Effect of synthetic TRH on pituitary TSH secretion in man with special reference to the evaluation for TRH test. Synthetic TSH has been administrated to 14 volunteers of euthyroid and various endocrine disorders in dose 500μg. TRH was assessed by serial measurement of plasma TSH using radioimmunoassay with double antibody technique, serum T4 and T3.
Arise in plasma TSH was observed within five minutes after intravenous administration of TRH, values of TSH reached maximum in 15 to 30 minutes in euthyroid subjects. Graded responses were obtained as the dose levels of TRH were increased.
In the cases with hypothalamo-pituitary disorder including pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma, the TSH response to TRH in patients who showed thyroidal hypofunction was generally reduced. However, there could be observed optimal TRH induced TSH increase in hypothalamo-pituitary disorder having a euthyroid function.
Almost all patients with hyperthyroidism showed no response, the plasma TSH level remaining undetectable throughout the studies, some showed a suboptimal response and a few delayed response: the plasma TSH increases only at 60 minutes. In hyperthyroidism there was no correlation between the levels of serum T4 and responseness to TRH.
Primary hypothyroid patients have elevated plasma TSH levels at zero time and showed exaggerated response and the peak of TSH increase was somewhat delayed and continued.
Longterm glucocorticoid treated patients and two cases of with Cushing's syndrome showed an inhibition of TSH response to TRH.

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Microvessels of the nailfold were observed and photographed by capillary microscope in 144 patients with blood diseases. Their features and flow states were investigated with special reference to hematological findings. The results were followings:
1) Percent distributions of the patterns in the nailfold capillary loops were calculated. Hypoplastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) showed significant decrease of the open loops (by Gibson) and increase of the closed loops.
These changes were most prominent in ITP.
2) Evaluation values of the morphological abnormalities were calculated in blood diseases. Acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hypoplastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, allergic purpura and ITP showed significant high evaluation values compared with normal controls and ITP showed the highest among these.
3) No significant difference was observed between the number of the capillary loops per 1mm width in the nail fold of blood diseases and that of normal controls.
4) Significant narrowing in the diameter of the arterial and venous limbs was observed in acute myelocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, hypoplastic anemia and iron deficiency anemia. Polycythemia showed prominent dilatation of the limbs.
5) No significant correlation was observed between the red cell count of the peripheral blood and the number of the capillary loops.
6) Positive correlation was observed between the red cell count and the diameter of the capillary limbs.
7) Granular flow was significantly prominent in patients with accerelated erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
8) Granular flow in patients with white cell count of more than 50, 000 was statistically more prominent than in patients with that of less than 50, 000.
9) Granular flow in myelocytic leukemia patients was significantly more prominent than that in lymphocytic leukemias.
10) Significant correlation was observed between the granular flow and the apical dilatation of the capillary loops.
11) Capillary petechiae were observed in patients with blood diseases. 58.1% of 74 patients were positive. Bleedings were most frequent in “Schaltstuck” of the capillaries, and petechiae moved slowly to superficiallayer of the epidermis.
12) Capillary petechiae in the nailfold were significantly more frequent in female than in male but no correlation was observed between the cpillary petechiae and the following items, i.e. ages, Rumpel-Leede test, thrombocyte count, bleeding time and coagulation-fibrinolysis tests.

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Intravascular red cell aggregation (IRCA) in the conjunctival microvessels was observed and photographed by capillary microscope in 110 patients with blood diseases, collagen diseases, diabetes mellitus and others. These findings were also investigated with special reference to erythrocyte sedimentation rate, plasma proteins and coagulation-fibrinolysis tests. The results were followings:
1) Significantly prominent IRCA was observed in collagen diseases, diabetes mellitus and dysproteinemia patients.
2) Patients with accerelated erythrocyte sedimentation rate showed prominent IRCA.
3) No significant difference of the mean value of total serum protein was observed between patients with prominent IRCA degree and those with low IRCA degree.
4) Significant low mean values of the serum albumin and A/G ratio were observed in patients with prominent IRCA. But no significant differences of the mean values of serum α₁-, α₂- and β-globulins respectively were observed between patients with prominent IRCA degree and those with low IRCA degree.
5) Significant high mean value of the serum γ-globulin was observed in patients with prominent IRCA.
6) SLE patient with positive cryoglobulin showed prominent IRCA in the nailfold and conjunctival microvessels, and the low flow state followed by the blood stasis, the perivascular edema and the Raynauds phenomenon were sequentially observed by local cooling.
7) No correlation was observed between IRCA and coombs test.
8) Significant elevation of the mean value of the plasma fibrinogen was observed in patients with prominent IRCA, but no correlation was observed between IRCA level and coagulationfibrinolysis test.

