In 2005, the Cabinet Office reported the damage assessment of the Tokyo metropolitan earthquake, and over one million households who lose their houses were estimated. In Japan, the prefabricated temporary house is the main countermeasure of temporary housing assistance. Recently, the Natural Disaster Victims Relief Law was reformed, and a system of rent subsidies was established. In the event of large urban disaster, it is not clear whether the present system will work effectively. In order to design institutional arrangements as well as to make preliminary considerations, policy simulation is a useful research approach. To construct reliable policy simulation, we developed household's discrete choice model of temporary housing using the sample data from internet-base questionnaire system. According to the constructed model, the choice probabilities came to be able to calculate in all conditions such as household's attributes and housing conditions.

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Tokyo Metropolitan Government has been organizing municipal staff training for post-disaster urban recovery since 1998. Our team has conducted this training since 2005 and reported the actual situations. This training has two crucial points for pre-disaster planning for post-disaster recovery. The former is a pre-consideration for urban recovery plan-making procedures. The latter is improving plan validities proposed by municipalities. In this paper, a revised training program was explained according to these two points. The effect of revision was examined by training outcomes and participants questionnaire data. Finally, limits and agenda of this present training scheme were discussed.

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Public awareness of risk management to the tsunami disaster has been increased since the 2004 Sumatra Tsunami. Making hazard map is one of the essential countermeasures for the local governments in Japan. Japanese government directed the local to make the maps in 2004 because only 9.6% of the coastal areas prepared them. The authors investigated the making condition of the tsunami hazard maps in August 2006, which were published through Internet. This paper reports how much governments prepare the maps and compares the contents of the information for tsunami evacuation which demonstrate regional characteristics.Keywords: tsunami, hazard map, Internet, flooded prediction map, disaster prevention map

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Key disaster hospitals have been established for large area transportation of the injured at earthquake disaster. As the cooperation among the key disaster hospitals may depend on the flow of the injured, it is important to forecast the flow of the injured and road network. In this study, we applied the sociometry method to show the flow of injured persons and the priority of road network. The proposal model is useful for the emergency road network planning and disaster medicine planning.

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The aim of this paper is to propose risk communication method using the continual workshop on flood risk management since there are many uncertainties in residents' awareness of a flood hazard map. As for the case study, risk communication for flood due to heavy rain and river flooding was executed at Kosen town-community in Kumamoto City. Then, the variability of workshop participants' conciousness for flood risk mitigation was investigated based on the questionnaire survey. Fundamental data of residents' evacuation for flood was obtained and analyzed by conducting the evacuation drill for virtual flood scenario. Implementation of risk communication of residuals' consciousness for both self-reliance and mutual aid in community flood risk mitigation.

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In this paper, post-disaster recovery processes of the households are formulated by use of the multi-staged exponential hazard model. As the result, the Markovian transition probability model is employed to represent them. The recovery states of the households are categorized into several ranks, and giving consideration to liquidity constraints, their recovery processes are characterized by hazard models. The Markovian transition probabilities between the recovery states which are defined for the fixed intervals between the investigation points in time, are described by the exponential hazard models. The disaster recovery process of households is investigated by the empirical data set of the households sacrificed by the 2004 October flood in Toyooka City.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the differences between environmental loads (Ecological Footprint) associated with the maintenance of infrastructure network in residential zones, considering development and urban retreat. From the analysis of residential zones developed using different methods, it is clarified that the environmental load of the sprawl suburb area (Akoda) is higher than one of the area developed according to the plan (Fujimi). From the standpoint of urban retreat, the method of planned urban retreat is more effective in reduction of the environmental load than reverse sprawl, and if it is implemented in target areas, research showed that better results can be achieved in the sprawl suburb area (Akoda) than the area developed according to the plan (Fujimi).

