We assayed the activities of collagenase and monoamine-oxidase (MAO) in the fluid of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and examined the relationship between collagenase, MAO activities and the grade of joint inflammation. The mean collagenase value of RA patients was significantly higher than that of osteoarthritis (OA) patients. A significant positive correlation was present between collagenase activity, leukocyte counts, and beta-glucuronidase activity in RA synovial fluid. These indices are considered to be parameters of the grade of joint inflammation. There was no correlation between collagenase activity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), gamma-globulin level, Creactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor, acid-phosphatase activity and the stage of RA (grade of joint destruction). The mean MAO value of RA synovial fluid was significantly higher than that of OA synovial fluid. The mean activity of the group of patients whose CRP values were below two positive was significantly higher than that of the group of patients whose CRP values were over two positive. The mean MAO activity in stage 3 or 4 group was significantly higher than that in stage 1 or 2. These findings suggest that collagenase activity is intimately correlated with the grade of local Inflammation in RA and that the MAO activity is closely correlated with the grade of joint fibrosis.

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We examined the relationship between collagenase activity and the clinical course of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The activity of active and inactive collagenase (treated by 3M-KI) was assayed several times for synovial fluid from twelve RA patients and one patient with osteoarthritis (OA). Rheumatoid factor, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), leukocyte counts and acid-phosphatase activity in the synovial fluid were measured simultaneously. In seven of twelve cases, the change of inactive collagenase activity was parallel by changes in synovial leukocyte counts or acid-phosphatase activity. In five of seven cases, the change in inactive collagenase activity was paralleled by acid-phosphatase activity and leukocyte counts. These findings suggest that collagenase activity is intimately correlated with the grade of local inflammation of RA and that the change of collagenase activity is closely correlated with the clinical course of RA patients.

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Cytological studies were performed on bronchoalvelar lavage (BAL) fluid in 40 cases with bronchial asthma. The results were as follows.
1) In 13 healthy subjects the cells in BAL fluid comprised 89.6% macrophages, 9.7% lymphocytes, 0.7% neutrophils, 0.4% eosinophils and 0% basophils.
2) In asthmatic cases the cells in BAL fluid comprised 54.4% macrophages, 12.6% lymphocytes, 11.8% neutrophils, 21.2% eosinophils and 0.1% basophils. These cases showed a marked increase in the number of eosinophils and a moderate increase in the neutrophil count as compared with healthy subjects. The increased number of eosinophils in lavage fluid was relatively closely related to positive immediate skin tests, high serum IgE levels and peripheral eosinophilia. As for asthmatic types, this was marked in the atopic type. By contrast, an increased number of neutrophils in the lavage fluid was frequently found in non-atopic or intractable asthmatics showing the frequent complication of peripheral airway disorder in pulmonary function tests. Therefore, it seems that the present study gave much information on the characteristics and the etiology of the intractable asthmatics.
3) Eosinophils in BAL fluid reflected the appearance of eosinophils in the alveolar spaces and eosinophil infiltration into the septa in the histological findings. On the other hand, neutrophils could be observed clearly by the BAL method even when they could not be observed clearly by histological studies.
In conclusion, the cytological studies performed on BAL fluid are considered useful in the diagnosis of bronchial asthma, especially for the classification into subtypes of asthma.

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Cytological studies were performed on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in 7 cases with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 6 with sarcoidosis, 6 with chronic bronchitis and 5 with bronchiolitis. In the cases with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and bronchiolitis, cytological studies of BAL fluid were compared with the histological findings of lungs. Furthermore, animal models of hypersensitivity pneumonitis were made and examined likewise. The results were as follows.
1) In the cases with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, a marked increase in the lymphocyte count in BAL fluid was characteristic. These cases showed an increase in the percentage of T lymphocytes in BAL fluid as compared with healthy subjects. In the cases with sarcoidosis, an increase in the number of lymphocytes was also found and especially the ratio of the percentage of T lymphocytes to that of B lymphocytes was much higher than those of the other diseases and healthy subjects.
2) An increased number of neutrophils in BAL fluid was observed in the cases with chronic bronchitis. In the cases with bronchiolitis, a marked increase in the neutrophil count was characteristic.
3) A common histological finding in hypersensitivity pneumonitis was mononuclear cell infiltration into alveolar septa and most of the cells in BAL fluid were lymphocytes. In bronchiolitis, mononuclear cell infiltration into and around the bronchiolar walls was found commonly and neutrophils were found increased in BAL fluid.
4) In experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis, mononuclear cell infiltration into septa closely paralleled the lymphocyte appearance in BAL fluid.