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The present study was designed to investigate the lipid metabolism in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells. The author studied the in-vitro incorporation of ¹⁴C-acetate Na into gross lipid fraction, major lipid fractions and fatty acids.
Results were as follows.
1) The ¹⁴C incorporation into the total lipid was markedly increased in bone marrow cells and whole blood cells of anemic rabbits. On the other hand, in Lanolin induced hyperlipemia, it was significantly decreased than in control, young or old. They were slightly increased but there were no differences among them.
2) After 4 hours' incubation of bone marrow or whole blood cells with ¹⁴C-acetate in vitro, the percentage of the radioactivity recovered in diglyceride and free cholesterol was significantly increased in anemic rabbits, but in hyperlipemia decreased compared with control.
3) In hyperlipimia, the decrease of percent ¹⁴C incorporation by bone marrow cells into fatty acid group 14:0+16:0 was supposed to be derived from the decreased activity of malonyl CoA pathway, while that into 20 Carbon and more longer chain fatty acid, formed via mitochondrial pathway, showed a significant relative increase. On the contrary, in young and old, especially in anemia, the increased activity of malonyl CoA pathway was observed in bone marrow cells but the decreased of mitochondrial pathway; the same result was obtained in peripheral whole blood cells, too.

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The present study was designed to investigate lipid metabolism in whole blood cells, bone marrow cells and reticulocytes. In order to do this, the in vitro incorporation of ¹⁴C-acetate Na into gross lipid fractions, major lipid fractions and total fatty acids were studied and were compared with serum lipids levels and fatty acid composition. The experimental animals used were rabbits which were made anemic by the injection daily for 7 days of 0.3ml, per kilo of body weight of acetylphenylhydrazine.
Results were as follows.
1) Serum lipid levels were significantly higher in the treated group than in the control, though there was no difference in the composition of serum fatty acids between them. The lipemia after acute hemorrhage may be release from bone marrow. In the composition of serum fatty acids of bone marrow cells and whole blood cells, the percentage of linoleic acid was decreased in the treated group. This decrease may be connected with reticulocytosis in hemolytic anemia.
2) ¹⁴C-incorporation by blood cells of the treated group into total lipid was significantly increased than control.
3) In the percentage distribution of ¹⁴C into major lipid classes of the treated group, it was found that ¹⁴C was significantly incorporated into free cholesterol and decreased into none esterified fatty acid than in control.
4) In regard to the study on the distribution of ¹⁴C-acetate in individual fatty acid separated by gaschromatography, the percentage of the radioactivity recovered in myristic acid and palmitic acid was significantly increased but was decreased in 20 0 carbon and more longer chain fatty acids in whole blood cells of the trated group.
5) The reticulocytes (but not mature erythrocytes) are capable of synthesizing lipids has been demonstrated by the incorporation of ¹⁴C-acetate into the lipids of rabbit reticulocytes. Reticulocytes have ability of lipids synthesis in de novo and elongation system.

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Using a human torso model which had been made up with reference to normal stature of Japanese adult male and using four types of elliptical cylinder model which have different longitudinal diameter, Kimura system and Frank system were studied from the standpoint of transfer impedeance, and following results were obtained.
1) In Kimura system, elevation of transfer impedance of X and Z leads deviated to upward about 15 degrees in comparison with the latter. Nevertheless, the former's orthogonality was maintained relatively well, and have been scarcely affected by the type of elliptical cylinder.
2) In Frank system, according to narrowing of longitudinal diameter of thorax, orthogonality of X and Z leads became worse and included angles of their transfer impedance became narrow.
3) In Kimura system, the ratio of transfer impedance of X to Y leads was about 1:3 in each model, therefore, frontal plane vectorcardiogram of Kimura system could be useful for diagnosis of cases whose heart-electromotive forces change vertically.
4) Much axis deviation could not be caused by the changes of position of artificial current dipole and longitudinal diameter of the thorax.