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the paticularity of the transformation process of urban space formations caused by the city planning roads in their modernizing process. The final directionary of this study is to find aspect to improve the quality of space beside city planning roads in accordance with each urban context.Shinjuku-ward was chosen as a research zone to clarify the followings. 1) The feature of the physical tranceformation of urban space beside the site of city planning roads.2) The feature of the social tranceformation of urban space beside the site of city planning roads.

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This paper analyzes the riverbank space along the Higashiyokobori River that is called "Hama" in Osaka, concerning historical evolution after modern ages, the late Meiji Era. Main conclusions are as follows. 1) From the Edo era to the Meiji era, the hama was used as a common Space and it had been kept by some regulations. 2) Formerly, the Hama was used as warehouse, and there was the close spatial connection between river and riverside town, private sites for one body. 3) With the passing of era, this connection has been weakened by evolution of space use and decline of water transportation.

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Chain conversions of historical buildings make some new common spaces by some private enterprises in area surrounding Otaru canal. The purpose of this paper is to find the formatted methods locality and cooperation methods to make some common spaces by developers. As the result, the formatted methods fall into three main types; 1) continuation, 2) place to the public, 3) take a part of building away. Cooperation methods certify to two types; they conversion and make common spaces 1) at the some time, or 2) gradually.

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It is necessary to store up credible viable part achievements steadily even it is a small which comes from residents' requirements in order to improvement a DBA(Densely Built-up Area). And it is necessary to spur dwellers to act and to re-built up partial plans based on a diversity of conditions for sure. Also it is important to maintain and control of their area after projects based on a plan, come to fruition. And, a community association is necessary to management area continually until reaching to next improvement plans. Of course, to induce which association start-up and activities, also be required. in these points, the purpose of this research is to consider a way of dwelling environment managements in a DBA by having a finger on the current status of `a huose-road town improvement system' of yokohama. The viewpoints are Projects, Planning, A sustainable dewlling environment management by dwellers

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This research aims to clarify the characteristics of the space which was already developed by community with public money by focusing on the yard agreement by Hadano ordinance and Machi-busin development by Yokohama ordinance. The space improved by these systems have had same characters like the target place, planting, scale, object place, needs of the development and etc. Based on this results, the meaning of the cooperation with a development and a district plan is the possibility to create flexible idea, to organize new person to the committee, to maintain the purpose of developments, and so on.

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To remove each barrier, some efffective laws and institutions have been estabilished in Japan. We need the next stage, namely, to create comprehensive surroundings that are accessible for all. The promotion district of accessible environment by Setagaya-ward is advanced one and specified below; the parties and residents concerned be always with self-direction. They play important roles not only in familiar improvements but also in big projects by external stakeholders. The administration should support the local people and their subjectivity keeping the minimum level of accessibility and should maintain some system for promoting citizen participation.

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To improve the road safety in the residence district, the community zone has been developed in various cities. And a certain constant effect of application has been achieved for the road safety. Well, though as for the measurement of the effect, there were up to now a lot of one to research the change before and after application, As the use years of the community zone become long, We should think that the amount in the effect of application might change, and other secondary effects be generated, too. Then, in this research, whether the effect of maintenance of the community zone changes by the change in the use period is analyzed from the viewpoint in the amount and a secondary effect. Moreover, the effect examines the degree that influences resident's satisfaction rating.

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After the period of economic growth following World War II, apartment house has become popular housing type. Some apartment house residents have organized themselves as neighborhood associations which traditionally organized with family house members. We researched the present condition of apartment house neighborhood association in Koutou-word, Tokyo Pref. Our conclusions are as follows. 1. The number of apartment house neighborhood association has increased from 26 to 139 during 40years. 2. These associations are characterized by several activities like common property management and sharing information when compared with traditional community associations. 3. Apartment house association and community association cooperate to manage local society.

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In Japan, critiques of the government's "Community and urban design for crime prevention" policy have been published in a variety of sources. The objective of this study was to classify these critiques and survey the public's attitude towards them. The study revealed the following results： 1) critiques of the policy could be categorized into 10 categories that included "Police state", "Surveillance society" and "Fortress city". 2) The respondents' agreement with each critique was different. While respondents felt that a link exists between the policy and crime prevention, few respondents agreed that "Community and urban design for crime prevention" strengthens police power or excludes certain people from the public space. 3) The study found a link between this opinion and respondents' fear of crime. Based on these results the study discusses the future directions of "Community and urban design for crime prevention".

