and culture-negative are all dead.

View full abstract

By injecting bovine blood into the subcutaneous tissue on the inner side of the rabbit femur the author studied histochmeically the Decomposition of hemoglobin-heme as well as pursued serologically changes of hemoglobin-globin; and obtained the following results.
1. When bovine blood is injected subcutaneously, the hemoglobin decomposition takes place relatively quickly outside the histiocytes. Namely, on the second day after the injection the formation of hemosiderin, on the third day of bilirubin, and on the fifth day of hematoidin cristals, on the ninthday of bilifuscin can be recognized outside the cells; and the number of these is increased on the 14th day. On the other hand, within histiocytes are formed hemosiderin granules on the fifth day, hematoidin crystals on the seventh day, and hematoidin crystals are increased in number on the 14th day.
2. The precipitation of globin in the tissue is somewhat slow on the first day of the injection, but from the second day to the 15th day the precipitation presents the value of 32, 000-fold, and this maximum has been maintained throughout the period observation.
3. Therfore, the degeneration of globin observable at the process of the hemoglobin destruction is extremely trivial yet persistent, and this fact corroborates the theory advocated by K. Kajiro et al.
4. From the fact that hemosiderin is formed from hemoglobin, and then the hematoidin (bilirubin) or billifuscin is fomed and that the antigenic value of globin in the tissue is unchanged even at the stage when hematoma has almost completely disappeared, it is believed that globin is decomposed in the course of bilirubin formation from hemoglobin and is kept in the tissue for a long period of time. Therfore, the theory that indirect bilirubin is bilirubin-globin seems to be not appropriate.

View full abstract

After mixing bovine blood with anti-bovine hemoglobin serum of rabbit, the mixture is injected into the subcutaneous tissue on the inner side of the rabbit femur, immediately, 2 hours later, and 5 hours later, and the author studied serologically changes of the globin at each site of the injection as well as well as carried on the histochemical observations on the decomposition of the heme. The results are described in the following.
1. The injected blood cells are destroyed in the tissue, and at the same time the injected anti-serum, existing there intact, acts so as to bring about the begeneration of the globin. The degree of the degeneration is not affected by the conditions affecting blood cells and serum.
2. The degeneration of the globin thus induced is again brought back to the normalcy by the action of the tissue.
3. The hoemglobin decomposition in the tissue is suppressed when globin is degenerated, and it proceeds after the recovery of the degeneration. This condition is evident outside the tissue than inside and it is not distinct within histiocytes.

View full abstract

By injectiug the bovine hemoglobin (previously mixed with anti-hemoglobin serum and left stanbing for two hours) into the subcutaneous tissue on the inner side of the rabbit femur, the author studied changes of the globin serologically and also pursued histochemically the course taken by the decomposition of the heme. The following are the results.
1. The globin degenerated by anti-hemoglobin serum returns to the normalcy gradually after the injection into the tissue.
2. As the degeneration of the globin recovers, the heme is broken up from hemosiderin to bilirubin and then to bilifuscin, bnt no processes such as the liberation of heme accompanying the degeneration of the globin and subsequent decomposition of it can be recognized.
3. The globin is liberated as the decomposition of the heme proceeds and it is held in the tissue for a long time, but the decomposed product of the heme are absorbed rather quickly.

View full abstract

By the Bucker-Mirsky method the author estimated the pepsin-like substauce in urine, namely the content of uropepsin. with the purpose to elucidate the relationship between uropepsin and stress, the author estimated the uropepsin content in urine and studied the fluctuations in uropepsin; and the following are the results.
1. For the estimation of uropepsin the covering with toluol is not necessarily required for storing the urine to be tested, but it is preferable to keep the sample in a refrigirater and the estimation should be carried out as soon as possible.
2. As for the content of uropepsin in the urine drawn at a given interal, a fixed periodicity can be recognized in the fluctuations of the content, namely, diurnal changes. However, in the estimation of 24-hour urine the average amount excreted per hour resembles quite closely to the value of uropepsin in the urine drawn at 8 A. M.
3. Without any extreme change in foods or abrupt changes in environments the content of uropepsin excreted shows no diurnal changes.
4. In the case where the parson changes his residence from the accustomed place to a new strange place it has been found that the uropepsin value in urine rises temporarily, and after a subsequent period of transient fall the value returns to the normal level.

