The AKR-derived T lymphoma cell line BW5147 was fused with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-primed and boosted BALB/c T cell to produce a T cell hybridoma (A55-24) which continuously produces Interleukin 2 (IL2). A55-24 cells produce IL2 without stimulation by lectin or antigen. The hybridoma culture supernatant did not contain other lymphokine-activities, T cell-replacing factor (TRF), B cell growth factor (BCGF), or macrophage activating factor (MAF). The secreted IL2 possessed the following characteristics:
1) IL2 activity was precipitated at an ammonium sulphate saturation of 50-85%.
2) a molecular weight of 30 Kd
3) an isoelectric point of pH 5.3±0.2
4) IL2 activity was destroyed only partially by pH 2 treatment and heating (56°C, 30min), but eliminated by boiling (100°C, 10min).
5) IL2 activity was absorbed by an IL2-dependent cytotoxic T cell line.
6) Addition of IL1 and this IL2 could not generate any significant CTL responses from PNA⁺-thymocytes, whereas further addition of PPD-CFS obtained from PPD-stimulated Mycobacterium-primed T cells induced noticiable responses.

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In order to investigate the angular displacement of the joints of the lower extremity during the walking on the level and slopes, electrogoniometric assembly was attached to each joint of the lower extremities of ten subjects. Foot switches were attached to the sole of the shoes to know the time factors of a walking cycle. The inclinations of the slope were 3, 6, 9 and 12 degrees. The results were summerized as follows;
1, In upslope walking, the more the slope inclined, the more flexed the hip joint from middle of swing phase to beginning of stance phase. During push off the more the slope inclined, the less extended the hip joint. More flexion of the hip joint should be due to clear the toes against the slope, and less extension should be due to keep the center of gravity of the body much higher.
2, In upslope walking the knee joint began to extend from foot flat so that the body might displace upwards. During heel strike, the upward displacement of the body should be performed by the extension of the hip joint.
3, The ankle joint showed the same maximum dorsiflexion in each slope inclination during push off. It was considered that lower leg and foot made a rigid lever arm so that the sufficient propulsion is obtained.
4, Although the hip joint extended from heel strike to middle of foot flat in level walking, the hip joint motion varied according to inclination in down slope walking. In 3 degrees it was same as in level walking. In 6 and 9 degrees hip joint keep the same flexed position and in 12 degrees it flexed. In this way, the center of gravity of the body is thought to be lowered smoothly.
5, In down slope walking the more the slope inclined, the more flexed the knee joint from foot flat to push off. The flexion of the knee joint is considered to lower the center of gravity of the body smoothly.
6, In down slope walking (9 and 12 degrees) the ankle joint dorsiflexed at heel strike so that the lower leg and the foot made a rigid lever arm to counteract against body acceleration.
7, Generally speaking, the angular displacement of the lower extremity joints during walking in over 6 degrees inclination showed different patterns from those in level walking.

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This study aims to investigate the thalamic afferents to the posterior suprasylvian gyrus (PSG) and its ventral continuation in the cat using the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The PSG is divided into areas 19a, 19b and 21b. Area 19a is included in area 19 of Otsuka and Hassler (1962), while area 19b is area 19 in PSG of Tusa et al. (1979), exclusive of area 19a. Area 19b receives many fibers from the dorsolateral part of the medial pulvinar nucleus, and less numerous fibers from the lateral and inferior pulvinar nuclei, but it receives only few fibers from the medial interlaminar nucleus (NIM) of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Area 21b, the anterior part of the PSG, receives numerous fibers from the medial pulvinar nucleus, particularly its dorsolateral part, and a lesser number from the lateral and inferior pulvinar nuclei. It receives very few fibers from the lateral geniculate (NIM), suprageniculate and intralaminar nuclei. The ventral continuation of the PSG comprises areas 20 and 36. Area 20 has thalamic connections similar to area 21b. However, it receives more fibers from the lateral pulvinar nucleus, and less fibers from the inferior pulvinar nucleus. It receives only a few fibers from both NIM and C1-C2 of the lateral geniculate nucleus and from the suprageniculate, dorsal lateral, posterior lateral and intralaminar nuclei. Area 36 receives projections largely from the ventrolateral part of the medial pulvinar nucleus and from the suprageniculate nucleus. It should be noted that area 36 receives some fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus, particularly its dorsal principal part.