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Citizens' concern about safety is increasing, and detached housing areas advertizing safety from car accidents and crimes are appearing. This paper aims to grasp residents' evaluation and to study on problems which should be considered in the process of planning through questionnaires and workshops with the residents in an area with security systems (Juo) and one with traffic calming devices (Aobadai). Generally, the residents living in these areas hold good opinion of them, but there are some problems clarified in the study. The problems about road safety are unclear hierarchy of road networks and residents' understandings of the hierarchy. The problems about crime prevention are the residents' dependence on security systems, lack of territoriality, and inadequate night lighting. It can be said that access control of cars and enhancing territoriality can be tackled together.

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This study analyzes characteristics of householders newly moving in suburban neighborhood districts of detached houses within a decade in Kisarazu City, Chiba Prefecture. Main findings are as follows. Firstly, the younger householders had originally lived in rented houses near the districts and residents in such districts should be regarded as main purchasers of used detached houses. Secondly, numbers of family members in the younger households are larger than the other households, though they are living in houses which have small number of rooms. Thirdly, the households have more cars to commute and move out to the districts in daily shopping. Finally, their parents or relatives are living in the near districts and feel comfortable to contact them in daily living.

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In face of the falling birthrate, aging, population decreases in Japan, the priority for new housing development in the suburbs becomes lower and it has become more important how to sustain suburban communities. The aim of this study is to analyze the change of population structure of inhabitants in order to sustain suburban communities in Hiroshima City. Especially, the relationship between aging structure and population change is examined statistically and the tendency of household formation in the suburban communities will be clarified. The stabilities of age structure and population size in each community are analyzed to examine its sustainability.

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This paper aims to investigate revisions of district plans in the detached housing areas where physical and social environment have been changing since the introductions of the district plans. The paper conducts inquiry survey to 718 municipals. The result shows that revisions are made in half of the district plans, but only few revisions are made according to the need of meeting environmental changes. The case study shows that there are three types of revisions. The first one is to ease regulations for whole area to meet new demands for facilities for residents. The second is to ease regulations for individual buildings. The last is to restrictions to stop undesirable development. The study also shows that careful revisions are required as they may cause deteriorations in environments. The discussions on revisions may promote citizen initiatives in planning and maintenance of environment.

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In recent years, compact city gained attention, and it is promoted in our country. But diffusion is still progressing in cities, especially in the case of the cities in local area. In such situation, in order to continue with compact city implementation it is necessary to understand current condition, in what types of residential zone population increase/decrease is in progress. The purpose of this research is to clarify the actual condition of city diffusion in the cities in local area. Attention has been paid to the type of residential zones, changes in population density, characteristics of residential zones, and changes of population composition. Result of analysis, it was able to be clarified quantitatively that low population density residential zones had extended regardless of planned height in the cities in local area.

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The purpose of this paper is to grasp the process of developing the company-owned land and buildings and also to investigate the actual conditions of converting old sites of company-owned houses and the future restructuring-policy orientations. We conducted surveys on the details of the documents about construction, demolition and conversion of Hitachi company-owned houses and implemented interviews, in association with Hitachi-Life, Ltd. Our results clarified the followings: 1) Hitachi, Ltd. possesses huge quantities of land in the urban areas, and started conversion of old sites of company-owned houses since 1990s, which has great impact on the existing urban structure. 2) the actual proposal of onversion have been conducted by Hitachi-Life,Ltd., the real estate company with careful consideration of well-balanced development of sidential and commercial use. 3) Collaborations of Hitachi-city and Hitachi Ltd. has been insufficient

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This study aims to clarify the relationship between the district plan to aim at the improvement of infrastructures and the excessive urbanization promotion area incorporation, and to consider the designation of district plan for the expansion urban area in the local cities. The district plans to aim the improvement of infrastructures to the expansion urban area tend to be designated in the local authorities with a low ratio of the land readjustment project. And such district plans tend to be designated in the local authorities that have expanded urbanization promotion area with large scale though the density of population in the urbanization promotion area has decreased. We also find some issues from the case study for three local authorities.