View full abstract

1. After estimating the uropepsin content in urine by the Bucker-Mirsky method the author studied the relationship between the surgical invasion and uropepsin. and obtained the following results,
a. In the estimation of uropepsin values in the urine according to different patients vith such trauma as contusion, fracture of bones and burn, in the face, head, thoracic part and limbs, the uropesin values estimated so many hours after receiving Injury and those stimated at a certain hous of the day when urine was drawn proved to show the maximum value at 3-4 hours after the injury in the former while the maximum around 11-12 A. M. in the latter.
b. In estimating the uropepsin content of the head injury according to the grades, the greater the stress the higher is the uropepsin value, requiring a longer time to recover. Looking at this with the lapse of time in a simple case the uropepsin value demonstrates a monophasic curve whereas in the case of intermediate or advanced case it draws diphasic curve.
c. In the from-day-to-day observations, in the case of burn, fracture of bones in limbs, and the compression fracture of spines likewise the uropepsin content rises in a direct proportion to the degree of stress, and before recovering to the normal level there is a transient fall in the value, and the duration of this fall is also longer in more advanced case with consequent prolongation in the time required for recovery.
d. Laparotomy, tissue necrosis, and suppuration likewise react on the body strongly as a stress, showing results identical with those observed in the case of trauma and burn. Especially in the case of perforative peritonitis due to duodenal ulcer a marked rise in the uropepsin value can be observed 3 to 4 days after operation, but the value gradually decreases thereafter.
e. In the far advanced case on the verge of death, the uropepsin value was ½ the normal level or even lower and the patient died without recovering it. The estimation of uropepsin has a significant bearing on knowing the function of adrenal cortex and the degree of trauma as well as on prognosis.
II. For the study of relationship between uropepsin and eosinophils normal rabbits are used, and for the calculation of eosinophils the peroxidase test is used.
a. In the observation of the uropepsin content and the number of eosinophils after intramuscular injnection of 5 mg ACTE it is evidently that both uropepsin and eosinophils are involved in the functions of the pituitary and adrenal cortex.
b. When the fracture of leg bones, laparotomy, and burn are inflicted on test animals, the uropepsin content rises and eosinophils decrease in number. Following upon this there is a transient decrease in uropepsin before reaching the normel level, and as for eosinophils a temporary eosinophilia is noted. presenting inverse relationship to each other.
c. By inflicting burn and fracture of bones with the aid of Hibernation and observing the uropepsin value and eosinophils, hardly any fluctuations in either one can be observed, and it has been recognized that the appearance of in vivo reactions as the stress is inhibited and the functions of the pituitary and adrenal cortex are suppressed.

View full abstract

As the basic study to elucidate the influences of chemotherapy on the liver function in lung tuberculosis the author summarily conducted various clinico-chemical examinations of the liver function in 126 cases of lung tuberculosis and studied the disturbances of the liver function in this disease.
1. Changes in the serum protein picture is especially marked, and by a decrease in albumin with the proportionate increase in globurin the rate of the decrease in A/G reaches as much as 52.4 per cent, showing in addition a significant correlation between the serum protein picture and the clinical of lung tuberculosis.
2. There is a significant mutual relationship between the clinical symptoms of lung tuberculosis and results of various examinations such as Gros' reaction, Takata' reaction, CCF, Ch-E and TTT tasts, revealing a high degree of disturbances in the liver parenchym in the advanced exsudative and open cases.
3. The case showing a rise in the icteric index is extremely rare, and there is not a single case that presented icteric sign as the result of the estimation of total bilirubin, cholesterol, and alkaliphosphatase.
4. Looking over the entire cases, the disturbances in the liver function have been recognized in 23.8 per cent; namely, 12.7 per cent in the minimal cases; 29.2 per cent in the moderately advanced cases; and 45.5 per cent in the far advanced cases. Although there is a mutual relationship between symptoms and the liver disturbance, there can be found not one case showing a critical disturbance.
5. From these results it is believed that the functional disturbance of the liver in lung tuberculosis is a mild symptom consisted mainly of the disturbance in the protein metabolism, caused by the chronic infection.
6. As for the routine work in the examination of the liver function in lung tuberculosis it is justifiable to conduct examinations of the serum protein picture, especially the picture of albumin and A/G, Gros' reaction, Takata' reaction, CCF, and Ch-E or TTT tests, and BSP test if necessary. It is moreover advisable to examine the icteric index for detection of the icteric sign, and to estimate the quantity of total bilirubin, cholesterol and alkaliphosphatase if necessary.
7. Although the results of such examinations are not specific to the lung tuberculosis, it is considered that the all-round examination has an extremely significant bearing on the accurate prognosis as these results coincide well with the intensity and progress of the disease.

