By examining the electrocardiograms from the patients and experimental animals of Parathion poisoning, the author obtained the following results:
1. Out of six patients with acute (manifested) Parathion poisoning there one with a decrease in ST segment and with a complication of the Adams-Stokes syndrome due to the disturbances in the auriculo-ventricular conduction.
2. In the latent cases of poisoning an elevation in T-wave could be observed.
3. Of the acute cases of experimental animals with a sinus bradicardia, an elevation in T-wave, a prolongation of PQ interval and auriculo-ventricular blocking were observed.
4. In chronic cases of experimental rabbits an elevation in T-wave could be observed.
5. These pathological changes mentioned above appear to be due to the action of acetylcholine accumulated by Parathion poisoning.

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By studying the action of alkylposphates on the isolated frog heart (the Straub-Fühner method) and on the frog heart in vivo (Engelmann's method), the author obtained the following results:
1. The auriculo-ventricular block occurs when exposed to Parathion at a low concentration.
2. In the case of Parathion at a higher concentration there occurs a decrease in the amplitude of heart-beat, and further on brings about the diastolic cessation.
3. Such changes as mentioned above do not return to normal unless properly treated.
4. Atropine and interceptors of the autonomic nerves can well act antagonistically to the action of Parathion.
5. Epinephrine acts antagonistically against Parathion.
6. Acetylcholine and ergotamine act as to invigorate the action of Parathion.
7. Diazinon and Chlorthion act more or less in the same manner as Parathion.

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In the study of the action of alkylphosphates on the blood pressure in dog and on the peripheral blood vessels (Krawkow-Pissemiskii's method) in rabbit ear the author obtained the following:
1. At the time when Parathion is administered by intraveneous injection the blood pressure presents a rise in two stages.
2. This rise in blood pressure is thought to originate from the central nervous system or from the adrenal glands.
3. As for such changes in blood pressure, its rise in the initial stage can not be stopped by atropine administration: but after the initial stage it is inhibited by atropine while it is promoted by epinephrine.
4. The administration of Diazinon or Chlorthion brings about a fall in the blood pressure from the initial stage.
5. Parathion, Diazinon, and Chlorthion all bring about a transitory dilatation of the extirpated peripheral blood vessels.
6. For the dilatation of peripheral blood vessels atropine and Finalin act well antagonistically while acetylcholine acts as an invigorator.

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Among 45 autopsy cases (including 13 cases as control), which have had in our laboratory from July 1956 onward, the author picked out the lung and in some cases, heart, kidney, cerebrum, spleen, and liver, and examined microscopically the existance of fat embolus in the organs by means of Sudan III Haematoxylin staining (Daddi method), after 10% formalin fixation. According to the degree of fat embolism, the author divided into six groups from zero to five and compared. He has arrived at the result as follows:
1) Among 45 autopsy cases 35 cases male, 10 cases female), there were no relations between gender and fat embolism.
2) Among 45 autopsy cases, there were no relations between age and fat embolism (9 cases under age 20, 24 cases age 21 to 40, and 12 cases over age 41).
3) Among 45 autopsy cases, there were confirmed the high degree of fat embolism in the lung in case the dead bodies have been left for about one or a few hours after wounded than those of sudden death. There were 30 cases with the sudden death or closely sudden death, 2 cases for about one hour after wounded, 9 cases for a few hours to fourteen or fifteen hours, and 4 cases from 4 to 10 days after injury.
4) Concerning with the time after death, there were 41 cases with from 6 to 24 hours, one case about 36 hours, 3 cases about 5 to 7 days and one case not cleary.
5) Among autopsy cases with hurt, there were 14 cases of injury on bones, one case of cut wound and subcutaneous bleeding, 15 cases of punctured wounds, and one case of incised wound, it is confirmed that, in all cases of injury on bones the fat embolism in the lung were from one to four. Among 15 cases with punctured wounds, there has been proved one degree in 8 cases, but zero in 7 cases, and in cut wound, subcutaneous bleeding and incised wound cases, there has been proved from one to three. As mentioned above, it could be supposed that there were high degrees of fat embolism in dull edged hurt rather than in sharp edged hurt.
6) As to 32 autopsy cases with hurt, there were divided according to the parts of hurt; 8 cases on head and face, 3 cases on cervical region, 11 cases on breast (back), 2 cases on abdomen, one case on hands and foots and 7 cases more than two parts of body. Among 9 autopsy cases found in the lung with over three degrees there were 6 cases with hurt on head or face, which showed strong fat embolism than the other parts of body.
7) As to 13 autopsy cases picked up for control (asphyxia, intoxication, drowning, disease and burns), there were nothing to be shown in any case but in case of burns, one degree in the lung.
8) There were proved fat embolism in the lung in case of vertebral fracture.
9) There were also proved fat embolism in the lung in all cases being run over and killed (4 cases); in both cases the train accident was remarkably showed three degree of embolus.
10) As to the fat embolism in the lung, it was remarkably shown in the left lung than the right, and stronger in lower lobe than in upper and middle lobe.
11) The degrees of the fat embolism on the organs were higher in the lung than in the other organs, and the existance of fat embolism in the other organs had no significance.

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According to the Gurewitsch classification, the nucleus lenticularis was divided into areas of Pa (Putamen dorsalis anterior), Pd (Putamen dorsalis posterior), Pv (Putamen ventralis) and pallidum and the sizes of the nerve cells (long diameter) were measured.
1) The distribution of nerve cells varied in each area.
2) In each area of nucleus lenticularis excepting pallidum the long diameter of cells and their distribution curve were studied. The large cells, whose long diameter was greater than 24 μ, were regarded as GUREWITSCH effective cells and the other smaller cells as the receptive cells.
3) The large cells in each area of nucleus lenticularis decreased in order of Pd, Pv and Pa and their ratio to all nerve cells was Pd 2.1%, Pv 1.7% and Pa 0.9%.
4) The nerve cells in pallidum were morphologically quite different from those in putamen and most of them were such a kind of cells, whose long diameter was 20-24 μ, and its distribution curve showed a sharp peak.

