As for today's urban development, project promotion is attempted by the public private partnership. However, such as the problem of the destroying the scenery etc. is caused for private entrepreneur's essence to give priority to the profit pursuit and the flow of recent deregulation. Moreover, a high amenity and the society are requested for people. It is described that CSR is effective to such a flow. However, CSR in the urban development project has not been concretely discussed. In this research, the concept of CSR in the urban development is presented, and the private entrepreneur's current behavior in the urban development to CSR and how for relations of a public sector are arranged. And, those problems are extracted, and the directionality of how for relations of behavior of a private entrepreneur when CSR in the urban development is done and a public sector in the future is presented.

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The Land Readjustment Project is a method of exchange and consolidation of lands. Therefore it is often said to be the system without the Land Acquisition process. But sometimes the new comers want to buy some lands before or during the project to get a new lot in the project area after the project. This study aims to show the relationship between the Kanto Great Earthquake Rehabilitation Land Readjustment Projects and the Rail Management. We make it clear that the Ministry of Railway bought the lands before or during the project as a policy and the new railway lines in the Tokyo city center were realized with a cooperation of the Great Kanto Earthquake Rehabilitation Land Readjustment Projects.

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Community renovation grants have been founded since 2004 in Japan. The Grants aims are to improvement in citizens'quality of life,and to reverse the declining economy. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the implementation status and problems of Community Renovation Grants through the questionnaire survey to local governments. The major findings include the followings. 1. The indicator about maintenance of infrastructures is easy to be attained, and the number is hard to be attained in evaluation of Community development projects. 2. The institutional problem of Community renovation grants is initial evaluation of project under 1,000,000,000 yen. 3. Moderate project and qualitative indicator are important in evaluation of Community Renovation Grants.

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Although there were some which have been discussed about the civic agreement formation technique also in previous research of old city planning, the purpose was placed by introducing as a technique and they were hardly verified about the rationality of the technique. Then, this paper tries to analyze the bearer of a "city planning event" based on backing of a positive field survey, to add the viewpoint of "systematization of participation" which was not in the conventional city planning about the mechanism of decision-making of a community, and to express in a new form. The mechanism is explained by the existence of a community recognized possible in the form where the shift was orderly paying attention to the point changed in the participating opportunity for the bearer of movement to have been restricted.

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The aim of this paper is to clarify the operational conditions of urban renewal program "Sozial Stadt" and the role of district management of this program in the state of Nordrhein-Westfalen. First, I surveyed structures of the problems, contents of the programs, and conditions of establishments of district bureau in 30 districts. Then I grasped two types of districts, at one district in the city of Gelsenkirchen, an administration established the district bureau, and at another district in the city of Wuppertal, an approved private association established the bureau. Both bureaus have the role of formation of inhabitants' networks, coordination, and making organizations between many stakeholders, and activation of inhabitants activities, but the differences of the role at enforcement of the programs are recognized. In spite of the recognition of the importance of integration, it is difficult to carry through the integrated programs.

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The Special Zones for Structural Reform was established in December, 2002. The local governments, private businesses sectors and citizens can propose deregulation for the special area. In this paper, the aims are to verify the effect of this system to the city planning and machizukuri analyzing contents of proposals and "Communication" between central government and local governments. The following three points can be pointed out. (1) The concrete needs of the local governments are shown. (2) It becomes clear the existence of the problem between prefectures and cities which should be no problem by the existing laws. (3) It can be pointed out to be able to use a special district system as the experimental system for "Substantial decentralization" of the power.

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Consensus building among residents for planned road and its method during the opinion adjustment stage is especially important, but can be difficult. In Murakami City, recently the consensus has advanced in the committee among residential representatives, but total consensus among all residents has not been reached. During our research, we found that the promoting factor is Niigata Prefecture declared that widening the road to 16 meters is difficult. In addition, other obstructing factors were that the width of the road was discussed from beginning to end and that there was no consensus building system as a whole for all of the residents. Therefore, the main problem is not being able to discuss the goal image of the city.