View full abstract

In the systematic study of the effects of various drugs administered for a long period of time on the liver function in 54 cases of lung tuberculosis presenting the background factor common to all, the author arrived at the following conclusions,
1. Along with the effect of the chemotherapy a marked improvement can be observed in the serum protein picture and also a striking increase in the albumin content and a significant rise in A/G can be recognized. Since the improvement in the serum protein picture is especially marked in mild cases irrespective of which drug is administered, it is assumed that this is the result of lung tuberculosis beining affected by the chemotherapy rather than by the specificity of the drug itself.
2. SM never interferes with the liver function and it tends to bring the function back to the normal level.
3. PAS will normalize the liver function along with the improvement of the lung symptoms, but it occasionally induces a transient and mild disturbance.
4. INH likewise normalizes the liver function along with the therapeutic effect, but it may induce a transient and mild distnrbance in a relatively rare instance.
5. In the combination therapy of two or three of SM, PAS, and INH the change in the liver function does not differ from that in the single treatment. In some instances the combination therapy of PAS and INH brings about a transient and mild disturbance, but generally with the improvement of tuberculous symptoms the liver function is normalized.
6. In the combination therapy of PZA plus INH in some instances the liver function returns to the normalcy along with its excellent therapeutic effect, but on the other hand, in a prolonged treatment there is a tendency of inducing the disturbance in the liver function. However, in such a treatment no critical disturbance such as of jaundice can be recognizid, and there is no impediment in the continuous treatment.
7. It is clinically worthy of note that occasionally the disturbance of the liver function occurs during the treatment with the use of PZA, PAS, and INH as can be seen from the above, and therefore, it is significantly important to observe carefully the change that may occur in the liver function in the course of chemotherapy.

View full abstract

By isolating in vitro tubercle bacilli of H₃₇Rv strain each resistant to SM, INH or PAS, composed of an equal population, and by inoculating these resistant bacilli into guina pigs hypodermically, the author conducted a series of experiments on the virulency of these organisms, and at the same time pursued clinically and statistically the changes in resistance of bacilli after acquiring the resistance as well as the clinical progress. The results are described in the following.
1. The virulency of SM-resistant bacilli is found to be about the same as that of susceptible bacilli, showing entirely no decrease in the virulency. Furthermore, there exists no fixed relationship between the degree of resistance and the virulency, but the virulency is quite high irrespective of the degree of resistance.
2. The virulency of INH-resistant bacilli is markedly decreased; moreover, it is lower in the 10 γ/cc resistant bacilli than in the 1 γ/cc resistent one, proving to be almost powerless, and it is revelaed that the higher the resistance conversely the lower is the virulency
3. The change of virulency in PAS-resistant bacilli is not so marked as that in INH-resistant bacilli, but it is clearly down nervertheless. However, no fixed correlation can be recognized between the resistance and virulency.
4. The catalase activity is either decreased or obliterated only by INH-resistant bacilli, and therc can be recognized a certain definite correlation between the activity and the degree of resistance as well as the virulency.
5. In pursuing the changes of resistance clinically and statistically, it is fixed and unchanged in the majority of SM-resistant bacilli; it is changeable and lowered in most of INH-resistant ones; and it is between the two in the case of PAS-resistant ones, showing a fall in the resistance. This seems to be due to the proliferative power of resistant bacilli in vivo, indicating a strong proliferative power in SM-resistant bacilli while a weakened proliferative power in INH-and PAS-resistant bacilli, which fact coincides well with the results of animal experiments.
6. As for the clinical course after acquiring the resistance, in general the INH-resistant cases and the PAS-resistant show a satisfactory progress, which agrees well with the results obtained in animal experiments, suggesting that even in the human body the virulency of bacilli is lowered to a certain degree.