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Ten percent pentazol solution was experimentally injected in cats and the changes of cholinesterase (ChE) at the maximum stage of convulsion was histochemically investigated by Koelle modification:
1) The distribution of ChE was denser in convulsion cases generally than in the non-convulsive (normal cases).
2) Increasing of ChE in convulsion cases was more striking in the large (effective) cells.
3) The distribution of ChE in convulsion cases caused by pentazol injection was denser in following order of parts: putamen dorsalis posterior, putamen ventralis. putamen dorsalis anterior and pallidum.
4) Because pallidum showed almost homogenous or medium ChE distribution in nerve cells also in normal cases but it did not increase in convulsion cases, there was no significant change caused by convuslion.
5) For the convulsion putman dorsalis posterior andi ts effective cells are considered to play most important role.

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Ten percent pentazol solution was experimentally injected in cats and the change of the ketoenolic granulas (KEG) due to convulsion were histochemically investigated by the carbol fucsin jod method.
1) The KEG in nerve cells increased more markedly in each area of the convulsion cases than that of the nonconvulsive cases.
2) The increase of KEG in nerve cells during the convulsion was in order of Pd, Pv, Pa and pallidum.
3) The large cells in putamen showed more increase of KEG than small cells (receptive cells) especially markedly in large cells in putamen dorsalis posterior.
4) KEG in Nissl grey substance decreased on the contrary, in the convulsion cases than the nonconvulsive cases in each area excepting those in pallidum and the order accorded with the increase of KEG in cells.
5) Pallidum differed from other areas and showed slight increase of KEG in cells, and also the Nissl grey substance showed considerable distribution of KEG in nonconvulsive cases and no decreased of KEG caused by convuslion.
6) In the nucleus lenticularis, the putamen dorsalis posterior, especially its effective cells seem to participate mostly to convulsion.

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In the observations on cells in normal ascites of mammalians (dog, cat, rabbit, rat and mouse) and of birds (chicken, pigeon and rice-bird) in tissue culture, the author obtained the following results:
1. Cells in the ascites of normal animals are consisted of many phagocytes designated commonly by various nomenclatures, and they present such a multiplicity that they may be classified into three types, large, intermediate, and small.
2. The morphology of these phagocytes in mammalians tends to resemble closely to monocytes in blood in the descending order of mouse, rat, rabbit, cat, and dog. That of chicken also resembles monocytes.
3. Although the motility patterns of phagocytes, especially of pseudopodia in the lower mamalians are variegated, in the higher mammalians, these patterns are mainly consisted of such as ones with membraneous process, projection waving like a flag, and tentacle-like process, and the pseudopodial movement also becomes more active. On the other hand, the motility of these cells in the case of birds, especially of the pseudopodial movement in chicken, resembles quite closely to that in dog and is quite active.
4. Numbers of motile cells are about the same in dog and chicken, while in the case of mammalians the number decreases in the descending order of dog, cat, rabbit, rat and mouse.
5. The wandering velocity of these cells is highest in the case of rabbit, but it is not so great in all the cases and no marked wandering can be observable either.
6. In tissue culture phagocytes are transformed into fibroblast-like or histiocyte-like cells, but the stage of transfermation in culture and numbers of transformed cells differ according to different animals.

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Having been tempted by the fact that the difference between histiocytes and monocytes is not only marked in their morphology but also most prominent in their motility, the author present in this paper the results of comparative studies on the true entity of phagocytes in the ascites, namely, on the question whether they should belong to the histiocyte series or to the monocyte series, with a special emphasis on the motility:
1. Phagocytes under normal conditions as well as under stimulation possess the motility quite similar to that of monocytes.
2. When monocytes are cultured in the medium containing ascites, it has been confirmed that they are converted to cells somewhat like phagocytes in their behaviors and characteristics.
3. Moreover, since it has been recognized that the behaviors of subcutaneous histiocytes not only differ from those of phagocytes or monocytes but also the motility of the former is inferior to that of the latter two. and that the motility is not accelerated even under stimulation, the entity of phagocytes seems never to be the same with that of histiocytes but rather quite akin to monocytes. However, as the phagocytes do not possess the wandering capacity in the same marked degree as monocytes, a due reservation must be made before deciding them to belong to monocytes. Nevertheless, admitting that the origin (milk spots in the greater omentum) and peculiar circumstances of being contained in the ascites are responsible for this difference, it may not be so unreasonable to consider phagocytes to belong to the same cell series as monocytes.

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In the study of cells in the pleural fluid of the mouse and rabbit, especially phagocytes, the author obtained the following results:
1. As in the case of ascites. phagocytes are decidedly numerous in the pleural fluid of the mouse and rabbit.
2. The morphology of the phagocytes found in the pleural fluid is almost identical with that of pagocytes in the ascites.
3. The motility, transformation, and the course of degeneration of phagocytes in the pleural fluid more or less coincide with those of phagocytes in the ascites.
4. From these findings it seems rational to assume that the phagocytes in the pleural fluid are the same kind of cells as phagocytes in the ascites, and consequently, belong to the same cell series as monocytes.
5. Phagocytes in the pleural fluid, as well as those in the ascites, change their own shapes to fibroblast-like or histiocyte-like figures in the medium of tissue culture, but essentially they do not lose their original character as phagocytes. However, this transformation is dependent upon various condition of the culture.