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Various studies are concerning social capital have been performed, but measurement indexes used in them are not unified. The aim of this research is to comprehend actual condition of the social capital in Kurashiki-city, which is composed of various districts with different characteristics, by using statistically collected data from questionnaire. We clarifies formation structure of the social capital mainly on a pride and trust in the community by the survey. Also the social capital formation factors, as well as residents view of the possibility of future social capital formation has been analyzed. In this research, we used multiple indexes and analyze a factor of the social capital formation using quantification model.

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Though the "Sanson-Ryugaku", a child experiences rural school life and home stay or with their parents for one or more years. At the same time, there is change to enliven the acceptance districts in small local governments of Hokkaido. In this study, we inspected the actual situation of their management from relations with local community in Hokkaido. By it, I clarified the following.(1) Strengthening the acceptance organization and assisted living makes "Sanson-Ryugaku" continue. (2) The quality of program needs improvement in order to make "Sanson-Ryugaku" good for students and local community. As a result, it leads to the improvement of consideration to resident's "Sanson-Ryugaku".And, it leads to the solution of (1) by doing "Sanson-Ryugaku" for the long term.

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Some institutions require local governments to take measures on promoting citizens' proenvironmental behaviors. This paper investigates the nationwide trend on the measures by analyzing the data col-lected from local governments' officials through questionnaire and literature and website survey, and examines an availability of the measures from psychological perspective. Main findings are as follows; 1) Local governments tend to implement primarily the measures on new energy facility installation and on promoting citizens' proenvironmental behaviors. 2) The measures are classified into five categories; "General information provision", "Taking awareness", "Short term performance reporting", "Continuous self-managing", and "Effect visualization". 3) It is effective to incorporate "Information provision", "Commitment", "Goal setting" and "Feedback" into the measure in order to maintain citizens' awareness by "Psychological reward" which is motivated initially by "Physical reward".

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This study aims at examining the role of Agricultural Housing Cooperative Project on managing living environment and developing housing area to establish the management system of living environment managed by local property management organizations, to which landowners in the housing and agricultural area belong. For this end, it is possible for Japan to establish the management system, which the local property management organization develop and manage housing and agricultural area, and has real estate properties and the power to control the use of lands in the area in order to make the area more beautiful and valuable. The changes of system of Agricultural Housing Cooperative Project motivate the organizaitions to manage real estate properties.

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Interest in Communicative Planning has dramatically increased and has attracted considerable popularity from both theorists and researchers in the field of urban planning from the 1990s onwards. Habermas's theory of communicative action and his concept of communicative nationality has proved highly influential to proponents of Communicative Planning and it has frequently been applied to the urban planning context. However, Communicative Planning has received considerable criticism from the late 1990s onwards, as witnessed by the book entitled Planning Futures: New directions for planning theory (Allmendinger & Tewdwr-Jones (eds.), 2002) which assembles various critiques of Communicative Planning. Given such an ongoing amount of attention and criticism, this paper critically examines Communicative Planning, and its fundamental concept of communicative rationality in particular, in terms of TEAM linguistic theory, for the progress of studies in urban planning.

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Ximengding is one of the most eminent amusement quarters in Taipei, which was formed in the process of the modernization. Before the modernization, Taipei was constituted by three settlements, Dadaocheng, Mengjia and Castle; and these districts were clearly divided. During the periods of Japanese governance, the modern urban planning was carried out and merged three settlements into Taipei city. By the renovation, Ximending, a new commercial center, was produced as a by-product of the planning. This paper is set out to investigate how the spontaneous settlements were united and why Ximending could be a commercial district, by means of Space Syntax. As the result, we found the reason to make the conventional settlements isolated was not a requirement on the efficiency but cultural and ritual matters. And, the release from the conventional matters leaded Ximending to a commercial quarter.