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Six types of hyperlipoproteinemia were categorized by W.H.O. on the base of lipoprotein analysis by paper electrophoresis. In this study, the author presented the lipid metabolism by blood cells in each type of hyperlipoproteinemia (IIa, IIb, and IV type), comparing to control. As known generally, blood cells, mainly white cell, platelet and young red cell are able to synthesize lipids and fatty acids. And disorders in lipid metabolism were demonstrated in blood cells of some kinds of metabolic disease. Discussion were performed with analysis of the incorporation and distribution of 1-¹⁴C-Acetate in major lipid (total lipid, cholesterol, triglyceride, cholesterol ester, phospholipid) and individual fatty acids by whole blood cells and white blood cell.
Results were as follows.
I) Experiment on the metabolism by the whole blood cells.
1) The ¹⁴C incorporation into total lipids were equally decreased by blood cell in every IIa, IIb and IV type compared to that of control, and particularly it was markedly decreased in IIb type.
2) In contrast to the above, the ¹⁴C incorporation into cholesterol ester and free cholesterol was increased in each IIa, IIb and IV type, compared to control. And furthermore, in IV type the highest incorporation was observed among them.
3) Concerning the distribution of ¹⁴C in individual fatty acids, the de novo synthesized fatty acids were tend to decrease in IIa, IIb and IV type, and on the other hand the fatty acids synthesized by the elongation pathway were increased relatively. But no specific feature of ¹⁴C distribution was obtained in fatty acids among them.
II) Experiment on the metabolism by white blood cells.
1) The ¹⁴C recovered in total lipids was amounted one half of that of whole blood cells both calculated by 10⁶ white cells.
2) There was a significant difference in ¹⁴C of both triglyceride and free fatty acid between white blood cell and whole blood cells.
3) White blood cell of IIb and IV type synthesized more amount of TG than that of control did, and concomitantly was accompanied with the increase of cholesterol synthesis.

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Effects of mitotic inhibitor on the growth of L cells, cell adhesion, cell motility and morphological change were examined. Obtained results are as follows;
1. Cornin or chalone diminishes the rate of cell adhesion to glass. This effect, however, is not observed in the case of colchicine or vinblastine.
2. The relationship of the inhibitory effect of cornin is observed between cell growth and cell adhesion.
3. Colchicine or vinblastine transforms the cells from fibroblast-like to epithelial-like, increases the polynucleated cells and inhibits cell locomotion. However cornin or chalone rounds up the cells and detaches from glass, and yields no polynucleated cells.

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A convenient system for the assay of the cell growth inhibitor was established, and the inhibitory effect of rat liver sap cornin (RLSC) was examined by this system.
1. In this new stand culture method, normal cell growth is obtained in low cell population and the assay system is useful to examine inhibitor activity in the case of small amount of test materials.
2. The inhibitory effect of RLSC is dependent on cell density.
3. There is no difference in the inhibitory effect of RLSC on the cell growth between lag phase and early log phase.

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Quantitative determination of urinary mandelic acid (MA) phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) and hippuric acid (HA) (metabolites of styrene monomer.) was conducted.
For the determination of urinary MA and PGA, a known amount of myristric acid (internal standard) is added to the urine, before its extraction with mixture of ethyl acetate and ethyl ether. After evaporation of the solvents, the acids are silylated with bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide. For the determination of urinary HA, HA in ethyl acetate extract from urine, is methylated with diazomethane.
Thereafter they were injected into gas chromatograph. Rats were administrated styrene intraperitoneally, and their urins were collected as time lapses. Maximum excretion of MA and PGA reached after 24 hours from styrene injection and that of HA did after 6 hours.
Total excretion of MA was caluculated to be 45.9% of styrene administrated that of PGA 23.9%, that of 18.1% and that of all metabolites 87.9%, respectively.
Discussion was made between amount of styrene exposed with people and amount of their urinary metabolites.