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Mast cells of the skin and omentum of mice, and of the omentum, mesenterium and subcutaneous tissues of rats were fixed and stained with a modified method of Zahl-Nowak's (1949) and with Riley's (1953) method, taking care to avoid artefact as much as possible. For statistical analysis of the disruptive changes of the cells after the drug administration, the morphologic changes were divided into three or four grades and the percentage was determined of those cells underwenting morphologic change. The disruption by artefact could easily be distinguished.
After intravenous or subcutaneous injection of a definite quantity of sinomenine, a histamine liberator (Mayeda. 1953). disruption of various grades occurred and metachromatic change or decoloration of the granules was also observable in the mast cells of the skin of mice and of the omentum and mesenterium of rats. Statistically this disruption was highly significant. Such morphologic changes occurred equally both in what Riley (1953) calls Type-I and Type-II mast cells. It required a certain length of time before mast cells reached the maximum disruption after the drug administration.
In the omentum of mice and in the subcutancous tissues of rats the mast-cell disruption by sinomenine was statistically not significant. This may be partly due to relatively more artefact in the preparation of these tissues. Previous injection of neoantergan partially inhibited the disruption of mast cells by sinomenine. Qninine and lycorine disrupted the mast cells of mouse skin just as sinomenine, while emetine even in the lethal dose showed no effect. The author discussed on the mechanism of the mast-cell disruption and histamine release.

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Using pieces of the mesenterium of rat the fragmentation of mast cells by drugs was examined quantitatively. In this experiment a modified technique of Norton's (1954), designed to keep fragmentation by artefact at minimum, was employed.
The concentration-action curves of compound 48/80 and saponine in Ringer-Locke solution and the fragmentation curve of serial dilution of Ringer-Locke solution alone, all proved to be of sigmoid type. In these instances the fragmentation of mast cells was diminished on the acidic side between pH 5.2 and 8.5. Neoantergan inhibited the fragmentation of mast cells by compound 48/80, but it did not inhibit the fragmentation by saponine and hypotonicity. Cholesterol suppressed only the action of saponine. Diluting of Ringer-Locke solution strengthened additively the fragmentation of mast calls by 48/80. Of the several drugs tested only tannic acid prevented the action of 48/80.
With this preparation a strong fragmentation action on mast cells could be recognized in some surface active subtances such as bile salts and chlorooctylresocinol, but the action of sinomenine, D-tubocurarine and lycorine, that possess a strong in vivo action, was relatively weak. Hyaluronidase and trypsin did not show such an action.

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The author estimated the serum iron, serum copper and whole blood copper in hypoplastic anemia and obtained the following results:
1. The amount of serum iron markedly increased while that of serum copper slightly. This fact seems to suggest the disturbance in the iron utilization of the bone marrow.
2. In the course of the treatment of a patient suffering from hypoplastic anemia the change in the serum copper was proportional to but a little earlier than the serum íron; and the serum iron was in an inverse proportion to the hemoglobin content.
3. By the intramuscular injection of ACTH-gel, the quantity of serum iron clearly decreased, but that of serum copper had no significant change.
4. In the iron absorption and tolerance tests of hypoplastic anemia, it was found that the saturation point of serum iron was highly elevated and the rate of iron utilization was markedly decreased; and the alteration in the serum copper content was peculiar as compared with the normal.
5. The urine iron was evidently increased but the urine copper had no change.
6. In the fractional measurements of the visceral depot-iron of the patients died of hypoplastic anemia, every fraction, especially the fraction III, of the depot-iron in the liver, spleen, kidney and bone marrow increased remarkably as compared with that in the case of other diseases. The increase in the visceral copper was especially pronounced in the liver.

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The following results were obtained by the serum injections of the patient suffering from hypoplastic anemia to rabbits:
1. The serum iron evidently increased, and the repeated injections were more effective than a single injection; and furthermore, the effectiveness of such injections increased with each additional injection. The serum copper increased slightly, but the difference between the repeated injections and the single one was hardly observable in this instance.
2. By the repeated injections the urine iron tended to increase, but the urine copper showed no marked change.
3. In the fractional estimation of the visceral non-hemin iron by the same method, the fraction III increased in all viscera and the visceral copper showed a pronounced increase in the liver.

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After the intravenous injection of the radioactive iron to the rabbits previously administered with the serum of patient with hypoplastic anemia, the radioactivity and the specific radioactivity on each fraction of the visceral non-hemin iron were evaluated. The results are as follows:
1. When the radioactive iron is injected intravenously, it is quite readily mobilized, without being mixed with the indigenous depot iron existing in the viscera.
2. The rate of metabolism in such fractions is most rapid in the fraction III, followed by fractions II and I, in that order; but the metabolism in fraction IV shows no fixed trend.
3. It has been confirmed that there exist in the serum of the patient with hypoplastic anemia factors disturbing the hematopoietic functions of the rabbit bone marrow.
4. The surplus iron not mobilized is stored is stored in viscera in the same order as mentioned above, namely, first in fraction III followed by fractions II and I.