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The purpose of this paper is to find the characteristic and the problems of urban renewal in Berlin after 1990. The analysis of this study is based on the Urban- Renewal policy of Berlin and key projects in "Prenzlauer Berg" as a case study. The main findings are as follows. 1. After 1990, there was large quantity of old-fashioned housing stock. Though the ideal of the "careful urban renewal" which was the mainstream in West Germany is continued, the policy has been modified in its practice to cope with new social economic conditions. 2. The modernization of housing in Prenzlauer Berg was advanced rapidly, but it was dependent on marketability. 3. The renewal of built-up areas that were built in the 19th century has been a major issue in Berlin after postwar. The principles and approaches of the urban-renewal policies, however, have varied across the eras.

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After the independence in 1923, Turkish government introduced Western system and technology to modernize its own society. The new capital, Ankara was constructed as a part of such modernization policy and city planning skills brought by foreign urban planners was also accepted. The purpose of this study is to grasp the modern city planning skills from the adaptation process to traditional town in Turkey, and to think over the significance of the new capital construction in the modernization of Turkey. The findings are as follows: 1) City planning skills accepted in Turkey achieved to build a vast new city area, but pre-modern space and society still remained in the city heart of Ankara. 2) Through the construction of new capital Ankara, it was successful in elimination of previous space control systems and administrative machinery to provide modern ones.

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This study analyzed existence or nonexistence of characteristic of modern city planning in Shikukaisei (Japanese Word for Urban Improvement before City Planning Act) and building regulations at Keijo (Seoul; at present) before Ordinance for Street Planning in Chosen had acted. The Urban Improvement of Keijo had not included anything else except street improvement either. In addition, the building regulations had an elementary zone system that had divided manufacturing industry from residential area, however, it had not been related to street planning. They had not been succeeded to by the Ordinance. This study concluded that the introduction time of modern city planning in Keijo had been after the Ordinance had enacted.

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Analyzed how the architectural administration of Japan made out the "height" of buildings from the articles of the magazine 'Toshi-Kouron'. The result is; First, they didn't have any image about the "height" of the buildings. After 1930, there were pressure of making the buildings higher, and a severe height restriction was needed. But the grounds of the restriction have thinned by the advancement of architectural technology. It came to enumerate the chance of contact to earth, or national character as grounds of height restriction instead of sunshine, ventilation, relationship with neighbor, and traffic problem. We found there were many opposition to a multistory apartment. It was assumed the higher the better as city landscape. But there are other aspects like angles of elevation or relation of D/H.

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This paper clarified how and why Hideaki Ishikawa researched a basic theory of city planning focusing on City Planning and National Planning, which was published in 1941 as his main book and revised in 1951 and 1954. The analysis of the formation process of this book showed his intent for the establishment of urban studies for basic theory of city planning. He organized his main book by an original basic theory of city planning, called "theory of urban fabric". Another analysis showed the development of his basic theory of city planning through the two revisions. His theory would include the dynamics of urban formation in order to establish "ecologic city planning". His research was most progressive approach in his era.

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In this study, firstly the author tried to reveal the actual condition of the open spaces in Tokyo that had been planned to set up in the reconstruction plan after the war. Secondly, the author focused on the each story of such open spaces; why each of them had been planned and how they had been progressed in the context of business background. The conclusion is as follows; -In six areas, (Azabu-Juban, Kinshi-cho, Gotanda, Omori, Ikebukuro and Kabuki-cho), open spaces had been constructed and they were not intended the traffic convenience. -All of these six districts had been planned carefully in order to give them a new role. -Three of the districts, Azabu-Juban, Kabuki-cho, and Ikebukuro, had been designed in order that people gather and enjoy around there. No deliberate idea was found in the materials regarding the rest of three districts.

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This paper aims to describe and analyze the significance of ''urban fire proof movement'', which was mainly promoted by ''Toshi Funenka Domei''. in postwar reconstruction age. Firstly, we grasp the historical lineage of thoughts. Secondly, we clarify the reality of the people who joined the movement.