View full abstract

In a series of animal and in vitro eyperiments on the virulency of double-resistant tubercle bacilli and in clinical and statistical observations concerning the virulency, the author obtained the following results.
1. In the virulency tests of tubercle bacilli by subcutaneous injection to guinea pigs the virulency of each doubleresistant tubercle bacilli of H₃₇Rv strain for SM plus INH and PAS plus INH, the effect is represented by the virulency of INH-resistant bacilli, showing a marked diminution of the virulency. Moreover, the degree of such a decrease is in a proportion to the resistance against INH.
2. Likewise the virulency of SH plus INH-tow drug resistant bacilli isolated from patient, resembling closely to that of H₃₇Rv-(SM+INH resistant) strain, is markedly diminished. Similar result is obtained by the bacilli isolated from those cultured in the medium containing SM. This suggests the existence of a high proportion of true-doubleresistant bacilli, and the virulency of this-true double-resistant bacilli seems to play a main role in the diminution of the virulency.
3. The catalase activity of the double-resistant bacilli, including the INH-resistant, is weakened or obliterated according to the degree of the resistance against INH, and consequently a close correlation can be recognized between the activity and the virulency.
4. Viewing the changes of symptoms in the so-called two-drug resistant cases clinically and statistically, their clinical progress is far better than that of SM-single resistant cases, and just as in the case of animal experiments this seems to be due to a high proportion of the true double-resistant bacilli being contained in the strain. In other words, it suggests that the virulency of the double-resistant bacilli is also somewhat diminished even in the human body.
5. Therefore, it is clinically quite important to know accurately the existence of the true-double-resistant bacilli that may be contained in the so-called two-drug resistant strain of patients, and the author advocates that the “crossculture test” devised by himself is well suited for such a purpose.
6, The author has been able to verify the existence of a high proportion of the true double-resistant bacilli in the so-called two-drug resistant strain of patients by his “crossculture test”, and he calls attention to this method of approach.
7. As the results of treatment attempted systematically on the so-called two-drug resistant cases using various drugs, some satisfactory result can be expected in the treatment with different drugs to which no resistance has been shown, but the majority of cases with the concurrent use of the drug to which the resistance is already acquired fail to be effective. This fact clinically corroborates the inclusion of a high, percentage of the true double-resistant bacilli, and this agrees well with the result of previous animal experiments. The author points out that this point has a clinical significance worthy of attention.

View full abstract

The cranioplasties were performed on 210 patients (218 cranial defects) using various materials. These patients were selected from 1500 cases admitted to the military neurosurgical center in Korea during the period of June 1950 to July 1953. All 1.500 cases were closely observed during there rehabilitation courses. The table 1 lists the different materials used and the number of patients who were treated with each type. All of the alloplastic materials had been tested, and compared with each other, in laboratory animal experiments. After discharge these patients were followed up for at least 5 years, and from these conclusions were drawn, and these are summarised below.
A. Autogenous grafts………………………118.
1. Os ilium (inner and outer tables, bone chips)…………71.
2. Outer table of cranium…………………16.
3. Cartilage (costal margin)…………………13.
4. Ribs (and splited)……………………9.
5. Scapula…………………………5.
6. Sternum…………………………2.
7. Tibia…………………………1.
8. Radius and Ulna……………………1.
B. Homologous (Preserved) grafts…………………12.
1. Cadava skull………………………7.
2. Tibia…………………………3.
3. Femur…………………………1.
4. Fibula…………………………1.
C. Alloplastic grafts………………………88.
a) Nonmetallic materials……………30.
1. Polyethylene plate……………………16.
2. Acrylic resin………………………14.
b) Metallic materials………………58.
1. Silver plate………………………34.
2. Tantalum plate………………………23.
3. Stainlese steel plate……………………1.
(Total: 210 cases, 218 defects)
Table 1: Total Cases of Cranioplasty and Materials used to repair Cranial Defects
1. The time required for the rehabilitation of head injuries depends on the duration of post-traumatic amnesia: the longer the period of post-traumatic amnesia lasts the longer is the period required for rehabilitation or before permanent neurological defects were established. Consequently cranioplasties were performed after the lapse of at least six months, and in the majority of cases operation was postponed until one year had elapsed since the time of injury.
2. In 74% of all the cases operated upon the defect was in the frontal or frontoparietal regions and this was probably due to two reason; firstly, these sites are most easily subjected to trauma, and secondly, for cosmetic reasons alone it was desirable to repair defects as small as 2×3 cm. in these regions. Temporal and occipital region on the other hand were less commonly operated upon because these regions are protected by firm muscle layers and seldom did they show the trephine syndrome.
3. In the selection of patients the author confirmed to the indications of cranioplasty that were recommended by Grant, Norcross.