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Multiple polypoid filling defects of the duodenal bulb are infrequently encountered. Two cases of multiple filling defects of the duodenal bulb are reported in this paper.
Case 1. A 42 year old female complained of abdominal fullness and epigastralgia. On examination, generalized peripheral lymphadenopathy and marked hepatosplenomegaly were noted. Cervical lymphnode biopsy revealed a diffuse, poorly-differanciated lymphocytic lymphoma. X-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract showed multiple filling defects localized at the duodenal bulb. Endoscopy disclosed multiple well-defined protrusions with small mucosal ulceration over the the whole circumference of the duodenal wall.
Case 2. A 36 year old female had no subjective symptoms. At gastric mass screening, numerous polypoid elevations of the duodenal bulb were pointed out. Detailed gastrointestinal x-ray examination showed numerous, tiny, round polypoid nodules localized at the duodenal bulb. These nodules were 2-3 mm in size with no mucosal ulceration. The endoscopic biopsy specimen revealed lymphoid hyperplasia of the duodenal bulb.

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1. Autoradiographic study of syncytium formation between rat XC cells and MuLV-producing cells indicated that the syncytium consisted of XC cells exclusively. Virusproducing cells did not coexist with XC cells in the syncytium.
2. Human cells which formed a syncytium in response to SSAV or BaEV were transformed cells and were not normal cells. SSAV induced over a narrower range of human transformed cells than BaEV. In nonhuman cultured cells, BaEV did not induce a syncytium at all as far as tested. On the other hand, SSAV induced a syncytium in XC, GMK and CV-I cells. Anti-SSAV serum specifically blocked syncytium formation by SSAV but not by BaEV. Similarly anti-BaEV serum specifically blocked syncytium formation by BaEV but not by SSAV. Therefore, syncytium formation is specific for each virus and there is no cross-neutralization between SSAV and BaEV.

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Electrocardiograms (ECG) and laboratory data were studied in 130 neurosurgical patients before and after neurosurgery. The following results were obtained:
1. The postoperative ECG showed ST-T changes in 21 % of the cases with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 15 % with cerebral tumor, 37.5 % with supracellar tumor and 50 % with Parkinson syndrome.
2. In 50 % of subarachnoid hemorrhage and 47 % of cerebral tumor, postoperative ECG deteriorated within 1 week. After 2 weeks such deterioration was observed in only 37 % in the former cases and 43 % in the latter.
3. Postoperative ECGs were improved or unchanged in 83 % cases of cerebral bleeding, 75 % (within 1 week) and 83 % (after 2 weeks) of intracerebral bleeding, and in all of Parkinson syndrome. However, in the cases of supra-cellar tumor, postoperative ECGs deteriorated 100 % within 1 week and 75 % after 2 weeks.
4. Serum K⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ were decreased significantly in the group with deteriorated postoperative ECGs. The R. B. C., Hb and Ht were decreased regardless of postoperative ECGs.
5. Postoperative ECGs deteriorated when the operation time lasted longer than 6 h or blood loss during the operation was over 1, 000 ml.

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A survey of Danshukai (Alcohol Abstinence Society) members was conducted in Okayama Prefecture, November, 1978. It was based on selfcompletion quetionaires given to members attending the meetings of Okayama and Tsuyama Danshukai. Out of 290 resistered members, 202 attendants gave answers to the quetionaires (response rate: 69.7%). All of the respondents were male alcoholics. Among them, 80.6% were married, 81.2% had jobs, and 82.7% were accompanied by their wives or other family members in the meetings. This favorable family situation was in sharp contrast to that of long-term inpatient alcoholics. Admission to the Department of Psychiatry had been experienced by 63.9% of attendants and 17.3% to the Department of Internal Medicine. Many of the patients had been introduced to Danshukai by hospital staff and the activities of Danshukai were largely supported by psychiatric hospitals. In future, however, Danshukai must be more independent, establishing good relationships with community health centers or other local agencies. This means the development from a hospital-based Danshukai to a community-based one. This survey also suggested that intervention at an early stage of alcoholism is needed when alcohol-related impairment is limited to occasional violence at home. At this satage, spouses and Danshukai members might have important therapeutic roles. Regular attendance at Danshukai meetings at least once a week or twice a month seemed indispensable for continued abstinence.