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With the purpose to elucidate more clearly the actual mechanism of the hematopoietic function of polysaccharides extracted from the calf bone marrow, the author performed bonemarrow tissue culture with addition of polysaccharides at various concentrations, and studied the effects of these substances on the bone marrow. The results are as follows:
1. An appropriate amount of polysaccharides helps to promote the growth of the bone marrow tissue and the wandering velocity of pseudoeosinophils in bone marrow in the coverslip culture.
2. Even in the bone-marrow tissue culture in the fluid medium an appropriate amount of the polysaccharide brings about an increase in the erythrocyte count and hemoglobin content.
3. In other words, the polysaccharides extracted from the calf bone marrow possess the action as to stimulate directly the bone marrow parenchyma, thus promoting the hematopietic function of the marrow.
4. Consequently, the hematopoietic action of these substances is not solely dependent upon the dilatation of the blood vessels in the bone-marrow but also on the promotion of the function of bone marrow parenchyma.

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The author studied the effects of the addition of the polysaccharides extracted from the bone marrow in combination with sera of various anemic patients and inhibitory agents of bone marrow on the bone-marrow tissue culture both in fluid medium and in cover-slip method; and obtained the following results:
1. The acceleration of the bone marrow function by polysaccharides extracted from the bone marrow acts antagonistically the action of the anemia inducing factors in sera of aplastic anemia, Banti's disease, and chronic myelogenous leukemia, and in cases it reactivates the bone-marrow function above that of the normal.
2. Even in the case of combination with Carzinophilin or nitromine, such an accelerative action of polysaccharides, antagonistically against the action of these inhibitory agents on the bone marrow, reactivates the bone-marrow function, but in this instance the antagonistic power is relatively less than that in the case of the above.

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With the purpose to elucidate the mechanism of recuperating power of polysaccharides extracted from the bone marrow acting on anemia, the author conducted a series of bone-marrow tissue culture of rabbits with experimental hone-marrow dysfunction and of patients with aplastic anemia, adding the polysaccharides to the culture medium; and obtained the following results:
1. In the bone-marrow tissue culture of rabbits with kolargol-anemia the addition of the polysaccharides accelerates the bone marrow function.
2. In the bone-marrow tissue culture of rabbits with acute bone-marrow dysfunction by X-ray irradiation the addition of such polysaccharides gives benefitial effects on the bone marrow function.
3. In the case of bone-marrow tissue culture of patients with aplastic anemia the addition of such polysaccharides promotes the tissue growth, the wandering velocity of cells, and induces an increase in the hemoglobin content and erythrocyte count.
4. However, in the above-mentioned experiments if the bone marrow function is extremely disturbed, the addition of these substances can not reactivate the lost function.
5. In other words, polysaccharides extracted from the bone marrow act directly as to stimulate the disturbed bone marrow so as to reactivate the hematopoietic function so long as the degree of the dysfunction still retains some possibility of recovery, but these substances can not reactivate the function of the bone marrow in the case where the function is so highly disturbed as to be completely obliterated.

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The clinical observations were performed on the 24 cases of the II type and the cases of the III type of so called catarrhal jaundice. And the resuts are as follows:
1. The II type of so called catarrhal jaundice is mostly seen in the third and fourth decades and the III type of so called catarrhal jaundice is mostly seen in the fifth and sixth decades. And the both two types are mostly seen in male.
2. Both two types are occured on the epidemic period of epidemic infectious hepatitis and some of them clearly seem to be a family infection and it is proved that both two types have a possibility to occur as a atypical form of epidemic infectious hepatitis.
3. There are no paticular anamnesis.
4. The cases supposed to be caused by surfeit and overwork are below 50% in the II type. and 50% in the III type.
5. The preceding symptoms are slight, but are observed on the 14 cases among the 24 cases of the II type and on the 5 cases among the 6 cases of the III type.
6. As the first symptoms, fever is observed on a half of the II type but dark urine or the yellowish coloration of skin and conjunctiva are rather remarkably observed on a half of the III type than fever.
7. The chief complaints are the yellowish coloration of skin and conjunctiva and gastrointestinal complaints, besides, itching of skin. Those complaints are observed on the one third cases of the II type and on the 5 cases among the 6 cases of the III type.
8. The fever type is not always agreed with the reports of H. Eppinger. It is significant that the fever is caused by the infection of cholangitis etc. during the course of this type.
9. The star like dilatation of peripheral vessels is sometimes observed during the course of both two types.
10. Anemia is observed on the palpebral conjunctiva and the blood picture during the course in a half cases of both two types especially the III type.
11. Hepatomegaly is often observed, but no paticular differences are observed between both two types. Splenomegaly is not remarkably huge in the cases of the II type and is also observed to be enlarged in the cases of the III type. This is not agreed with the reports of H. Eppinger. It is however, noticed that the enlargement of the splenic dullness is observed as the common cases as epidemic infectious hepatitis.
12. Both ascites and edema are observed on the cases with a prolonged course and poor prognosis.
13. It is significant that, despite the relative neutrocytosis with a shift to the left is remarkable the relative lymphocytosis and monocytosis are slight. These findings are, howe. ver, not special for both two types and are caused by the complication of cholangitis.
14. The excreation of bile is markedly obstructed on the liver function and the slight impediment of liver parenchyma is also observed.
15. Most of both two types have a long standing jaundice, prolonged course and poor prognosis. The recurrences are observed on the 3 cases among the 24 cases of the II type, even the cases showing the improvement of the course fortunately, and two of them are dead.
16. The results of surgical treatment, as the treatment of both two types, are observed. Operation is carried out the 5 cases of the II type and the 4 cases of the III type, and the effective results are seen in the 4 cases of the II type and in all the cases of the III type.

