The purpose of this study was to try to establish a valid method for evaluating the rate of use all home welfare services (home help service, day service and short stay service) for the aged in the 3,255 municipalities (cities, towns and villages) in Japan and to use this method to investigate the correlations between social factors and inter-municipality differences in the overall rate of use of home welfare services for the aged. It was found that it is possible to measure the overall rate of use of home welfare services for the aged in each municipality of Japan by using principal component analysis. Moreover, multiple regression analysis revealed that the differences between Japanese municipalities in the obtained overall rates of use of home welfare services for the aged were correlated with the following indices : "percentage of the population over 65 years old," "index of financial power," "percentage of the population between 15 and 29 years old," and "percentage of people working in secondary industry." The coefficient of multiple correlation when these four indices were used was 0.426. The results suggested that the extents of aging of the population, urbanization and financial power of each municipality were background factors related to the differences between Japanese municipalities in the rate of use of home welfare services for the aged.

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This is an analysis of the characteristics of residents and daycare clients at 13 health service facilities for the elderly in Chiba prefecture based on the data gathered by means of a mail questionnaire survey, to which 329 out of 487 families responded (response rate of 67.6 percent). The way of utilizing a facility, either for day service or for residential care, was used as a dependent variable. The client's sex, age, disability and dementia, and the primary caregiver's health and working state, and housing conditions, etc. were used as independent variables. In order to find out significant determinants in relation to the way of facility use (either dayservice or residential care), independent variables were submitted to cross tabulation, t-test and Spearman correlation analysis. A multiple logistic regression analysis was then performed, using selected significant variables. The following conclusions were reached : 1. The degree of mobility (ADL), degree of dementia, age and sex of the clients were not significant determinants of institutionalization. 2. The health and occupation of the primary caregiver were the strongest factors. 3. Type of household, housing conditions, and the family's ability to pay for institutional care were also contributing factors.

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It is often difficult for the people with disability or the frail elderly to go out freely. In Japan, Special Transport Service (STS), which situates between a mass public transport and using a private car, has not been well developed. Firstly, in this article, I examine the concept of "transport support service" and determine the scope of "welcome and send-off service" and "special transport service". Then I illustrate the recent development of STS by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of Transportation and assert the need for consideration of "Welfare Transportation Service" with the mutual understanding of both Ministries. Secondly, I present the outcome of my interviews to organisations that operate STS. The problems to be solved lie in 1) who to drive, 2) who to escort, 3) who to be users, 4) how to coordinate, 5) how to handle the traffic accidents, 6) how to be secure and 7) contrary to Transport Law. Finally, I assert that more should be done to realise the community that even the people with disability or the frail elderly go out freely and to realise the barrierfree community.

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The purpose of the present study is to prove the neccessity of school social work function in Japan. 121 cases of students with the problem which a school visiting counselor adviced were analyzed from the ecological perspective of social work, and were classified into 6 categories. These categories consists of academic performance problem (Category 1), psychological and psychiatrical problem (Category 2), student-school disfunctional situation (Category 3), student-family disfunctional situation (Category 4), situation that need the continuous cooperation between school and family (Category 5), situation that don't build the cooperation between school and family (Category 6). The results showed that there were 4 cases in Category 1, 25 cases in Category 2, 13 cases in Category 3, 16 cases in Category 4, 42 cases in Category 5, 20cases in Category 6. Categories that need the intervention of school social work were mainly 4 categories (Category 3-6), and the sum of cases in these 4 categories were 91 (75.1%) out of total cases. The present results were discussed from the limitation of school administration system and the neccessity of school social function in Japan.

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In 1926, "Boshi Fujyo Hou Seitei Sokusinkai" was established by Sirou Fukushima who was the chairman of "Fujyo Shinbun". It was the first movement body in Japan which aimed at enacting a public assistance law for mothers and children. The paper is a part of a study which will clarify the process of enacting "Boshihogo hou" (1937) from the view point of the movement. That is, I assume that the starting point of the movement was the controversy known as "Bosei Hogo Ronsou" (1918-1919). In this controversy, Raityou Hiratsuka and Waka Yamada, influenced by Ellen Key, feminist thinker in Sweden, insisted on thoughts of maternal protection. I assume the thoughts developed into the movement, and as the result, the law was enacted even though it had a phase which was utilized for the purpose of securing human resourses during the war. Therefore, this paper intends to demonstrate "Inherent Relevancy" between "Bosei Hogo Ronsou", following the genealogy of thoughts of the maternal protection and "Boshi Fujyo Hou Seitei Sokusinkai".