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A total of 12 hematopoietic cell lines was tested for in vitro sensitivity to interferon (IF). The cell lines were 4 T-cell ALL lines (TALL-1, MOLT-4, HPB-ALL, HSB-2), 1 ATL line (MT-1), 2 null-cell ALL lines (NALL-1, KOPN-8), 1 pre-B-cell ALL line (NALM-18), 1 B-cell line (BALL-1), 1 myeloma line (Oda), 1 Burkitt lymphoma line (JBL-3) and 1 APL line (HL-60). At a concentration of 1, 000 U/ml, all 4 T-cell ALL lines, NALM-18, NALL-1 and Oda showed high or moderate sensitivity to the growth inhibition effect of IF. BALL-1 showed slight sensitvity and its in vitro growth was considerably inhibited at a higher concentration of IF (5, 000 U/ml). However, MT-1, JBL-3, KOPN-8 and HL-60 were resistant to IF and their in vitro growth was not inhibited at all even at the concentration of 1, 000 U/ml. MT-1 cells, although resistant to IF in suspension culture, were sensitive in agar culture. Colony formation was markedly inhibited at a concentration of 1, 000 U/ml. The mechanism of growth inhibition by IF and the implications of the present findings are discussed.

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Tuberculoid leprosy in a 69 year-old and a 72 year-old man is presented, because the disease seems rare recently. From the experience of these cases, the importance of attention to the disease, in the everyday medical examination even today was emphasized.

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The pterygopalatine ganglion and its branches in man were studied by dissection, fibre analysis, microreconstruction and injection of vessels, with special reference to the intraganglionic network of myelinated fascicles.
1) The pterygopalatine ligament (tentative name) arose from a fissure between an ala of the vomer and the palatovaginal canal to the most superior part of the maxillary tuberosity. The ligament ran medially along the ganglion, supporting it.
2) The orbital branches arose from the cornical extension of the superior medial part of the ganglion, from 6 to 17 in number in the form of two bundles: anterior and posterior.
3) Three groups of the posterior nasal nerves and the nasopalatine nerve passed through a certain region of the sphenopalatine foramen. The nasopalatine nerve rarely made an elongated ansa which nearly reached the full length of the nasal septum.
4) A bow-shaped sulcus, which lies at the upper part of the medial surface of the medial pterygoid process, is tentatively named ‘pterygopharyngeal sulcus’. A foramen at the uppermost of the pterygopharyngeal sulcus is tentatively named ‘pterygopharyngeal foramen’.
5) The pharyngeal branch entered the pterygopalatine ligament, in which it divided into two branches, palato- and vomero-vaginal. Both branches ran backwards respectively in the canal of the same name. The palatovaginal branch gave off a branch to the roof of the pharynx which supplied the pharyngeal tonsil, and also a branch to the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube. The latter passed through the pterygopharyngeal foramen and arched on the pterygopharyngeal sulcus, supplying the anterior part of the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube.
6) The postsynaptic fibre of the sympathicus: Branches to the ganglion were given off from the sphenopalatine plexus which was a continuation of the maxillary plexus.
7) The pharyngeal branch of the sphenopalatine artery and the artery of the pterygoid canal were the main arterial sources of the ganglion.
8) Fibre analysis of the pterygopalatine ganglion (six cases): Within the ganglion there was a superb network of myelinated fascicles which consisted of the stereological inner anastomoses of myelinated fascicles. The fascicle network was made up of poles, large and small connecting fascicles. A pole is defined as the point where at least three fascicles anastomose with each other in the ganglion. The ganglion had six kinds of poles: the pterygopalatine, the palatine, the pterygoid canal, the orbital, the nasopalatine and the central. Each pole gave off the nerve of the same name except the central pole.
9) Fibre analysis of the branches of the ganglion was carried out.
10) Histologically the ganglion was divided into two areas: a fibre area and a cell area. Fibre areas corresponded to the myelinated fascicle network. Most of the branches had microscopic ganglia which were made up of from seven to ten ganglion cells.

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