It is now necessary for social work researchers and educators to participate in social welfare reform of our nation. I think that they should start improving the content of social work practice. That improvement surely influences the improvement of Japan's culture. We have discussed that the development of social welfare reflects a nation's culture and we can say that a nation's culture reflects the development of social welfare. This paper consists of four parts; 1. Field education underlying social work education: Currently, social work research and education includes the treatment (clinical practice) section and the planning (policy) section, which are functioning mutually. Both sections are able to operate by understanding circumstances of consumers. Therefore, it is important to strengthen field education in social work education. 2. Formation of the theory of social work helping skills: The name of a major course of social work education, Social Work Methods, has changed to Social Work Helping Skills recently. Because social work helping skills connect with field of practice, we need to research our nation's social work practice situations. It is vital to consider how social work assistance is performing in social welfare facilities. It is also necessary to grasp consumers' mental conditions by clinical psychology to understand person because social work assistance focuses on interpersonal assistance. 3. Considerations about social welfare facilities: How should we consider the policy for social welfare facilities? I think that it is required to utilize them actively in order to train and nurture people engaging in social work practices. Considering the development of community services, it is crucial to gather competent people through social welfare facilities. 4. Treatment and care in social welfare facilities: In order to enhance the potential of treatment in social welfare facilities, it is important to improve systems of facilities by utilizing private facilities. In future, we need to develop socialization and specialization of facilities on the way of the development of the view on treatment and care in social welfare facilities. We also need to examine this in social work practice.

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This article is a proposal of the new framework of social welfare. In Japan, we have many tasks on the coming Old-Age Society, especially on a social welfare planning at the community level. In my view, the actual social welfare is resulted from the interaction among politics (P), economics (E) and culture (C). So we have to understand the dynamics of these three aspects. In conclusion, we can set up three axes according to PEG respectively. That is, they are "delegation・centralization -participation・decentralization" to P, "competition・production -cooperation・consumption" to E and "opposition・dependence -symbiosis・independence" to C. I would like to call the threedimensional structure composed of these three axes "PEG structure". This PEG structure could be changed by endogenous development (Ed), so Ed is the subject of social work. This is the idea of hybrid structure. Social work develops Ed and Ed changes PEG structure, and PEG structure reforms social welfare system. This would be a positive cycle of steady state. Discussing about the reformation of social welfare, we should examine the basic theory of social welfare and the methods of social work. This is the new concept of social welfare, "EdPEC hybrid theory".

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Many of the Japanese social welfare studies have dealt with the cause and effect of the development of social welfare system in the modern society. But few have tapped the black box where modernity is interwoven with the social institution such as the social welfare system. The author, introducing sociological perspectives of both functional and phenomenological approaches, especially the latter that of Peter Berger's, discusses how the social policy and social work function as modernity control mechanism. It is encouraged to focus on modernity as missing link in social welfare academia now that social policy theories and social work theories based on Marxism and/or Christianity seem to lessen their validity.

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The concept of self-help groups is introduced into Japan. However, some professionals misunderstand the concept and give the name "self-help groups" to the groups of their clients. We discuss three qualities which Japanese self-help groups are required to maintain if they qualify as self-help groups. The qualities are personal interaction, individual independence, and development of a liberation movement. First, Japanese group-oriented culture tends to oppose individual freedom in groups. As a result, group members feel inhibited and miss opportunities for personal interaction with each other in groups. Second, some Japanese groups are too cohesive for individual members to maintain their independence. In addition, old Japanese tradition still makes people think that families ("ie") are the basic social units, not individuals. Japanese self-help groups should free individuals from their families ("ie"), and give them individual independence. Third, Japanese stigmatized persons such as mental patients are oppressed and discriminated against. Though some social workers regard self-help groups as a method ofphychological therapy, Japanese self-help groups should become a liberation movement against social oppression.

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It has been just 10 years since the death of William Schwartz (1916-1982), creator of the "Reciprocal Model" in group work. Needless to say, Schwartz's theory has exerted influence on not only group work but also social work and has largely contributed to social work since the 1960's. Presently, Schwartz's theory is succeeded by Lawrence Shulman, Alex Gitterman and others and continues to develop. Specifically, Schwartz's theory is an excellent basic theory of group work. The purpose of this paper is to revaluate Schwartz's theory and clarify the conception of the "Mutual Aid System" in group work in order to further develop a group work theory based on the reciprocal model. This paper is composed of the following five parts. 1. Introduction 2. Social work theory of Schwartz based on mutual aid 3. Characteristic of the Mutual Aid System in group work 4. Dynamics of a group the Mutual Aid System 5. Conclusion