View full abstract

With the purpose to pursue the host-parasite relationship in leprous cells the author studied microspectrophotometrically how the desoxyribonucleic acid synthesis takes place and the results of the study are presented herewith.
In the Lepra nervosa the DNA content of the cyrindrical cells in the skin, peripheral lymphocytes, and leucocytes in other tissues conteain the identical qutntity of DNA as in the lymphocytes in the spleen of Lepra tuberosa there is no marked difference from that of normal persons, but along with the proliferation of the bacilli in the liver of same Lepra tuberosa the nuclear volume as well as the DNA content increase slightly. However, in the liver interstitial cells a slight increase or a marked decrease in the DNA contents can be observed. In the nodes of the skin can often be seen cells containing the volume twice the amount of normal DNA content or one half the normal content, demonstrating an inbalance between the DNA synthesis and divisions of cells or nuclei. The cells losing DNA, however, take sooner or later a regressive degeneration along with the destruction of nuclei.
Finally the morphology and the function of cells in the precesses of vacuolation and the changes in DNA and RNA are discussed.

View full abstract

The average histamine contents in different regions of the skin in the dog mentioned in the following are in the range of 8.4 to 42.4 μg/g. Of these regions the value is highest in the skin of the ear margin followed by the skin of pubic regions, anal margin, and areola of nipples, and the value decreases in the descending order of eyelids, bristle area, throat, vertex, lip, abdomen, back, thigh and metatarsus. As for the histamine content in the joint capsules, the average value for each of six joints, namely, the shoulder, cubital, arm, hip, knee and spring is in the range of 5-9 μg/g. The kind of joint has no bearing on the content of histamine. The histamine content in the joint capsules on the opposite sides, right and left, shows practically no difference.
The intravenous or repeated subcutaneous administration of sinomenine, Compound 48/80, peptone or Irgapyrin evidently decreases histamine from all the regions of skin. The rate of the histamine depletion is in no way connected with the amount of skin histamine content. Although the degree of the depletion in the lip skin is relatively high, generally the rate of release does not vary by the difference in the region. The degree of histamine release from the joint capsule is far greater than in the case of the skin.
Histamine is markedly decreased from the skin and joint capsules by the repetition of subcutaneous injection of Irgapyrin, but unlike other histamine releasers it does not at all reveal signs ascribable to the release of histamine. This phenomenon is probably related to anti-histaminic property of this compound. Such a histamine release can not be brought about by butazolidine alone. one of the components of Irgapyin. Concurrent use of antihistamines does not diminish the degree of the histamine release by the releasers but markedly lessens the symptoms caused by the latter. When sinomenine is injected intramuscularly it has hardly any effect on histamine release.
The possible reason of genesis of and pathophysiologic significance about ununiformity of the histamine distribution in the skin are discussed.

View full abstract

In the pathophysiological study on the iron-copper metabolism in idiopathic hypochromic anemia the author obtained the following results.
1. In the estimation of the contents of serum iron and copper in the patients with this disease it has been found that serum iron is markedly decreased while serum copper is normal, but showing a marked decrease in the iron-copper ratio. This indicates that in this disease there is a marked change in the iron metabolism while no marked change in the copper metabolism.
2. Iron absorption and intravenous iron injection tests show that this disease demands and utilizes iron actively, and that depending upon the kind of iron administered, the ironabsroption curve is not low, presenting hardly any difference from that of normal persons. In additon, when the change of the serum copper is estimated at the same time, it differs from that of normal persons in that it steadily maintains a certain fixed level. These findings are interpreted to be due to the fact that in the disease such as this which seem to demand iron actively and utilize it immediately as the material for hematopoiesis, a certain fixed amount of copper is always required in order that the hematopoiesis in the bone marrow may function smoothly.
3. There is no great difference in the amount of iron excreted in the urine of this disease as compared with that of normal person, so that it seems not necessary to consider the iron excretion as to be the cause of iron deficiency. Although copper excreted in the urine is somewhat greater than in the case of normal persons, it does not seen to have any significant influence from the standpoint of the copper metabolism. Consequently, the copper metabolism in this disease seems to be carried out rather normally and therefore, copper seems to play no important role directly inducing anemia.
4. In this disease when ACTH is administered intramuscularly, the serum iron content does not change and the serum copper content increases. The amount of iron excreted in the urine tends to decrease while that of copper tends to increase, proving that adrenocortical hormone affects the ironcopper metabolism in this disease.
5. When this disease is treated with Dextran iron, it has a therapeutic effect, and also showing peculiar changes in the contents of serum iron and copper at the time of anemia recovery, it has been confirmed that copper plays a role involving in the iron metabolism of anemia.

