United Neighborhood Centers is a federation of five neighborhood centers in some Mid U.S. city engaged in joint collection and distribution of funds for their common needs. When the neighborhood centers were brought together under one roof of the United Neighborhood Centers, there was promise that it could be a bridge between neighborhood center fragmentation and the similar nature of center problems. The centers have discovered, however, that the services of United Neighborhood Centers are not necessarily facillitating the coordinating function among the centers. Rather, the administrative process of allocating money determines the relative deprivations. Hence, the relatively deprived center members start having hostilities toward the other. The conflict becomes self-evident. This has been taking place especially in two centers. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the orgnizational context of United Neighborhood Centers that inevitably produces conflict among the centers. It is hoped that the findings will help promote coordination among the centers which is a fundamental requirement of center development. Chapter one is offered for description of factual back ground of United Neighborhood Centers. In chapter two, coordination,within the United Neighborhood Centers system will be analyzed theoretically from an interorganizational perspective. An intra-organizational analysis will be demonstrated in the following chapter. The organizational defects will be pointed out from a sociological point of view in these two chapters.

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I. The purpose of this study The purpose of this study is to make clear the role that the policy of public relief finance played on the life of the people in Fukushima Prefecture, and then to make clear the feature of the history of developement of the policy. This will be a fundamental data in studying the history of the policy and the system. For, the public relief is a relief of the administration side, and the study of the finance will come to be the most suitable data that prove the concrete condition of the relief of the administration side. The actual condition of the historical change is an index which indicates an attitude and a volition toward the relief (the social welfare) of the administration side. In other words, this will be a criterion of the role that the administration in each period played on the people.If it becomes clear, the study of the history of the actual condition of the social welfare will become trustworthy. II. Conclusion I will divide the history of the relief finance in Fukushima Prefecture, considering the feature in each year. In the first period, betwen 1879 and around 1887, mainly the relief expenses in the national expenditure was disbursed, especially the military relief expenses was disbursed a lot. In the second period, between around 1887 and around 1899, mainly the relief expenses in the national expenditure was disbursed too, but the substance of the expenses changed. In the third period, between around 1900 and around 1907, the amount of the expenditure of the relief expenses in the prefectural expenditure surpassed that in the national expenditure. This was because the items snd the amount of expenditure in the prefectural expenditure increased. In the forth period, between around 1908 and 1912, the expenditure of the relief expenses in the prefectural expenditure increased rapidly, but that in the national expenditure decreased. And the expenditure to the subsidy toward relief facilities appeared in the relief expenses in the national and the prefectural expenditure. This would be considered to predict the substance of expeniture of the relief expenses in Taisho Period.

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The XXth International Conference on Social Welfare was held in Hong Kong, July 16-22, 1980. The main theme was "Social Development in Times of Economic Uncertainty. " Hong Kong is a crossroad where East meets West. The Western mode of development, especially after World War II, was severely criticized by the three speakers in the plenary sessions, because physical and material reality, as expressed in economic development programs, has been seen as separate from and superior to social development programs and politics, where we find people and the intangible factors of life. The price of economic development was the destruction and loss of "community" and the interpersonal relationship. The role of new social development is to foster a simple lifestyle improving its quality, to return to community, and to strengthen the inter-reliance among familial groups, neighbours, communities, regions, and nations. They stressed the importance to have a new image of social development. We feel this is quite the turning point of the history of International Social Welfare, and Hong Kong is the symbol of it !

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Three objectives were pursued in this paper. The first objective is to describe actual conditions of adolescent suicides (age: 10 to 19 years old) within the area of Tokyo 23 Special Wards in comparison with the nationwide data. The interrelations among the attributes involved in adolescent suicides were investigated for the second objective. We have then, for the third objective, made some inquiry into the social conditions that give birth to adolescent suicides. The data of adolescent suicides in Tokyo 23 Special wards were collected from the medical examiner's reports of the Tokyo Municipal Medical Examiner's Office in the period of 1973-1978. Some findings were derived from the analysis. Students consisted of the majority of adolescent suicides. We were not able to find the peak of suicides to appear in the same month as the one generally found. The more frequently-used method of suicide was "jumping off", which might be a reflectien of regional characteristics of Tokyo, as "jumpiyg off" was not the most common method in the nationwide data. Homes were found to the site of suicide for more than half of the cases except the young female adolescent gruop (age:to 10--14 years old). Suicide notes or letters were left behind in fewer cases, compared with the nationwide data. Two interesting interrelations among the attributes were found. Firstly, suicides were generally committed in the residing wards. There was, however, a difference by sex. Females were somewhat more likely to leave their residing wards when committing suicides. Secondly, difference by sex were found in the rate of Suicide notes left behind when crossed by month and time of the day. Females showed marked variation in the rate of Suicide note leaving both by month and by time of the day. Males showed no such variation. This suggests the possibility that female suicidal behavior has a different structure from male suicidal behavior. We were not able to find one social condition that is critical to adolescent suicides. This indicates that adolescent suicides are the result of a complex network of various social conditions. In conclusion, community works are recommended as effective measures against adolescent suicides.Differences in suicidal behavior by sex should also be taken into consideration in future policy making.

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