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Experimental cholesterol gallstones were induced in male mice fed a lithogenic diet (ground laboratory chow with 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid added).
At several days intervals after feeding the lithogenic diet, the changes of the contents of bile were examined by a polarizing microscope and a scanning electron microscope, and the gallbladders by a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope.
1) Several days after lithogenic diet, an increase of the volume of mucous secretion and an expansion of the gallbladder preceded the precipitation of cholesterol crystals. These facts suggest the homeostatic reaction to the chemical changes in bile composition of the mouse fed a lithogenic diet.
2) The process of cholesterol stone formation in the bile of mouse was concluded as follows.
a) A single cholesterol crystal was at first precipitated in the gallbladder bile supersaturated with cholesterol by the lithogenic diet.
b) The precipitated crystals grew into clusters of many crystals which were formed by the process of new crystal growth by dislocation (i.e:, spiral growth on the surface of crystals), or by the coagulation of crystals by cohesive force. The spiral growth was demonstrated by a polarizing and a scanning electron microscopic observation on the surface of a large number of cholesterol crystals.
c) Some crystals had irregularities in contour, which were due to partial dissolution of the crystals.
d) Cholesterol clusters similar to balls grew in size and consistency by the thickening of crystals and the tree-like growth from the center to the outward.
e) About 20 weeks after lithogenic diet, the surface of the clusters was filled with crystals or covered with billirubin and the other materials, and the clusters finally grew into complete stones which had quite similar structure as that of human cholesterol stones.
f) The cavities often seen in the cholesterol stones were the vestige of bile, air and the other materials co-existed with cholesterol in the process of the formation of stones.
3) Cholesterol crystals in the gallbladder were excreted through the cystic duct into the common bile duct. After cholecystectomy, no cholesterol crystals were observed in the common bile duct of the mice fed with lithogenic diet.

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The lymphocyte membrane was isolated from the calf thymocytes and the bovine intestinal lymphnode lymphocytes through a pretreatment with ZnCl₂ and Tween-20 combinig with a freeze-thawing procedure been followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugations. The recovery of lymphocyte membrane from the original lymphoid organ weight was 0.6 per cent (dry weight) and 0.9 per cent, as the lymphnode lymphocyte membrane (LM) and the thymic lymphocyte membrane (TM), respectively. Protein content in these preparations were 7.8 per cent and 2.3 per cent, in the LM and the TM, respectively. An amino acid content in the TM showed increased valine and leucine levels than the LM. Gel filtrations, using a Sepharose 4B column, of solubilized lymphocyte membranes revealed that the TM had higher protein content of larger molecular fractions than the LM. Disk electrophoresis also differentiated polypeptide bands between the LM and the TM. The morphological studies on these membrane preparations by a phase contrast microscope and an electron microscope demonstrated the purity of the membranes which was free from the contaminations of the microorganella.
A rabbit was immunized with either one of lymphocyte membrane (TM of LM) with (intracutaneously) or without (intravenously) Freund's complete adjuvant. The circulating lymphocytes decreased more rapidly after the immunization of the TM than of the LM. The thymus, spleen, and lymphnode were atrophic macroscopically in the both groups. Histologically, however, more reduced lymphocytes in the tissue were observed in the group treated with the TM resulting a reduced cortical area with increased fatty degeneration in the thymus, been combined with a reduced lymphfollicular area in the spleen as same as the lymphnode than the group treated with the LM.
Although a further elucidation is necessary, the lymphocyte membrane has shown specific antigenicity depending on the origin of the membrane upon the heterologous lymphoid organs.