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1. The liver tissues in the 7 cases of the II & III types of so called catarrhal jaundice, the Vater's papillary region and the head region of pancreas in some of them are pathohistologically observed.
2. The 2 cases show the II type, the 4 cases show mostly the III type and show party the II type-picture, and the I case shows a combination form of both two types.
3. The cases, supposed to be caused by a obstruction of the intrahepatic bile excreation, Giving support to the theory of H. Eppinger, besides other cases supposed to be caused by a osmotic acceleration of peripheral bile ducts and leakage of bile etc without a remarkable obstruction of the bile excreation are observed in the II type. The obstructions of the Vater's papillary region are observed in all the cases of the III type.
4. The common pathologic changes in the blood and lymph vessels systems are observed on all of these cases. Therefore, it may be proper that the theory of the serous inflammation reported by H. Eppinger should be refered to the cause of them.

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1. The histological pictures of the liver in various gastrointestinal diseases are examined, and the changes, of the swelling and thickening of the sinus, the precipitated adhesion of a hyalin like substance in the Disses's cavity, the edema around the central vein, the multiplication of intermediate piece and bile duct, the expansion and excreasion of the connective tissue and the cellar infiltration in the Glisson's capsule etc. are observed.
2. As far as the differences between the above changes and the changes of the chronic form in epidemic hepatitis are concerned, they are so close in the findngs, but they can be definitely distinguisheid with a close observation.
3. When the histological findings of liver in gastrointestinal diseases become a locus minoris resistentae and the concurrences of epidemic hepatitis exist with the above, it is thought that the II & III types of so called catarrhal jaundice may occur.
4. If the liver changes in gastrointestinal diseases beccme high, it is thought that they become showing the changes in the II type of so called catarrhal jaundice.
5. It is, therefore, proper to explaiin that the II & III types of so called catarrhal jaundice occnr with the variable origin.

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Utilizing the cardiac catheterization technique, investigated the cardiopulmonary functions in 15 cases out of the 17 patients underwent surgery for patent ductus arteriosus and obtained the following results.
Cardiac Functions
1. Both the pulmonary arterial pressure and the total pulmonary vascular resistance were either normal or slightly increased with a few showing a high degree of increase in them, but there was a correlation between the two; and also the crosss-sectional area of the ductus arteriosus was correlated to both the pulmonary blood-flow and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure, with exception of cases where total pulmonary vascular resistance was markedly elevated.
2. A correlation could be recognized between the pulmonary blood-flow ratio and the shunt-flow ratio, and the shunt-flow was mostly directed from left to right.
3. In cases where the cross-sectional area of the ductus was over 0.5cm², many of them were clinically in advanced stage, and this area of the cross-section together with the total pulmonary vascular resistance were the important factors controlling the cardiac functions of this disease.
4. The ventricular works tended to increase in both the right and left, and the hypertrophy of the both ventricles observable in electrocardiogram is indicative of the condition gradually leading to cardiac failure.
Pulmonary Functions
Observations were carried mainly on pulmonary circulation and ventilation.
1. Minnte ventilation volume was either normal or slightly inccreased. In cases, with pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary blood-flow of over 10l/min., shunt-flow of over 5l/min., or with cross-sectional area of the ductus of over 0.5 cm², the minute ventilation volume was incresed.
2. Maximal breathing capacity was either normal or mildly decreased. There was an inverse correlation between the maximal breathing capacity ratio and pulmonary arterial pressure in the case either with pulmonary hypertension or with an increased area of cross-section of the ductus.
3. No decrease could be observed in vital capacity ratio. There were inverse correlations between vital capacity and various factors of circulatory functions.
On the other hand, there was a positive correlation between vital capacity and maximal breathing capacity ratio.
4. Oxygen equivalent showed a slight increase, and those cases showing the oxygen equivalent of over 4.0 were all severe.
5. Ventilatory reserve and ventilatorg reserve ratio were normal, and those showing ventilatory reserve ratio under 70 per cent were all inoperable cases.
6. The oxygen equivalent upon exsercise did not show any diffeence with compared to that at rest, showing findings different from those of cyanotic congenital heart diseases.

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Evaluating the cardiopulmonary functions of 16 patients with atrial septal defect, the author obtained the following results.
Cardiac Functions
1. Both the pulmonary arterial pressure and the ventricular pressure were normal or slightly elevated, but there were two cases showing a marked rise in pulmonary arterial pressure. The atrial pressure was normal.
2. The total pulmonary vascular resistance and the pulmonary arteriolar resistancc showed a slight increase, but there were some who showed a marked rise.
3. The ventricular work was normal in the left, but was increased in the right ventricle in all. In the case with marked pulmonary hypertension the ratio of ventricular work was in an inverse proportion and indicated a greater load on the right ventricle.
4. All these showing the cross-sectional area of atrial septal defect of over 5.0cm² were severe cases. The area of cross-section of septal defect was correlated to both shunt-flow and pulmonary blood-flow; and likewise there was a correlation between the pnlmonary arterial presture and the pulmonary vascular resistance. However, no definite relation existed between the pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary blood flow; and the area of cross-section of septal defect and the pulmonary vascular resistance play an important role in the cardiac functions of this disease.
Pulmonary Functions
1. Minute ventilation volume in the cases with pulmonary hypertension as well as in cases showing increase in pulmonary blood-flow, shunt-flow, and in cross-sectional area of atrial septal defect tended to increase.
2. The maximal breathing capacity ratio, the vital capacity ratio, and various factors of circulatory functions were in inverse proportion to one another in the majority of cases.
3. In exercise test the increase iu the minute ventilation volume was slightly less than the increase of oxygen consumption. There was little difference between the oxygen equivalent upon exereise and that at rest.