View full abstract

In the present experiment the author studied the influences of the serum obtained from patients with idiopathic hypochromic anemia on the iron-copper metabolism of rabbits, and obtained the following results.
1. By successive injections of the serum of this disease no change occurs in the number of erythrocytes of rabbits, but the hemoglobin content decreases somewhat. Serum iron is moderately decreased while serum copper is slightly or moderately increased.
2. As for the non-hemin iron content in the viscera of the rabbit given successive injections of the serum of this disease, it tends to decrease in the liver and spleen, but it is markedly inceased in duodenum while it shows a tendency to increase slightly in the bone marrow. These findings seem to suggest that there are the acceleration in the hematopoietic function of bone marrow and the disturbance in the iron absorption via the intestinal tract.
3. As for the copper content in the viscera of the rabbit successively administered the serum of this disease, it is markedly increased in the liver; slightly increased in the kidneys; but it shows no great change in the spleen, bone marrow and duodenum.
4. The bone marrow picture of the rabbit receiving successive injections of the serum of this disease clearly shows the acceleration of hematopoietic function.
From these findings it can be deduced that in the serum of this disease there exist factors that induce the acceleration of the bone marrow hematopoietic function, namely, the factor accelerating the iron consumption and impeding the iron absorption from the intestinal tract, and that these two factors are involved in inducing this disease.

View full abstract

By administering orally and paraenterally radioactive iron to the rabbits previously injected with the serum of idiopathic hypochromic anemia, the author obtained the following results.
1. In observing the distribution of radioactive iron in each of non-hemin iron fractions in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and kidneys of the rabbit given the intravenous injection of Fe⁵⁹, the radioactivity is highest in the bone marrow and moreover, it is highest in the part one fraction (P_I fraction).
2. In the observations carried on the disappearance of radioactive iron from blood plasma and appearance in erythrocytes after the oral administration of Fe⁵⁵, it appears early and to a higher degree in the plasma but it disappears almost completely within 24 hours as compared with the control. The appearance of it in erythrocytes is likewise rapid and to a high degree, and with lapse of time Fe⁵⁵ increases abruptly.
3. Observing the distribution of radioactive iron in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and duodenum 48 hours after the oral administration of Fe⁵⁵, the amount is greatest in the liver, followed by that in the bone marrow, and in the spleen in the order mentioned. In the liver non-hemin iron fractions, P_I fraction contains the highest radioactivity, and next the P_III fraction also shows a relatively high value. In the duodenum P_I fraction contains the highest value and likewise in the spleen it is highest in the same fraction, but no great difference can be observed as compared with the control.
From these results obtained by the administration of the serum of this disease the changes of the iron metabolism of rabbit, especially of the non-hemin iron metabolism, seem to be all due to the acceleration of the hematopoietic function in the bone marrow and the increased demand for iron in vivo, and as for the iron absorption in the duodenum it appears there is no disturbance at least from the result of observations in (2), nevertheless, from the increase in the non-hemin iron content observable and from a relatively low specific activity in this organ it seems that the disturbance in the iron absorption can not completely ruled out.