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This paper analyzed difference between design concepts at the time of a thing of Imperial capital revival land readjustment project and realities of the block formation by the project from the historical transition in Eastern Kyobashi ward. There are the some blocks where plotting of a merchant district of the Edo era was succeeded to in land readjustment area. From the project back, when follow the change of these blocks, cancel back residential land progressively, and a building scale grows big; show a tendency. However, speed of cancellation of back residential land is different by a placement of back residential land. After the cancellation, space construction of a block is different by influence of placement of back residential land. In the block of the present situation, it's showed that a uniform town area was not always formed even if it is uniformly a regional land readjustment project.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relation between the conversion of the military grounds and the urban land use after World War II. We analyze the documents of the local council of national properties from 1956 to 1965, and we can point out the following points. Most of military grounds were converted to the land for the Self-Defense Forces or farmland. However, it is also a fact that a large quantity of military grounds was converted to factories, government offices, open spaces, schools, public housings, and so on. There were two roles in the military grounds converted to the urban land use. One was a role as spare land for urban land use, and another was as propulsive engine for various social reforms. The military grounds converted to the urban land use were mainly for public sector, and the land use after conversion often depended on the region and the kinds of military grounds.

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This research examines the conversion of castles abolished in 1873 into public parks. In January 1873 the government announced a classification of all the castles in the country under which some were to be allowed to remain and others abolished. The following day the government announced to the prefectures the first system of parks. The government did not indicate a usage policy for the sites of abolished castles and was not expecting them to be turned into parks. Nevertheless, successful applications were made by Yonezawa and Kouchi for such usage in 1873. As public land the preservation of the castle grounds was assured, and the decision reflected the strong desire of the local communities that they be open to public.

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Gujo-hachiman was improved as castle town at 17th century, and at present it is one of most famous towns as having water areas and river. City of Gujo surveyed historical resource in Gujo-hachiman, and all over survey of historical architecture toward town planning to make use of a historical resource was conducted. At the result the total number of historical architecture is over 1,200.Town houses is most of historical architecture. The survey area is a vast expanse and town houses are having various design. Town planning is based on the results, and is grappled with various subjects that are empty houses in historical houses increasing, a vista process, disaster measures, and smoothly traffic. And for living people, we endeavor to improve living area and to send information to visitors.

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This paper aims to clarify 1) urban design applying basis of Japanese Castle-Towns had an influence on municipal office buildings and 2)How new municipal office buildings were extend in case of preserving municipal office buildings before the war , analyzing case study of prefectural capital cities based on Japanese Castle-Towns. Findings are as follows : 1) As for preserving architectural space , architectural condition such as without disaster or fireproof building and locational condition such as site area were primary factor , 2) As for preserving Urban Space , Urban Design condition such as locating it eye catch of main street or among moat were primary factor , 3) There were 3 ways of preserving municipal office buildings , to make new buildings high , preserve a part of old ones and move new buildings to the suburbs.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze environmental valuation of forest for landscape and urban planning. For this purpose, we use hedonic approach and potential of forest, which is based on potential model. We analyzed land prices in the south western area of Tokyo using forest configuration classified by ASTER image. The results revealed that 1) the externalities of forest were the most fit to land price when potential of forest was within 100m and forest from land price point was within 250m, 2) the externalities of forest were up to 314,130 yen per one square meter and 68,650 yen per one square meter on average, and 3) the forest from 1 to 5 hectares was the most effective.

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In this paper, we propose a method for constructing Voronoi diagrams with two-dimensional obstacles by a simple and practical computer algorithm, using the shortest-path distance of a Delaunay network of many random vertices, which we termed as rDn. By measuring the shortest-path distance of the rDn for the detour distance, this method provides an approximate solution for the Voronoi diagrams with obstacles. We verify the isotropy and stability of the ratio of the shortest-path distance of the rDn and the Euclid distance by a computer experiment. We then show the reliability of the approximate solution by comparing with the exact solution in a simple case, and the effectiveness of this method by solving a sample problem with free shaped obstacles.

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A voronoi diagram is useful when setting up an evacuation area of disaster, an elementary school zone, a trade area, etc. In that case, the voronoi diagram is clearly determined by the boundary line: voronoi edge. However, when adaptation to city planning like previous examples is considered, the boundary with width, i.e., the ambiguous boundary belonging to both of the voronoi areas, is more effective. As how to make an ambiguous boundary, two kinds of distance: absolute distance and relative distance, were set up. An area is made a set of cells divided by the tetragonal lattice, and the area is made into the discrete space. It does so. It is shown that a discrete voronoi diagram with ambiguous boundaries can be made by an easy algorithm. First, the characteristic of the voronoi diagram was considered about the case of two generators. Next, the case of more generators was examined and the quantity characteristic was clarified.