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The aim of this paper is to research on the formation of the new business district after the collapse of the bubble economy in Tokyo 23 Area . I examined the change in the number of offices and employees of each districts in Tokyo 23 districts , and selected 12 districts where an increase of the number of employees was large . The characteristic of the increase district is the railway traffic condition is good .There were settled unused grounds ,The redevelopment project was done . And the large scale office building was constructed . The characteristic of the enterprise located in the increase district is moving ofbig enterprise headquarters from the center business district and secondary business district . The related enterprises also was moved . And the growing industry of IT and service companies was located . The new business district was formed by the expansion of the business function from the center business district and secondary business district of Tokyo .

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This study aims to clarify the distribution and the use state of the parking lot and to understand the current use condition about the monthly parking that the enterprises and the employed persons of the downtown use. As a result of the study, we clarified the following. The contracted ratio of monthly parking space is very high with 96.6%. The enterprise gives priority to the distance to the company short even if the charge is high when it chooses the parking lot. The employee who privately contracts the parking lot has selected it of the cheap rate though he or she values the distance from there to the company. The number of parking lots of the cheap rate will increase by the fringe of the downtown in the future.

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Redevelopment buildings in the first stage redevelopment areas have been declining due to decay and local businessslump, etc. This study, by grasping the circumstances of re-redevelopment projects, aims to suggest a method for re-redevelopment process in the future. Through surveys toward local authorities, the results are as follow (1) Approximately 18% of initial re-development buildings were re-developed again (2) The method of re-redevelopment is limited in urban redevelopment project areas (3) The circumstances of areas around the first stage redevelopment areas influence Attainability of re-redevelopment projects (4) Legally, it is possible to remove Highly used area, but to achieve this is very intricate. Therefore, re-redevelopment projects need to be conducted considering carefully the circumstances of their surrounding areas.

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Measure 37 that requires governments to compensate for reduction of property value caused by land use regulations passed in Oregon State in 2004. Due to lack of financial resources, governments waive land use regulations for claims, in stead of compensation. Since issues including transferability are still under trial and not solved yet, no major development derived from the claims of Measure 37 has taken place. However, it is highly possible for Measure 37 to make land use plan powerless and citizen participation meaningless, promote urban sprawl, damage life of neighbors, and reduce farm and forest lands. From the planning viewpoints, Measure 37 destroys premise of planning, denies planning activities and contents of plan, and requires risk countermeasures.

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The object of this paper is to show the characteristics of application of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to planning process of land use plan on municipal level (Flaechennutzungsplan) in Germany. I should like to draw four conclusions from the analysis in this paper; first SEA in Germany is applied to the concrete development plan compared to "City Materplan" in Japan, and to location control phase, in which the development plan can be abandoned. Secondly, SEA is mainly composed of the effect from the environmental aspect. Thirdly, SEA with multi-phase can be useful for the efficient implementation of it. Fourthly, the phase of citizen participation can be improved.

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The system of Metropole started in France to enhance international competitiveness of the cities by achieving economic development through partnership among urban areas. This system differs from the old spatial planning system and it consists of the offerings of the national government, the formulation of the strategic plans by local governments, and the exchanging contracts between the national and local governments to secure financial resources. This study analyses the Metropole system and clarifies the significances and the issues of the spatial planning in this central-local collaborative approach. It is argued that Metropole is a useful approach for a decentralized spatial planning system, because it contributes to a coherent policy from the viewpoint of the national government, while it achieves regional development and in the same time it takes into consideration the situations of each regions and their local governments.