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Following conclusions were obtained on the basis of studies on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograms of 103 cases with diseases of the biliary tract.
1) Moderate to marked abnormalities of the pancreatic duct were observed in 65 percent of choledocholithiasis, whereas minimal to moderate abnormalities were found only in 28 percent of cholelithiasis. When changes of the pancreatic ducts with aging were taken into considerations, the corrected incidence was 57 percent and 17 percent respectively.
2) Moderate to marked abnormalities of the pancreatic duct were also frequently observed in cases of carcinoma of the Vaterian papilla and the common bile duct.
3) Most frequently observed abnormality was a dilatation of the pancreatic duct, followed by irregularity of the marigin, irregularity of the diameter and tortuosity of the pancreatic duct in the order described.
4) Diameter of the pancreatic duct was well corelated with that of the common bile duct.
5) Dilatation of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct was well corelated with stenosis and irregularity of the Vaterian pancreatic and bile duct.
6) These data indicate that the following process is a main pathway of the pathogenesis of abnormality of the pancreatic duct in diseases of the biliary tract; diseases of the biliary tract→ abnormality of the Vaterian pancreatic and bile duct→ obstruction of outflow of pancreatic juice→ dilatation and other abnormalities of the pancreatic duct.

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This report is concerned with studies on exocrine function and it's corelation with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in cases of choledocholithiasis and cholelithiasis. Following are the results obtained.
1) Pancreozymin-Secretin test showed a decrease of exocrine function, in 53.3 percent of choledocholithiasis and in 26.9 percent of cholelithiasis. However, when the results were evaluated by physiological values of individual patient's age group, the corrected incidence was 20 percent and 7.7 percent respectively.
2) Most frequently observed abnormality was a decrease in maximal bicarbonate concentration. However, when the results were evaluated by physiological values of individual patient's age group, incidence of a decrease was similar in four factors; volume, maximal bicarbonate concentration, total bicarbonate out put, and total amylase out put.
3) No abnormality of exocrine function test was observed in cases with normal ERCP, whereas abnormal ERCP does not necessarily indicate a normal exocrine function. Decrease in exocrine function is expected in 70 to 75 percent of cases with moderate to marked dilation and irregularity of the margin and diameter of the pancreatic duct.
4) Results of the present and the previous report indicate the following process as the most likely pathogenesis of chronic pancreatopathy associated with diseases of the biliary tract; diseases of the biliary tract→ abnormality of the Vaterian pancreatic and bile duct→ obstruction of outflow of pancreatic juice→ dilatation and other abnormalities of the pancreatic duct→ chronic pancreatopathy.
5) In conclusion, diagnoses and treatment of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis can be satisfactory only with concomitant evaluation and treatment of abnormalities of the Vaterian bile and pancreatic duct and the pancreas.

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To study the biomembrane architecture, the ultrastructural observation of erythrocyte membranes was performed using the freeze-etching method. Freeze-etched erythrocyte membranes of normal subjects showed the smooth surface with small particles, which were measured 84±23 Å in diameter, 3928±182/μ² in density in the internal surface (I. S.) and 147±30 Å, 643±159/μ² in the external surface (E. S.).
As the comparative study, the erythrocyte membrane of the patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), dyserythroblastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and ovalocytosis were also examined with the freeze-etching method.
The erythrocytes showing the functional or morphological abnormalities were proved to have a various type of abnormal architectures in the membranes. In AIHA and PNH, the improvement of anemia was observed after the administration of steroid hormon or vitamin E and was in the good correlation with the normalization of the erythrocyte membrane architecture.

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Depending on the surface immunoglobulin of the lymphocyte membrane, lymphocyte has been classified either as a surface immunoglobulin bearing cell (SIBC) or a non-SIBC.
An ultrastructural approach of the freeze-etched lymphocyte membranes of normal subjects revealed the existence of micro-processes and small particles on its surface. The density of micro-processes on the lymphocyte membrane was distributed in the range from 0.3 to 6.8/μ², and its histogram showed two peaks at 0-1 and 3-4/μ².
The lymphocytes of normal subjects, in whom SIBC was in 18 percent, were freeze-etched, and 28 percent of the lymphocytes showed higher density of micro-processes more than 3/μ². After the filtration of the lymphocytes through a tetron fiber column, the percentages of both SIBC and the lymphocytes showing the micro-processes more than 3/μ² were decreased simultaneously.
In acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias, the examination of lymphocyte subpopulations and the membrane architectures of the leukemic lymphocytes revealed the similar tendency of membrane property as observed in non-SIBC and SIBC of normal subjects.

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