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Studying the cardiac functions in 11 patients and the pulmonary functions in 10 patients, with tetralogy of Fallot, the author obtained the following results.
Cardiac Functions
1, The rise in the right ventricular pressure was more marked than that in the pulmonary arterial pressure and the systolic pressure of right ventricle more or less coincided with the systemic pressure.
2. Arterial oxygen saturation dropped down to 85-56 per cent and cases showing saturation below 70 per cent were clinically severe. The effective pulmonary blood-flow was 2, 017 cc/min., and those showing under 2, 000 cc/min. were all severe cases. Arterial oxygen desaturation and decreased effective pulmonary blood-flow were likely to be the most important factors evaluating the cardiac functions in this disease, and there was a correlation between the two.
3. Atrial septal defects were encountered in 6 patients out of 11.
4. Although the value above the normal level was maintained in the systemic blood-flow, it had no correlation with the effective pulmonary blood-flow.
5. In electrocardiogram incomplete right bundle branch block was revealed in the majority of the patients, and the right axis deviation or right hypertrophy were observed in almost half of the patients.
5. The average of right ventricular work was 4.85 kg. m/min./m², and that of the left ventricular work 2.33 kg. m./min./m²; and an increase in the right ventricular work and a decrease in the left ventricular work were observed; namely, the right ventricular work was twice as much as the left.
Pulmonary Functions
1. A marked decrease was observed in the volume of carbon dioxide in expired air, and this was due to hyperventilation. There was a positive correlation between arterial oxygen saturation and effective pulmonary blood-flow.
2. The increase in minute ventilation volume was more marked than that in acyanotic diseases.
3. A decrease in maximal breathing capacity ratio was observed; and maximal breathing capacity ratio was correlated to both arterial oxygen saturation and effective pulmonary blood-flow.
4. Vital capacity ratio was either normal or slightly decreased; and vital capacity ratio was correlated to both arterial oxygen saturation and effective pulmonary blood-flow.
5. There was observed a decrease in ventilatory reserve ratio, a marked increase in oxygen equivalent with an average of 4.6, and a poor ventilation efficiency.
6. Upon exercise test, minute ventilatory volume was markedly increased, and oxygen equivalent was increased as compared with that at rest, showing behaviors different from those in acyanotic diseases. The rate of the oxygen uptake was decreased, indicating that the increase in the pulmonary blood-flow upon exercise was restricted.

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With some premonitions as regards the picture, of platelet formation, which has hitherto been used for the determination of the megakaryocyte functions, the author performed a few experiments in order to clarify this doubt; and obtained the following results:
1. When 3.8% citrate solution had been added at the time of preparation of stained bone-marrow specimens from normal persons or from patients with various blood diseases, an increase in the megakaryocyte count without platelet attachment was observed, showing no appreciable degree of the platelet attachment. Moreover, after the addition of the citrate solution, both in the case of a high degree and a low degree of the platelet attachment showed the same proportion of the attachment in respective case.
2. With the addition of normal human platelets in physiological saline solution at the time of preparation of stained bone-marrow specimens from hypoplastic anemia which never shows the so-called platelet formation, a high degree of platelet attachment was observed.
From these findings it has been clarified that the so-called platelet formation is a picture showing platelets in the bone marrow drawn out simply adhering to the surface of megakaryocytes, and that this platelet formation can not be used as a criterion for the determination of the magakaryocyte functions.

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By means of bone-marrow tissue culture, the author studied the megakaryocyte count and the function of megakaryocytes in patients with various blood diseases, and obtained the following results:
1. In purpura simplex no abnormality could be observed in the megakaryocyte count or in the fnnction of megakaryocytes.
2. In the cases of Banti's disease the megakaryocyte count was markedly increased, showing the increase of 2-5 times the normal count; and the megakaryocyte function was strikingly decreased, indicating the degeneration at an early stage. Even in these cases after splenectomy both the function and the number of megakaryocytes were found back to the normal level.
3. In hypoplastic anemia both the megakaryoccyte count and the function were found markedly decreased.
4. In the cases of symptomatic thrombocytosis, the megakaryocyte count increased slightly, while the function was greatly accelerated.
5. In pernicious anemia the megakaryocyte count showed an intermediate degree of decrease and likewise the megakaryocyte function was lowered. However, when vitamin B₁₂ had been injected, both the number and function of megakaryocytes returned normal.
6. The cases of agranulocytosis showed the normal count of megaryocytes and normal or slightly-accelerated function.
7. In the cases of essential hypochromic anemia the megakaryocyte count was slightly increased but the megakaryocyte function was normal.
8. In the cases of chronic hemorrhagic anemia both the megakaryocyte count and function remained at the normal level.

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By means of the simple bone-marrow tissue culture with addition of sera from patients with various blood diseases the author observed the influences of these sera on the megakaryocyte function, and obtained the following results:
1. It has been found that the serum of hypoplastic anemia contained the factors that greatly diminish the megakaryocyte function.
2. In the serum of Banti's disease there are factors that lower the megakaryocyte function, bringing about the degeneration at an early stage. However, after splenectomy no such factor can be recognized in this disease.
3. In the serum of essential hypochromic anemia no factor has been found to affect the megakaryocyte function.
4. In the serum of polycythemia vera there are factors which enhance the megakaryocyte function.

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After drawing a large amount of blood (15 cc/kg) once from guinea pigs and observing changes in the platelet count. the author recognized an increase in the platelet count up to the double the normal count 2-6 hours after the blood drawing; and also 10-14 th day after the depletion an intermediate degree of the increase in platelets was observed. Therefore, by performing bone-marrow tissue culture taken from the femur of animals at the time when there was an increase in the platelet count, the author studied the megakaryocyte function and obtained the following results:
1. No change in the function and megakaryocyte count at all could be observed 2-6 hours after drawing blood when there was an increase in the platelet count.
2. On the 10-14th day after blood-depletion at the time when there was an intermediate increase in platelets the megakaryocyte function was markedly accelerated and also the megakaryocytecount was increased to about double the normal count.
Summarizing the above, the increase in the platelet count within 24 hours after the drawing of a large amount of blood is caused simply by the mobilization of platelets towards the peripheral blood; and the secondary increase in the platelet count on the 10-14th day is induced by the increase in the m gakary yte count and function.