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The revisions of territory and urban planning system were performed in Korea after 1999, and land use plan system was unifide. In addition, City-Region Planning was foundedfor the same period, and regional adjustment came to be planned. This study is aimed for the presentations of a suggestion to Japan and an ideal method of regional adjustment by introducing an adjustment of greenbelt in City-Region Planning of Korea. A greenbelt contributed to urban management and protection of environment. However an infringement of a property right and other problems by greenbelt were pointed out, and necessity of adjustment was on the rise. And the Korea government chose City-Region Planning as greenbelt adjustment method. The adjustment resulted in an objective agreement by using a scientific method. Such a Korean experience may be useful for Japanese regional adjustment.

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An Urban Master Plan(UMP) system was introduced in Korea in 1981 to guarantee the coherence and consistency of city planning practice. But by that time there was still no legal basis to support such practice in coherence to the urbanization plan. Later on the 90's its role as guidance to city planning was emphasized and formed a legal basis, but instead of serving as model and rule to the city planning practice, it was the UMP that was changing. In 2002 the UMP was vested with new roles and importance as the city planning range was extended into rural areas, and also serving as the base for all city planning decisions. As a continuation and natural process it is necessary to develop programs to make the City Planning accordance to UMP more effective.

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This study aims to clarify the condition of designation of urbanization promotion area and the operation of related measure like enactment of planning permission ordinance operated along with introduction of area division for Tsuruoka City where Area Division was introduced. Based on clarified, we extract the point that becomes reference for the city where the area division introduction will be newly examined. We find that when the area division was introduced, a part of Area of the Land for Agricultural Use was incorporated into the urbanization promotion area by the individual development done at the time under non area division system, while the urbanization control area was designated for most agricultural land districts where the over-development had been feared.

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This study examines the possibility on the application of development permission regulation. Additionally, this study aims to understand the resident's recognition against gap and intention for its correction and to verify the problems at the correction. As a result, we find that the generality of the development permission ordinance is higher than that of other correction methods and that there are cases actually operated. Then we confirm the possibility as correction method. The settlements in Urban Control Area of the area designated City Planning Area require correcting in the background of the gap recognition. There are settlements that hope the deregulation in large range including the Agricultural Promotion Farm. Moreover, we confirm that developments extending disorderly are the base to form the loose regulated area.

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Through the designation case with the Specific Usage Limitation Area in Minokamo City and Tomika Town, Gifu Prefecture, this study aims to give the suggestion of the land use control measures for non-area designated CPA of a local smaller city where Specific Usage Limitation Area that is an unusual still on a nationwide scale has been used. In Minokamo City and Tomika Town, Specific Usage Limitation Area was designated taking the opportunity of the interchange construction of the highway in the resident's performing the proactive role. From these cases we can obtain the finding that Specific Usage Limitation Area can be used as a regulation inducement strategy suitable to the condition in the area.

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This study aims to analyze the reason of the expansion of zoning area and the trend of development outside the zoning area for the local authorities that had expanded the zoning area though the population had decreased, and to propose the ideal way to the future zoning area. We clarify that the zoning area is an excessive setting in a lot of local authorities. A loose urban area is formed in the zoning area because development in the expanded zoning area doesn't advance, and the development outside zoning area progresses. Therefore, in the future, the zoning area should improve the quality by the promotion of proper urbanization with the improvement such as replotting project after controlling development outside the zoning area.

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First, this paper defines Desirable Description (DD) for the Municipality Master Plan (MMP) using the linguistics method. Interpretations for deciding actual planning matters are made based on the actual descriptions of MMP. Planning matters stated in the MMP are categorized into two types, and the interpretation characteristics of two types are different. The first type is Single Description (SD). SD is quite different from DD, so various urban plantings can correspond. The second type is Multiple Description (MD). MD confirms with DD compared to SD, and MD has many cases in which interpretations do not need necessarily. SD contains SD-Description Application (SD-DA). SD-DA is operated in which new projects or new planning systems are introduced after MMP determination. In conclusion MMP can be analyzed using these method and is appropriately operated in a case of Kanazawa City.