View full abstract

Both latent cerebral local anaphylactic and normal rabbits were used for experiment. Ringer's solntion was given into abdominal cavity and 40% solution of natrium bicarbonicum was injected intravenously in order to cause alkalosis and water retention.
The content of water, Cl, Na, K and nonprotein nitrogen in cerebral grey matter was measured. The results were as follows:
1) Usually the content of water, Cl, Na in cerebral grey matter showed no significant difference between normal rabbits and latent cerebral local anaphylactic rabbits. But in the latter the content of K increased and that of nonprotein nitrogen decreased.
2) After the infusion of Ringer's solution and the intravenous injection of the solution of natrium bicarbonicum in both groups, the content of water, Cl, and Na increased but those of K and nonprotein nitrogen decreased.
3) The latent cerebral local anaphylactic rabbits showed more variation to the content of water and other electrolytics in cerebral grey matter and required a long time to recover than the normal rabbit when infused by Ringer's solution or injected by natrium bicarbonicum solution intravenously. However in case of nonprotein nitrogen content, no difference could be found between them.
4) In case of water infusion as well as alkalosis the latent cerebral local anaphylactic rabbits are more labil than the normal rabbits.

View full abstract

1) Autonomic nerve effective agents, i. e. adrenalin, atropine, acetylcholine and chlorpromazine were intramuscularly injected in three groups of cats; the normal, and one before and one after the experiment of producing brain edema. Their influences upon brain edema were investigated from the point of water content in cerebral cortex by Hatschek's cobalt chloride method.
2) Bilateral jugular veins were ligated for producing brain edema.
3) In normal cats, these agents had no influence.
4) In the group injected before producing brain edema, chlorpromazine markedly depressed the progress of the brain edema, while adrenalin, atropine or acetyl-choline gave almost no influence.
5) In the group injected after producing brain edema, chlorpromazine also showed depressive effects to the progress of the brain edema, while adrenalin accelerated it. But acetylchloine and atropine gave no influence.
6) The change of water content mainly consisted in free water and total water. Bound water remained almost unchanged.

View full abstract

1) Cat, s hypothalamus was electrically stimulated with very thin bipolar-electrodesneedle and the water content of the cerebral cortex was measured by Hatschek's cobalt chloride method.
2) In case of simple puncture of the hypothalamus, the water content increased compared with the normal cat. But no difference was observed by changing the part of puncture.
3) By electrical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and posterior hypothalamic nucleus the water content of brain increased more than in case of simple puncture, while by that of the lateral hypothalamic nucleus showed no change.
4) From the changes of pupils and respiration, the water content increased when they showed sympathetic reaction, while it did not change or slightly decreased when they showd parasympathetic reaction.
5) From the above-mentioned results, it would appear that the sympathetic system plays a more important role in the changes of the water content than the parasympathetic system.

View full abstract

1) AGTH, cortisone and thyroid hormone were intramuscularly injected in those three groups of cats, which were investigated as stated in Part I.
2) In normal cats, these hormones had almost no influence.
3) In the group injected before producing brain edema, ACTH and cortisone considerably depressed the progress of the brain edema, while thyroid hormone had no influence.
4) In the group injected after producing brain edema, ACTH and cortisone slightly depressed the progress of the brain edema. But thyroid hormone had no influence.
5) The change of water content mainly consisted in free water. and total water. Bound water remained almost unchanged.

View full abstract

Preventing effect of several chemical substances to the peritoneal adhesion was examined both anatomically and histologicaily following intraperitoneal administration of the substances to the site of artifical defect made on the serous membrane of the stomach, instestine and the parietal peritoneum. The results are as follows:
(1) In the preliminary study, it was confirmed that the serous defect of 1.0 cm×2.0 cm square was enough to make an extensive adhesion without any chemical irritation to the peritoneum when no adhesion-preventing substances were applied. This size of defect was used as the control of the experiment throughout the study.
(2) Infusion of a large quantity of physiologic saline solution to the peritoneal cavity at the time of closing the cavity showed remarkable preventing effect of the adhesion. Improvement of the effect was seen by supplementary subcutaneous administration of the fluid in addition to this procedure. Supplementary peritoneal infusion of the fluid with vinyl tube made no improvement.
(3) There was some preventing action seen with infusion of the nitromine, trypsine and varidase solution although less effective than the saline solution mentioned above.
(4) The serous defect was completely coated with the cover cells of the serous membrane after 5 days in case of saline solution being infused. It took 7 days to repair the defect when the other three substances were applied as well as the control experiment in which no chemical substances were used. The parietal peritoneum showed much slower recovery, 7 days for the saline solution and 10 days for the other substances as well as the control experiment.