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In this paper, we consider locations of ambulances from the aspect of their response times. The response time is the waiting time of the public for an ambulance. We propose deterministic indices and probabilistic ones to evaluate ambulance locations. For a numerical example, we calculate these indices for an actual city based on the actual emergency medical service data. In the numerical example, we obtain several locations of ambulances by applying the p-Center problem, the p-Median problem or the maximum covering problem. These locations are compared by means of our evaluation indices. In the comparison, we discuss appropriate locations of ambulances and the importance of probabilistic evaluation indices.

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This paper intends to reveal new implications of a simple traditional model. The Huff's model is interpreted into the determinate style and used to fix the territory of two facilities with the assumption of linear city. The recurrent process is installed to the model in the way that the future scale of facility reflects the present amount of territory. And the facilities can be located in some distance from the end of the city so that the hinterland effect is embedded. In result, while the ordinary phenomenon -the smaller the distance-resistance parameter is, the more frequent the monopolization occurs- is observed, the model's peculiar behaviors -reversal change of the facility scale, coexistence of the facilities even in small distance-resistance parameter's case, and so on- also happen with some cases of facility locations and initial scale conditions.

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In recent Japan, many large-scale commercial facilities have been located in rural area, in the middle of cities. The purpose of this research is to develop a theoretical model for this phenomenon. To this end, this study developed a location model of commercial facilities focusing on the reversal of domination in location potential among two cities and their middle. This model contains two valuables, mobility and distribution of residents. The potential was presented by the exponential function of squared distance. The model was applied to Sakata and Tsuruoka cities, in the middle of which a large-scale shopping center was located in 2001. The result showed a good fit.

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Confronted with the environmental problems and decreasing trend in population, a number of cities aim to build compact forms from the view of sustainability. However, the costs and benefits caused by forming a compact city have not yet evaluated quantitatively. This study aims to construct the method for calculating the cost and benefit by comparing the compact city model and the conventional city model. Through the construction of the urbanization counting system and the case studies on its application, this study shows that the system enables to provide citizens with the quantitative information on the cost and benefit of compact city policies, and points our the important factors for improving the system.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of the cellular phone base station to landscape. We measured the influence assumed whether to see it greatly than landmarks in the region. For the cellular phone base station which had difficulty with specification of a location, we formulate the probability model which allocate to a segment or a plane uniformly at random. We derive the probability that an angle of elevation to Mt. Tsukuba bigger than to a cellular phone base station in plane and line of Joban expressway. We show that the policy variable like sharing the cellular phone base station and height regulation of it contribute greatly to catching attention to Mt. Tsukuba.

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As it is well known, post-earthquake fires cause significant harm to urban area and human populations. In this paper, a fire-spreading model in urban area with random points associated with random break-out time is constructed. The main objective of the study is to calculate a burn down rate of urban area after big earthquake. Fire-spreading areas are assumed to be circular disks or egg shaped disks. The latter is to model spreading speed depending on wind. In summary, the burn down rate is expressed as an exponential function of the average area of existing fires.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze crime prevention performance for the urban space based on Space Syntax theory focusing on Surveillance and Territoriality of CPTED, as well as to analyze the relation between the fear of crime and Space syntax. The following results were obtained: 1) We made it possible to observe potential level of surveillance by making the axial map. 2) We made it possible to clarify the dead area and the cohesiveness of the region.3) It is possible to identify a territoriality by axial map and Isovist map.4) The fear of crime is related to high the integration value and isovist area value. It is concluded that analysis based on the Space Syntax theory is a useful support for crime prevention.