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This study is aimed to make clear the actural conditions of mixed rural/urban forms and residential environment problems as a case study in Funaba district of Tokai vill. of Ibaraki pref.. The results are as follows: Land development after the high-growth period has proceeded both at the old settlement and the new land reclaimed along the edge of the settlement, and the residential mixtures of the farm households and the new habitants of the each residences have shown characteristic features. The residents' associations organaized almost of the old and new residents according to the household type or as a mixture. Close ties between the residents differ in the actual conditions of the mixtures or organization of the association.

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Followings are the results from this study. The Gifu prefecture is made up five river basin regions. Forest resources and local lumber industries are characteristic of each river basin region. The Nagara river basin region has the most amount of artificial Japanese cedar, which afforested on a massive scale after the war, in the 5 rivers. In this basin region not only local lumber industries have not developed, but also disasters are tend to take place. Because those forest resources have little relation to timber industries, that result is forest devastation. Comparatively, in the Kiso river basin region local lumber industries have developed and advanced. Because the local lumber industries think highly of the dispensation of nature.

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In order to clarify factors to promote partnership of river authority and NPO, this paper analyzes a case of "Asakura-Gawa Ikusui Forum" which tackles river management cooperatively with the river authority and local residents. Conclusions are as follows; (1) River authority's needs to improve river environments with citizen participation and intense needs of the NPO to restore clean river are motives to establish their partnership. (2) A way to recruit local groups for river clean activities can collect not only sympathizing residents with the NPO but many residents interested in river environment. (3) Participation in the river management activities makes the redidents' concern for the river improved, and inspirs continuous participation intention.

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This research analyzes the transformation of urban structure for all urban areas in Japan using mesh data from 1970 to 2000 based on Klaassen's urban developmental stage. The main conclusions are as follows. First, suburbanization has been decreasing since the 1980s. Recently, disurbanization and reurbanization are increasing. Secondly, the urban developmental stage of urban areas tends to move from suburbs to disurbanization and reurbanization. Thirdly, declining urban areas can be divided into two categories: decreasing continuously in the center, or increasing continuously in the suburbs. Finally, urban areas with the following characteristics tend to decline: small population, not located in one of the three metropolitan areas, and high rate of aging in the population.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the sustainable site planning from transfiguration of the old town planning. Castle-town is a general term for fortress towns built in the end of the medieval times. This study restores the 18th century's town plan of the KURURI castle-town in Chiba prefecture,and explains the characteristics of its spatial pattern typologically in comparison with four other castle-towns in Boso region. The follow of these results, it is to elucidate what its character has had influence upon the present town area about KURURI and other two castle towns in Boso region.

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In 1990s, regional administrative union system was expected as the main actor on regional planning, however, municipalities' consolidation has been promoted strongly by the central government in Japan. In this paper, it is aimed to evaluate the municipalities' consolidation from the following viewpoints, focusing on the difference with "union": its area, the transition of regional planning before and after consolidation, its unity and power to implement the strategic regional planning, and the decentralization of power inside a city. As a conclusion, the areas of consolidation are not so conformed to the actual urban area (Urban Employment Area) and it should be needed to discuss about the regional cooperation system for effective regional planning. From the case of Saitama-city, there are some effects due to the consolidation, but on the other hand, the care for the districts and citizens become more important.

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In shutting a classroom that increases and is unused, it is caused in the local government, and this is an excessive fiscal burden. It is necessary to deal with the consolidation and integration of schools problem to advance an efficient administrative management. In this study, it aims to analyze the load where the child and the student are walking when the scrap-and-build plan of the elementary school is examined, and to request the consolidation and integration of schools model by that it can be minimized. This is assumed to be a school district organization project plan applicable by the municipality as a case study. That is, it applies to an actual municipality, and, next, we shown the model are optimized.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the condition of income disparities within regions by analyzing regional incomes in smaller unit than previous studies. First, we calculated income disparities within each region by Theil inequality measure. As a result, income disparities within metropolitan regions are increasing recently and it became bigger reason of increasing regional disparities of all Japan. Second, we analyzed population structure and age composition which causes increase of income disparities by cluster analysis. As a result, it was shown that high income people are gathering to particular municipalities affected by back-to-the-city movement and that causes differentiation of residence by income bracket.