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Differences in the reactions to PHA, Con A and cervical cancer culture cell (OG cell) mitogens between lymphocytes from the peripheral blood and regional lymphnodes were studied in an attempt to examine the cellular immunity of cervical cancer patients. The uptake of ³H-TdR by peripheral lymphocytes elevated significantly on reaction to PHA and Con A, but the elevated level was lower than that of the normal control group. When using the OG cell mitogen, no reaction was seen. However, when the serum of the cervical cancer patients was added, inhibition of blastogenesis on reaction with OG cell mitogen was evident, although no reaction was seen on reaction with PHA and Con A mitogens. Blastogenesis was seen on reaction of the regional lymphnode lymphocytes with all three of the mitogens. The blastogenesis rate was higher with secondary regional lymphnodes than primary ones. The above results were discussed in relation to the clinical course.

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Almost all of the norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter is released from and reincorporated into sympathetis nerve endings, except for some which escapes into the blood. Pursuant to the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, the adrenal medulla secretes both norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood. Thus, the plasma catecholamine concentration is an index of sympathetic nervous system activity.
Halothane is said to decrease the plasma catecholamine concentration, but there have been no reports concerning the mutual relationship between the halothane and catecholamine levels. In the present study, the blood halothane and plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured within 60 minutes of 1% and 2% halothane inhalation, and 30 seconds and 5 minutes after an electric stimulation following 60 minutes of inhalation.
The blood halothane concentration increased up to 30 minutes after the beginning of halothane inhalation and leveled off thereafter in both the 1% and 2% inhalation groups. Thirty minutes after the beginning of inhalation, the blood halothane concentration was significantly higher in the 2% inhalation group (20 mg/dl blood) than in the 1% inhalation group (10 mg/dl blood).
The plasma epinephrine concentration was not significantly different between the 1% inhalation group and the control up to 60 minutes of inhalation. However, 30 seconds and 5 minutes after an electric stimulation following 60 minutes of inhalation, the epinephrine level increased significantly. In the 2% inhalation group, the epinephrine level decreased significantly below the control level 15 minutes after the inhalation was started, and from 30 minutes the level was even significantly lower than that of the 1% inhalation group.
The blood norepinephrine concentration was not significantly different between the 10% inhalation group and the control up to 60 minutes of inhalation, but was significantly lower in the 2% inhalation group than the control after 30 minutes of inhalation. The norepinephrine level increased slightly in both groups after an electric stimulation, but not significantly above the respective level at 60 minutes.
These results indicate that when the blood halothane concentration rises above 20 mg/dl, the catecholamine release, and the sympathetic nervous system response, are suppressed.

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It has long been believed that neutrophils have main role in the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease. In contrast, a needle reaction which is specific phenomenon in this disorder is the delayed type reaction and reveals the predominant infiltration of lymphocytes. In order to clarify these controversial problems, histopathological examination of the biopsied specimens of erythema nodosum (EN) and oral aphthous ulceration (OA), was carried out.
Predominant mononuclear cell (lymphocyte and macrophage) infiltrations were noted at the early stage of EN (within 24 hours after an emergence of EN) and the preulcerative stage of OA. No neutrophils were observed at this stage. Many pyroninophilic cells were also noted at the same lesion, suggesting lymphocyte activation at the site of lesions. Then, neutrophil appeared as disease progressing.
The mononuclear cell infiltration in the early stage of EN and OA, and the presence of pyroninophilic cells may suggest that these cells have a essential role for the onset of lesions in Beçhet's disease. Neutrophil chemotaxis may then occur in the site of EN and OA by unknown immunological mechanism.