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With the aid of electrophoresis the author pursued serum protein in fifteen patients stricken with parathion poisoning that broke out in the summer from 1955 to 1957; and obtained the following results:
1. As for the pathological changes common to all an increase in serum total protein could be observed at the onset and this increase was mainly due to an increase in the albumin fraction. Consequently the A/G ratio is also increased. The severer the parathion poisoning the more marked is the increrase, suggesting that in all probability a stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system by poisoning is responsible for it.
2. The decrease in the serum total protein, albumin fraction and A/G ratio 2-3 days after the onset seems to be due to the paralysis of the parasymathetic nervous system by a large dosage dosage of atropine administration. In contrast to this, PAM (pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide), without inducing change in the serum protein but improving symptoms of poisoning, namely, restoring the balance of the autonomous nerves, brings the protein picture back to normal.

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In the present experiments the author studied the influences of four alkylphosphates such as parathion, diazinon, chlorthion and sumicide on serum protein, hematcrit value and hemoglobin content in blood of rabits and obtained the following:
1. Changes occurring when exposed to these alkylphosphates are common; namly, an increase in serum total protein, hematcrit value and hemoglobin content in blood as well as an increase in the A/G ratio, and a decrease in γ-globulin.
2. These changes reach the maximum at the peak of symptoms, namly, at the stage where serum cholinesterase is at the lowest level. Consequently changes occur differently according to the method of administration, for instance, the method in which the appearance of symptoms is delayed like percutaneous administration makes changes appear slower than in the case of subcutaneous injcction. Slow working sumicide also brings about the changes more slow ly than other drugs.
3. These changes are assumed to be induced by the stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves by alkylphosphates.

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With the use of rabbits as the test animals such drugs as atropine (1.5 mg/kg), pilocarpine (10 mg/kg), and acetylcholine (0.05 mg/kg) were subcutaneously injected into animal in order to observe their influences on serum protein, hematocrit value and hemoglobin content in blood, and compared these findings with those of alkylphosphate poisoning.
1. In the case of acetylcholine and atropine injections no fixed change could be observed. Consequently, it becomes somewhat dubious whether or not the action of acetylcholine is responsible for the change of serum protein in parathion poisoning. As atropine is thought to be hydrlysed rapidly in blood of rabbit, this fact may account for no change in serum as in the case of atropine injection.
2. In the case of pilocarpine administration an increase in serum total protein, albumin, hematoerit value, and hemoglobin content and a decrease in γ-globulin were observed. With an exception of no increase in the A/G ratio at the initial stage, these findings coincide well with those of parathion poisoning. This fact seams to verify that the stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves is responrible for the changes in serum protein in the case of parathion poisoning.

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Adding the pigments, methylenblue and fuchsin, to the antigens (E₁-coli) in advance, their effects to increase the agglutination titer have been studied. The results were as follows:
1) The pigment solution must have the optimal concentration.
2) The agglutination shows higher titer when fuchsin is added than the case of methylenblue.
3) The fuchsin added to H-antigen increases the titer remarkably, but the fuchsin added to O-antigen does not work so evidently.
4) Both, the suspensions of living and formalin-treated bacteria have been tested. The agglutination with living bacteria shows higher titer than with formalin treated ones. In the case of formalin treatment, its lower concentration gives relatively higher titer.

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Bacterial agglutination and hemagglutination have been performed with the corresponding antigens to which guinea pig serum, its fractions, human serum or egg albumin had been added beforehand. The effects of these heterogeneous proteins to the agglutination resulted as follows:
1) Agglutination is increased by adding guinea pig serum or human serum to the antigen beforehand.
2) Bacterial agglutination is increased by the antigen to which the serum heated at 56°C for 30 minutes have been added beforehand.
3) Egg albumin has the effect to increase the agglutination, when added to the antigen beforehand.
4) Albumin and globulin-fractions of guinea pig serum (fractionated by Liefmann's method), also, have the same kind of effect. And albumin is more effcetive than globulin.
Fraction of guinea pig serum, by electrophoresis, have the effects in the following order.
albumin>α₁-=α₂->β->γ-globulin

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Adding guinea pig serum, its natural or heated fractions to the antigens, their effects on precipitin reaction have been studied. As the antigen, polysacchalides from yeast have been used, and the antiserum has been obtained from rabbit immunized by it. The results were as follows:
1) Uhlenhuth's precipitin reaction by the antigen diluted with heated serum or heated albumin fraction shows higher titer than routine method, while the reaction by the antigen diluted with natural (unheated) serum or the unheated albmin fraction does not show any effect to increase the titer. The globulin fraction shows no effect whether it is heated or not.
2) In Ogata's reaction (antigen-antibody diluting method), both guinea pig serum and its albumin fraction have the increasing effect. The globulin fraction has the effect if it is heated, but not if it is used unheated.
3) The fractions by electrophoresis, albumin, α₁-, α₂-, β-, γ- globulin have the effect of following order.
albumin>α₂-α₁->β->γ-globulin
4) Guinea pig serum and its albumin fraction shows remarkable turbidity by heating, but its globulin fraction does not show any difference among turbidities caused by heating (from 56°C to 62°C).