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Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is one of the business analysis techniques, and is used for evaluation of a project in a wide range of fields. The basic philosophy of DEA is that the performance evaluation and the efficiency value of a Decision Making Unit (DMU) are measured based on the superior one. And it has been used as effectiveness evaluation technique by convenience of a calculation and easiness of understanding. However, the DEA can be applied to comparative evaluation, but not be applied to comprehensive ranking due to the nature of the method. In this study, the problems of the DEA in applying to the comprehensive ranking problem are discussed. Then, two-step DEA model for comprehensive ranking problem is proposed and numerical example is lastly presented.

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Recently, the population growth and urbanization in the suburbs area has been progressing in Oita City. The City Planning Law was revised in 2000. The purpose is to control the development of disorder. In this research, land use on the main roadside by building distribution conditions of block units are investigated by using GIS. And, the feature and problems of the land use on main road side is made clear. As the result, land use is not performed highly in the whole area of Oita City. Continuously, the land use in the main roadside is not highly occurred. The land is highly used in the suburban residential area. Moreover, the road of object is classified in four kinds of group, and there characteristics are clarified. Finally, the actual conditions and the problem of the land use are clarified in the local city.

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The purpose of this study is to spatially understand the externality of urban amenity elements by means of the Hedonic Approach and spatial econometrics. In particular, the study aims to propose basic guidelines for planning and implementing urban amenity facilities through understanding quantitatively the impacts of amenity elements on the surroundings and their range. As this study uses accurate and sequential spatial data, some unexpected effects of spatial auto-correlation are anticipated. In order to avoid these effects, the two methods that consider spatial auto-correlation, i.e., GWR and SEM, are used along with the OLS Method. In a study of Central Kyoto, to conclude, it was found that spatial auto-correlation holds regarding the evaluation of the externality of amenity elements and the efficacy of the Geographically Weighted Regression Model and the Spatial Autoregressive Error Model was confirmed.

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As the country grow up and the society matures, Japanese began to seek for the better quality of life. In such an era, quantitative factors such as age, location, structure, and etc are not enough to explain the value of rent price. A hedonic rent model for house space is estimated to determine if the residents of apartments internalize the value of the qualitative factors in the Tokyo Metropolis. The regression results indicate that a considerable rent premium is paid for "good" architectural design. The result also yields the information about the impact on rent of other factors such as regional brand, age, amenities, structure, and so on.

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There are persons who go to office, to favorite CD shop, walk with lovers and there are times when you are late, visit the first place, are tired. At each scene, the speed of walking must be different. There are many speed of walking which are made by many people in the city. Then, these speeds make peculiar speed of the place - spatial speed - .Land developments which consider the difference of spatial speed have not seen in the city. And in the recent traffic system which go faster and more complex, the importance of solution of the pedestrian mechanism, most fundamental means to move, is increasing. From the reason, in this research, using prove parson data which differ from past research means, I analysis walking speed, proof the spatial speed, propose the means of spatial design.

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This research aims to probe characteristics of action with the GPS navigation tool and to find human-environment interactions based on the concept of Act-finding in urban space. It became clear that the number of eyes action in the case with GPS was less than it in the case without tools. However, in 2nd experiment, the number of eyes action in the case with GPS was more than it in the case without tools. This tendency of eyes action was related to the space structure. Especially, the eyes action without tools was frequently occurred at the intersection in urban space. In all cases, the eyes action played a important role to interact with situated environment.

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In order to apply discrete choice models, the analyst must define choice set that each decision maker faces clearly. Several alternative ways such as stochastic approach were proposed, however, searching behavior received less attention. In this study, we constructed the experimental system, with which each decision maker searches the database of well over 1000 artificial residential unit alternatives, forms the choice set, and finally chooses one out of his/her choice set. We found that each decision maker searched the database longer when we gave more monetary incentives to the decision maker. We also compared residential unit choice models with/without searching framework and found that the residential unit choice model with searching framework made better prediction than the model without it.

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Individuals make decisions on activity participation that can meet their needs conditional on their limited time budgets. Allocating the limited time to various activities usually forces individuals to decide whether to perform a particular activity or not (i.e., self-selection issue of activity choice). Meanwhile, allocating some length of time to one activity usually shortens the time allocated to some other activities (i.e., inter-activity interactions). However, existing time allocation models have not satisfactorily represented these two decision-making mechanisms. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a new time allocation model dealing with these two types of choice mechanisms. The effectiveness of the proposed model is confirmed based on a person-trip data collected in Metro Manila in 1996.