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Chemotaxis of peripheral blood monocytes obtained from patients with Behçet's disease was examined under agarose, since only lymphocytes and macrophages were observed in biopsied specimens at the early stage of erythema nodosum and oral aphthous ulceration. Peripheral blood monocytes were used as the chemotactic cells and AB serum activated by zymosan was used as the chemotactic factor.
The mean chemotactic distance of the monocytes in Behçet's patients was 86.9±11.6, as compared to 74.6±11.7 in normal controls. These results showed that the chemotactic activity in Behçet's disease was significantly higher than that of normal controls (p<0.05). Random migration was also significantly increased in Behçet's disease (p<0.05). The value of random migration was 47.1±13.8 in the patients and 35.7±7.9 in the normal controls. These data seemed to account for the mononuclear cell infiltration observed at the site of lesions in Behçet's disease.

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Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. plantarum cells suspended in buffer solution showed the big differences in endo-N-acetylmuramidase (M-1 enzyme) susceptibility. Both strains had high susceptibility to M-1 enzyme in 0.75M sucrose solution and at this conditions the protoplast of these cells were formed. L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum were totally distinguished by the cell structures of plasmolysis and patterns of cell wall digestion with M-1 enzyme. However other specified fine structures responsible for M-1 enzyme susceptibility in buffer solution were not observed.

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All Lactobacillus bacteria used in this experiment had the susceptibility to endo-N-acetylmuramidase (M-1 enzyme) in 0.85M sucrose solution. Three of six species, however, had the resistance to M-1 enzyme in no sugar solution. Analyses of sugar effect on M-1 enzyme action suggested that the conformational changes on cell surface structures. Cell wall fraction and heat-treated cells of L. rhamnosus were digested by M-1 enzyme without sucrose addition. The hinetics of M-1 enzyme action on intact cells of L. rhamnosus showed the constant V_max value and decrease in Km values according to sucrose addition. These results suggested that the effects of sugars on M-1 enzyme action were the increased exposure of covered substrates in no sugar conditions.

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Heat-labile enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic E. coli affected the structure of epitherial cell of rabbit intestine. The toxin bound to the microbilli of the cell and caused “puffing” of the microvillous membrane when it was examined under phasecontrast microscopy. The same change occured by the isolated brush border membrane if it was reacted with the enterotoxin in the presence of ATP. Electronmicroscopic observation disclosed that the bundle fibrous structure of the brush border was deformed to random structure and that some parts of the fibrous bundle detached from microvillous membrane. Since the enterotoxin bound to microvilli, it was suggested that cytoskelton including actin and myosin system of the cell could be affected through cAMP of which synthesis was activated at the microvilli membrane by the enterotoxin.

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Acute renal failure (ARF) is a syndrome in which rapid loss of renal function and parenchymal damage progress to uremia. The causes of ARF are so many and varied that no established theory exists concerning the factors of symptom development and their antecedents. The author made a histopathological study of kidney tissue from 12 patients with ARF due to ischemia, 8 with DIC and 4 without, and examined the relationship between pathological changes in the tissue and pathogenesis. The morbidity, pathology and prognosis of the patients were also examined. The degree of DIC was found to influence ARF symptom development and the recovery of renal function. It was concluded that histological examination of biopsy specimens was effective in determining the prognosis and establishing therapeutic guidelines.

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Much is yet to be understood about symptom development in acute renal failure (ARF). The author designed an animal experiment to investigate the factors involved in the progress of renal ischemia to ARF. The course of tissue damage and subsequent repair of kidney tissue of domestic rabbits following 90 minutes of induced ischemia was observed light and electron microscopically. The results suggested that ischemia is followed by DIC which then progresses to ARF. The degree of DIC seemed to affect the severity of renal dysfunction.