View full abstract

Examining the functions of RES in patients with various blood diseases and in rabbits with experimentel anemia by Congo-red method advocated by Adler and Reimann and by the technique of carbon-particle phagocytosis in the subcutaneous tissue according to Sugiyama, the author studied the relationship between the hematopoiesis in bone marrow and the functions of the reticuloendothelial system (RES); and obtained the following results.
1. The Congo-red indices of various blood diseases are 71.9 in essential hypochromic anemia; 72.2 in hookworm anemia; 72.2 in Banti's disease; 72.7 in hypoplastic anemia; and 74.4 in leukemia, all showing about an equal degree of the diminution in the functions of RES.
2. As for the results of examinations of the RES functions in the rabbits with various experimental anemia whose hematopoietic functions of the bone marrow are disturbed by the injection of benzol, saponin, collargol, or irradiation of X-rays, not only the functions of the RES are disturbed but also the degree of anemia has been found to parallel to a certain extent with the change in the RES functions. Furthermore, in the blooddepleted anemia whose hematopoietic functions of the bone marrow are accelerated, the functions of RES have bean likewise accelerated. From these facts the functions of RES seem to be closely associated with the hematopoietic functions of the bone marrow. However, in the case of phenylhydradine anemia, despite the acceleration in the hematopoietic functions of the bone marrow, the functions of RES have been decreased. This seems to be due to the fact that RES is forced tc phagocytose and dispose of the decomposed substances of erythrocytes arising out of the hemolysis by phenylhydradine and therefore, the phagocytotic ability of RES for foreign substances is on the whole diminished.
3. In the examinations of the RES functions the change in the Congo-red index has generally paralleled with the change in the degree of the carbon-particle phagocytosis in the subcutaneous tissue.

View full abstract

With the purpose to elucidate the influences of the change in the RES functions on the iron metabolism the author studied the iron metabolism in the rabbits injected with ACTH, DOCA, cortisone, adrenalin, acetylcholine, atropine, and ergotamine, as well as in the rabbits blocked of RES by carbon black solution or by collargol, and obtained the following results.
1. The serum iron is decreased by the administration of such drugs as ACTH, DOCA, cortisone, adrenalin, acetylcholine, atropine and ergotamine. When RES is blocked, the decreasing action on the serum iron by these drugs in suppressed. Therefore, it seems that these drugs act as to accelerate the functions of RES, especially the iron metabolism, and that they make RES take up the serum iron.
2. From the standpoint of the iron metabolism, it has been difficult to find any correlation between the action of these drugs on the RES functions and the influences of these drugs on the RES functions as represented by the phagocytotic ability of foreign substances, the method commonly used in the determination of the RES functions.
3. The results of examination of the iron metabolism at the time when RES is blocked by carbon black or collargol are as follows: (a) the serum iron content decreases at an early stage of the blocking, but it tends to increase at an later stage; (b) at the time when RES is blocked, the rate of iron consumption in the blood in which iron is injected intravenously, is low; and (c) the amount of iron stored in the viscera, especially in the liver, rather tends to decrease.
Judging these results with a special reference to RES, the influences of the decrease in the RES functions on the iron metabolism when RES is blocked may be interpreted as to cause a fall in the iron uptake from the blood by RES and to bring about the concurrent decline in the retentive power of iron in RES.

View full abstract

Using radioactive iron (Fe⁵⁹) the author studied the processes of the iron metabolism at the time when the RES functions are changed and obtained the following results.
1. With the intravenous injection of Fe⁵⁹ the author pursued the iron distribution in the viscera of the rabbits with hypoferremia induced by the administration of various adrenocortical hormones and autonomic nerve stimulants, and studied the destiny of disappearing serum iron and investigated what relation these results will have with the RES functions. As the results it has been found that ACTH, DOCA, and acetylcholine seem to act as to accelerate the functions of RES, especially the iron metabolism, and make RES take up the serum iron in the viscera, especially hemosiderin and ferritin fractions of non-hemin iron. In the case of cortisone and adrenalin about the same tendency can be observed but the results are not so distinct as in the former.
2. In the investigation of the iron distribution in the viscera by injecting Fe⁵⁹ intravenously to the rabbits whose RES is blocked by collargol, it has been found that on the whole the uptake of iron from serum by RES is decreased when the functions of RES are disturbed.

View full abstract