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By observing the influences of temperature on the motility of pseudoesinophils in bone-marrow tissue culture of rabbits (cover-slip method) the author obtained the following results:
1. The limit of temperature that enables such observations lies in the range between 15°C, the minimum and 43°C, the maximum.
2. The maximum wandering velocity is found at 39°C, whereas the peak of the wandering velocity appears faster at a higher temperature and slower at a lower temperature.
3. As for the movement pattern, at the temperature showing the peak of wandering velocity, pseudoeosinophils of Types A and B appear most numerously; and also many pseudoeosinophils of Type F can be seen at a higher temperature.
4. At a certain stage in the limit temperature of both the maximum and minimum (43°C, 15°C) there appear a similar specific type, namely, the cell presenting a dumbbell-like shape having pseudopodia connected with the cell body at their veryr narrow part.
5. As for the shapes of pseudopodia, those presenting tongue-shape or saw-like ones tend to be most numerous at any temperature, and those with bleb shape or flag shape tend to be more numerous at a higher temperature. Those possessing no pseudopodia appear more at a lower temperature.
6. Relatively numerous tail-threads appear in an early stage at temperature of 37°C, 39°C, or 41°C, but generally these do not appear at a lower temperature, with one exceptionally peculiar thing is that only in an early stage at the low temperature of 15°C cells with many tail-threads make their appearance.
7. Either at the temperature lower than 30°C or higher than 39°C, and with the lapse of time the ratio of the long axis against the short axis grows smaller.

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In the bone-marrow tissue culture (cover-slip method) of rabbits, the author studied the effects of osmotic pressure of medium on the motility of pseudoeosinophils, and arrived at the following conclusions:
1. The osmotic pressure of the culture medium that enables such observations of the movement of cells has been found to be, when calculated in terms of the saline concentrations, 0.57% the minimum, and 1.48% the maximum.
2. The growth zone in the hypertonic medium shows a high celldensity with a clearcut boundary, and the growth zone in the hypotonic medium reveals a markedly thin cell-density.
3. The wandering velocity in the hypotonic medium at various osmotic pressures does not alter so markedly, showing an acceleration in an early stage but a precipitous fall later. In the hypertonic medium, the more hypertonic the medium is, the more marked is the wandering velocity.
4. In the early stage of the hypertonic medium there appears a specific form of cells possessing sharp needle-shaped pseudopodia with hardly no difference in the long axis and short axis, and the more hypertonic the medium is the greater is the number of such peculiar cells.
5. There is a tendency of an increase in the number of Type D of the movement patterns in the hypotonic medium, though the number is small.
6. No marked changes can be observed in the tail-shape of cells due to changes in osmotic pressure of the medium.
7. The more hypertonic or the more hypotonic the osmotic pressure of the medium is, the smaller is the ratio of the long axis and the short axis of pseudoeosinophls.

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By addition of hydrochloric acid or causatic soda at various concentrations to bone-marrow tissue culture (cover-slip method) of rabbits, the author studied the influences of medium pH on the motility of pseudoeosinophils and obtained the following results:
1. The limit of pH of the medium which enables such observations of the movement of pseudoeosinophils is pH 7.11-8.05.
2. The more acidic or basic is the medium, the more marked is the decrease in the wandering velocity of pseudoeosinophils.
3. In the medium both acidic and basic, the boundary of the cell is distinct; the shape is irregular with different sizes of granules; pseudopodia are small; and the wandering cycle is indistinct.
4. In the medium which is either highly acidic or basic, the number of cells of Types A and B are less, but those of Types C, E, and I are increased.
5. By changing pH of the medium either higher or lower those with pseudopodia shaped like a tongue are lessened and the cells with saw-like pseudopodia are increased. Moreover, this tendency is stronger as the pH approaches that of the control medium; and what is more it is markedly so in an earlys tage of culture.
6. The tail-shape pattern of Type I can be found less in the medium of pH 7.36 or pH 7.80, but this type increases in both more acidic and more basic media. Type II shows a tendency just the reverse of Type I. Type III is rare in any medium, but it tends to increase slightly with the lapse of culture time.
7. As for the ratio of the long axis and short axis of a pseudoeosinophils, the smaller ratio increases while the greater ratio decreases, in a more acidic or a more basic medium.

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The authors happened to encounter a discordant schizophrenic case in one of uniovular twins. This patient is still yong so that we intend to follow up this case in the future, but for the time being we present this case as a discordant schizophrenia.
1. By the ovular examination this case has been verified as a uniovular case.
2. In the character test, namely, in Rorschach test and Uchida Kraepelin test, we found abnormalities not only in the patient but also in her twin-sister. This finding is noteworthy, so that it will not only help the ovular diagnosis but also suggests a possible danger of future nosogenesis.
3. By judging environmental differences between the twins, we have studies how these differences were related to the nosogenesis, and obtained the following data:
(a) Both twins weighed only 1.5 Kg. at the birth, and the patient's entire body was paler than her twin-sister then. At the age of these both contrasted whooping-cough, but the patient was severer than her sister. It appears that from that time on the patient has the delicate constitution.
(b) In the first year of her junior-high school days (13 years old) she received a trauma on the hiatus and she has been worrying ever since, believing she had her hymen broken.
(c) As for the direct cause inducing the physiological and mental tension, cystitis which she suffered for one whole year when she was 15 years old may be pointed out. Cystitis seems to be an important factor in this case, because according to Henri Baruck in a cystitis case there are substances in Coli bacillus which are toxicant to the brain, and consequently there is a possibility of presenting a phenomenon like in schizophrenia reaction.
These three factors seem to heve played an important role for the onset of schizophrenia in this case.

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