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DNA polymerases involved in carcinogen-induced repair (unscheduled) DNA synthesis in HeLa and HEp-2 cells were studied by using selective inhibitors (aphidicolin, 2', 3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate and N-ethylmaleimide) for DNA polymerases. DNA synthesis was analyzed biochemically and autoradiographically in intact cells and in permeable cells. To measure repair DNA synthesis with minimum interference of replicative DNA synthesis, carcinogens were used at the concentration inducing maximum repair DNA synthesis with each drug and also repair DNA synthesis was measured in the presence of 10 mM hydroxyurea which preferentially inhibits replicative DNA synthesis. The maximum induction of repair DNA synthesis in HeLa cells in the present assay conditions was obtained at 100-200 μg/ml (0.68-1.4 mM) of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 10-50 μM of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), 0.5-1 mM of methyl methanesulfonate and approximately 1mM of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Carcinogen-induced repair DNA synthesis was partially inhibited by a polymerase α-specific inhibitor, aphidicolin. The aphidicolin-resistant unscheduled DNA synthesis in permeable cells was sensitive to 2', 3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate which preferentially inhibits DNA polymerases β and γ. The present results indicated that both aphidicolin-sensitive and -insensitive DNA polymerases, e. g. α-DNA polymerase and a non-α-DNA polymerase (possibly DNA polymerase β) were involved in repair DNA synthesis induced by these carcinogens in human cells. The participation of α- and non-α -DNA polymerases in repair DNA synthesis was suggested to differ depending on cell types and carcinogens used for the induction of repair DNA synthesis.

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A rapid nonstaining method for the determination of the Gram reaction was applied to clinical isolates. In this study, 253 clinical isolates were tested by both the KOH method and Gram staining method. Both methods discriminated 110 of Gram-positive bacteria and Yeast-form fungus, and 143 of Gram-negative bacteria. These results confirmed the application of KOH method to clinical isolates.

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The long patency of vascular prosthesis in venous reconstruction has not been acceptable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (EPTFE) grafts when used as a large vein replacement in the dogs. Three different fibril length (FL) of the EPTFE grafts (10, 20 and 30 μFL), 5 cm length with 7 to 10 mm diameter were implanted in the infrarenal vena cava (IVC) in 60 dogs and the same kinds of grafts, 3.5 cm length were implanted in the superior vena cava (SVC) in 16 dogs. All the grafts were harvested from two to 461 days after vena caval reconstruction. These dogs were devided into three groups in the IVC replacement with urokinase (UK), and with dipyridamole (DP) and without anticoagulant agents. In the SVC replacement group, the anticoagulant agents were not given. UK was given 6000 units/day intravenously for two days after implantation. DP was administrated 20 mg/kg/day orally for one month after implantation. The patency was recognized by venogram.
Following results were obtained. The over all early patency rate (less two weeks) in the 10μFL groups was 85% in the IVC replacement, but the late patency rate (two weeks to 10 months) was decreased to 50%. In the DP administrated groups, the over all early patency rate was 78.3% but the late patency rate was decreased to 39.1%. In the SVC replacement, the over all early patency rate was 81.3% and the late patency rate was same.
The effect of UK was not so significant on the coagulation systems for the IVC replacement. However, in the DP administrated groups with high patency rate at two weeks after implantation, fibrinogen level, platelet adhesiveness and platelet aggregation reduced significantly. The r level of thromboelastogram was also prolonged significantly.
All of the grafts were more or less deformed and shortened. On the gross section, neointimal hyperplasia was showed at the anastomosis and midportion of grafts showed immature neointima and thrombus.
Microscopically, at the anastomosis, the neointima was well organized, but at the mid portion of the graft, the neointima showed coagulation necrosis (59%). Fibrin or fibrinoid materials, red cells, white cells and hemosiderin were seen in the necrosis. In the SVC replacement, neointima was thiner than the IVC replacement graft and coagulation necrosis was seen only in one graft. The inner layer of the SVC graft was covered with the thin fibrin network or the thin epitherial cells. The rate of calcium deposit was 65% in the IVC replacement and 100% in the SVC replacement, especially calcium deposit was showed on the inside of the grafts. In the 30 μFL group, the rate of the calcium deposit was 100%.
Cell arrangement was investigated with a scanning electron microscope. The inner surface of the almost all grafts were covered with the endothelial cells and the cells arranged in parallel to the direction of the blood flow. The endothelial cells also covered the portion of calcium deposit and coagulation necrosis. But the origin of endothelial cells were not established. In the SVC replacement, the matrix of the EPTFE graft was occasionally seen right under the epithelial cells or thin layered fibrin network.
It is concluded from these results that a 10 μFL EPTFE graft may be superior to other materials for vena caval replacement with administrating anticoagulant agents at present time. However, additional studies should be necessary to obtain the more useful graft and the long term patency for vena caval replacement.

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