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The "system" conceptualized by von Bertalanffy is one of the most basic concepts because we can describe every object (whether it really exists or not) as the system. Some people have tried to introduce the concept of system into the basic theories of social work practice to overcome the difficulty of dichotomy between person and environment. But, because General Systems Theory is too abstract and non-directive for the practice, the concept of system have been limited by the ecology to be made more humanistic and directive, so the ecological perspective have been established. In this paper, the theoretical limitations of the ecological perspective will be argued from a phylosophical point of view. First, the ecological perspective pays little attantion to the theory of system-modification processes so that it tends to lead us to conservative and status-quo positions. Second, it does not understand the social comprehensively because it just see the environment as the resources to promote human growth and development. For the philosophical study on social work, it is necessary to establish the grand theory by which we can understand the social as the system and describe the modification processes of the social system.

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The paper aims to clarify the meaning of the term "Normalisation" which tends to be equated with many other terms, such as, "Integration", "Deinstitutionalisation", "Community Care" and "Independent Living". Firstly, the original idea of Normalisation will be identified in the Scandinavian policy context. It will be shown that the idea of Nromalisation had initially been evolved not in terms of community services but residential services, particularly in the context of the anti-eugenics movements in the post-war Scandinavian countries. Secondly, it will be suggested that Wolfensberger reformed that original idea of Normalisation in order to apply the normalisation principle into the American context of the services for the disabled. As a result, the idea of Normalisation superficially merged in the American ideas of "Anti-Institution", "Deinstitutionalization" and "Community Services". However, essentially, Wolfensberger's concepts of Normalisation, too, seem to remain as the institution-based model.

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The Prostitution Prevention Law of Japan has two principlesthe abolition of licensed prostitution and the promotion of protective care services for women. However, problems concerning the intention behind the law are apparent. Namely, the law emphasises the maintenance of sexual and social order rather than the individual right of women. It is my view that the law should stress that the prostitution is harmful to human dignity. I define the Right to Sexual Freedom as the right to decide and choose sexual behavior in order to develop individual sexuality and the right to make decisions to protect individual sexual dignity. The right to pursue healthy physical and mental sexual activity based on mutual equality is another necessary condition. Fundamentally, the Right to Sexual Freedom denies all forms of sexual violence. I suggest that the freedom to buy and sell sex should also be denied. Protective care services for women deal with the structural infringements of women's rights to sexual Freedom and include welfare policies which publicly support women's social independence and aim at restoring their rights. The Right to Sexual Freedom should be a Social Right. This view will provide a theoretical basis for making of protective care services for women.

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The Saisei-Kai is a medical-relief-work organization established in 191 1 pursuant to an imperial rescript concerning medical aid for the poor, promulgated by the Meiji Emperor. This paper will offer a histrical analysis of the progress of the Saisei-Kai from its inception, through the decision-making processes involved in determining policy and planning for its operations, to its operational implemantation stage. The area from which we obtained the information discussed here on the actual content of Saisei-Kai operations and related problems was Osaka. Our research results may be summarized as follows. (1) Although a private foundation, the Saisei-Kai, formed as it was in response to highly political motives, was under the de facto control of the Ministry of Home Affairs and the local governments. (2) The Saisei-Kai encountered difficulties in its attempts to establish dispensaries; the indirect approach which was adopted was for the Saisei-Kai to have most of its patients reffered to them by more conventional medical agencies. (3) Responsibility for implementing Saisei-Kai operar was vested, except the City of Tokyo, with each local governor. Thus in Osaka a distinct set of regulations was created, and the SaiseiKai's operations there implemented. Later, the managed to establish clinics and a hospital which they themselves directly administrated. (4) Osaka's example illustrates a number of problems. One problem was the way in which indigent patients were inculcated with dogmatic reminders of the Emperor's graciousness, while the actual medical services offered to them were meager. Yet another problem illustrated the attitude of denial shown by the medical establishment toward the problems of the poor.

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The purpose of this study is to estimate the proper number of the care staffs in the nursing home scientifically and experimentally, based on a kind of the simulation analysis using the time-study survey data. By means of the following procedure, we examined what care was done in a certain care system for 25 severely disabled aged residents. (1) decide the standard daily tasks, each rate of the required time allocated "main care", "other care", and "administration", and the rules of job performance, in order to set up the operational model of the care system. (2) give the time required for each care behavior and the changeable variable, "the number of the care staffs", in order to simulate the given model, and then observe what changes happen in the care system as the number of care staffs changes. As of a result, it was suggested that the existing care system, in which one staff took care of 4.5 residents, was quite insufficient. We presumed that to 2.1-2.5 residents at least one care staff is necessary to secure their quality of life.

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