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The purpose of this paper is clarifying the relation between the regional gap of city planning area and fiscal burden after consolidation of municipalities. The focus of research is quantifying fiscal burden according to the degree of accumulation of the city institutions in city planning area. The Hoover index about both street and sewer were used for the degree of accumulation of city institutions. The cities analyzed are 44 cities which already carried out the consolidation of municipalities. These cities were classified from fiscal scale and the degree of accumulation by performing principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The fiscal burden rates of the classified city were compared in analysis of fiscal burden. According to the analysis result, the cities where the degree of accumulation is low have large fiscal burden rates. This paper releases these analysis results and clarifies the relation between the degree of accumulation of city institutions, and fiscal burden.

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The aim of this study is to clarify the cause of less linkage between national land planning and tourism policy in postwar Japan from the perspective of learning by the failures. Through the study on the large-scale development project for tourism and recreation, launched in the second Comprehensive National Development Plan, following are found out;The planning sector had no time to follow through with the logic construction for fusion between national land planning and tourism policy. the compartmentalized public administration impeded the realization of the large-scale development project combined with oil crisis of the 1970s.

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The aim of this paper is to reveal the effects of rural-urban interchange through the rural community plans. Some community in Kobe City - Kitaku, Nishiku establish the organizations called Satodukuri organization and develop the rural community plans called Satodukuri plan. Some residents work actively to rural - urban interchange in these communities. We took up 20 communities in this area and conduct questionnaire survey to officials of Satodukuri organizations. In addition, we took up 5 settlements, and conduct interview to officials of Satodukuri organization and conduct questionnaire survey to residents in 5 communities. As a result of this research, we found that the rural - urban interchange through the rural community plans has a prominent effect on residents and community, and, the support system and various activities of the interchange are very important to encourage the participation of residents.

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Museums are active as organizations that manage local heritage and develop city areas. The aim of this study is to identify methods that contribute to the management of local heritage and area promotion through museum activities in the UK. As a case study, the relationship between the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust, the Telford Newtown Development Corporation and non-profit organizations are discussed. The study was conducted by interviewing the staff of the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust and a local public body. The results are as follows: 1) Museums help to heighten the identity of local people and a sense of community by valuing local heritage. 2) Museums help to create new communities and establish relationships between administrative bodies and non-profit organizations. 3) In order to maintain a balance between conducting business and contributing to communities, museums are able to maintain stable operating conditions independent of grants alone.

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This paper reports on developing transport visions towards Low Carbon Society in Japan. A vision was developed to reduce transport CO2 emissions by 70% in 2050 with the combination of various types of countermeasures such as promoting higher land-use densities and higher efficient vehicles suitable to each region (metro-urban, metro-suburban, non-metro-urban and non-metro-suburban). It was pointed that travel demand change as well as technological innovations are required to reduce transport CO2 emissions considerably. Climate change itself still involves uncertainties. However, it is important to draw integrated plans of land-use and transport in view of 40-50 years later to help stakeholders to prepare toward Low Carbon Society.

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Most mega-cities whose population is over five million contain several sub-centers as well as city center with maximum employment. The growth of sub-centers might be intended by city government policy in order to reduce congestion and energy use in transport sector. On the contrary, more concentration may be advocated because of density economy that mega-city can generate for business sector. In this study, with person trip surveys conducted in seven mega-cities, we investigated the effects of employment distribution in terms of commuting time, business accessibility of surrounding employment and energy use in commuting transport. We found that while commuting time was less in sub-centers than city center, employment accessibility and energy use were better in city center than sub-centers.

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