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Since the population structure in Japan has been changed, the methodology of transportation planning including planning process, plan itself, projects as well as surveys prior to the planning phase become controversial. In this context, it is useful to investigate the household travel surveys ("person trip surveys" in Japan) conducted in abroad. I performed a comparison with French , German, USA, UK and Japanese household travel surveys both nationwide type and metropolitan type, caught differences in methodology and drew some suggestions to improve surveys in Japan. I also reviewed utilization of personal travel behavior data in the planning process in abroad as well as the EC initiatives to evaluate the urban transport policies and projects using them and proposed the direction of the utilization of travel behavior data in the future.

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Disaggregate model can take into account individual travel behaviors in detail, but in forecasting a case of improving service level of transport networks, the changes in service level of automobile are not often considered. On the other hand, combined stochastic user equilibrium model always considers the changes appropriately. In this study, we apply these two models to the Nagoya metropolitan area in order to verify the difference of prediction results. As compared with the equilibrium model, disaggregate model brings the results that the number of automobile trips is overestimated and one of railway trips is underestimated, although the total number of generated trips and the share of each trip purpose are not so different. Especially, the difference is large in short-distance and middle-distance trips.

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It is expected that vehicle holding durations differ substantially across households. Some households may keep their vehicles as long as possible, while other households may replace some of their vehicles after holding for several years. In this sense, the duration not only shows heterogeneous distributions across households, but also probably has several peaks. To represent the heterogeneity in the household vehicle holding duration and properly reflect multiple-peak distributions, the paper uses a latent class modeling approach to simultaneously incorporate different duration distributions. Using a data collected in several Japanese cities in 2006, this paper confirms the model effectiveness and its applicability to policy analysis.

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This study aims to evaluate the influence of city center decline on private trip pattern in a metropolitan area. The result shows that the size of shopping complex as well as the location form has strong correlation with trip attraction volume. On the other side, private trip patterns, such as trip distance and number of trip, have not changed so much as the location of large-scale shopping complex at suburban areas. Furthermore, the location control measure of large-scale shopping complex at suburban areas will cause the environmental road increase, while it is found effective to city center revitalization.

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This chapter focuses on the public transportation user's residence distribution at commuting in local city. Recently, The number of railroad users is decreasing because the ratio of car user's is very high in the local city now, so it is doubtful whether the local rail transportation can continue. Moreover, Environmental problems caused by traffic jam are focused on. Therefore, A variety of transportation demand management policy have been executing by national government and local government. However it is important to get the distribution structure of employee's residence so that an effect converted from car to public transportation by such various policies. Therefore, this paper aimed that the distribution structure of transportation user's resident in each office are Expressed numerically using Fractal dimension.

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In an urban area the shoppers by car tend to go to suburban shopping centers year by year. So the commercial groups in the downtown shopping district begin to think the shoppers by bicycle important. It is necessary for providing with the bicycle parking spaces to know the extent of sphere area where the shoppers by bicycle come out. Authors calculated the boundary of downtown shopping district's sphere in Kumamoto City by using the modified Huff's model, and verified that most of housewives by bicycle gather from inside of the boundary. This result shows that the modified Huff's model can be applied to the case of limiting the shopper's access mode to bicycle.

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Different from the existing studies dealing with compact city policies, this paper evaluates the influences of city compactness on travel behavior patterns in local cities, which are directly linked with the level of quality of life. To improve its practical applicability, a nested discrete choice model incorporating inter-alternative similarities is built at zonal level, based on the concept of relative utility. The widely applied aggregate person-trip data is used. Such modeling approach could properly capture the observed similarities among travel behavior patterns and consequently contribute to its accountability in policy analysis. The effectiveness of model is confirmed. A simulation analysis is conducted focusing on the influence of city compactness by changing the population density nearby city center.

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