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This article is focusing upon the concept of "Independence", which is the frame of reference of social welfare work practice. This concept is understood as the goal of modern social welfare system, with the term of "Self-Determination", and the practice intent to integrate the social welfare service users into the society itself. s article from sociology or social philosophy field, indicates that the main function of modern social welfare system is classification of the individuals, and "elimination" of the service users from the society. And also describe the concept of "independence" is functioning as the "standard of the practice that determines who must take "the service" to eliminate for institution or hospital, for example. This function of the standard is understood as the essential feature of modern society and its social welfare systems, with the term of Elimination of the Third Items" ; which means modern society needs some sacrifice to keep unity Of the society. Finally, after these discussions as above said, this article suggest that the study of social welfare practice will be needed to become concerned for the possibility of creating post-modern welfare society, which will be able to exclude "the elimination" as the essential features of modern society.

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Social work practice is the activity for helping clients and their daily life. It needs to understand the real life situation of clients. That explains why social work in Japan should understand the Japanese culture in their daily life. For this purpose, this paper focuses on cultural characteristic of the Japanese 'initiative', because having a good understanding of 'initiative' enables social workers to promote and encourage the process that a client keeps and recovers or reconstracts his independent life. First, this paper makes clear why social work study and practice in Japan should take notice of the Japanese culture, from the point of view of today's trend of the reformation of social welfare system in Japan, and of the universality and the uniqueness of social work theory and practice. Second, it examines about how to understand the initiative that the Japanese have in their daily life, throughout viewing cultural characteristic of Japanese personal relations. Finally, it tries to do a few consideration about typical Japanese 'self-determination'. The study of social work in relation to Japanese culture, like this paper, seems to lead to discovering the Japanese-style social work theory and practice.

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This study is discussed about community work for community care, a community in which the number of elderly has greatly increased and services to meet theirneeds are few. A volunteer day care center was begun justover two years ago. Services were provided at five different sites, and were provided at two sites on a once a month basis. The program was designed to allow the elderly members of the community to get together and just talk and have various activities such as karaoke, making handicrafts, watching videos, etc. Support came from younger members and children in the community. The interaction between the elderly and the younger people, especially the children, proved to be very beneficial. At present, some bedridden elderly are not able to participate in the activitie Therefore, volunteers have gone into individual homes to tell them about the activities at the centers and other happening in the community. This has resulted in increased ties within the community.

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Recently we find that the studies of skills in social work are on the increase. But we have not much knowledge about it which has important, essential impact in social wroker' s activities. To practice social work effectively, social worker needs generic / spesific knowledge and mastery of interventions and values. He or she selects useful knowledge and intervention, being guided values of clients and professional values. Then under the contract between a client / clients and social worker, he or she prorvides social services to people and improves their life situation, changes systems / environments of them, understanding causes and backgrounds of their life problems. But guided values and knowledge, slills of social worker function these whole processes of practicing. In this meaning, skill is a central part of social work pracice. We recognize that social work skill depends on social worker's abilities and aciviteis as a profession, also we need to develop a unique whole system of skills in our ptactice. In this paper, we disscuss and analyze, make it clearly from reviewing some research of the pioneers ; (1) what social wrok skill means, (2) what and how position and function of skills in social work practice are, (3) what role of skill is, in case of sescientific practice and creating scietific social wrok with an uniqeness, also (4) what and how relation of a speciality of social work uniqueness (the nature of social work) and skill is, etc.. There, we find several important points and tasks about research of them. There is deferential part in use of term and difintion of skill between pioneers. But the term and defintion of social work skill is very important. They symbolize whole social wrok idntity (uniqueness), especially professional identity, and scientific identity and originality, social meaning of itself. Additioning to say, there are somoe discreminations of concepts and construcions of skills of each pioneers, some are clear and elaborate, some are loose, unclear and limitted. Those indicate it's unmatured level of study. So we need more research of social work skill and must relate it to methodological perspectives under the uniqueness and originality of social work. Finally, We suggest more ideas of how to research skill. Especially we streess that we build up and refine feedback-loop procseess system of research of skill ; "Teaching knowledge, values, skills-Learning-Scientific Practice-Analyzing / verifying-Scientific Aproach of Doing / Practicing (Creating / Recreating and Constructing / Reconstructing new knowledge, values, skills)-Teaching...".

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The aim of this study is to discuss treatment plan for patients and its role in special nursing homes. The data were collected from 559 special nursing homes and were carefully analyzed. As a result, the following statements were concluded. 1) The role and structure of treatment plan from one special nursing home to another ; and each institution has a different recognition on the treatment plan. 2) It is found that each nursing home has a confusion and difficulty in defining the concept, policy, and objectives of treatment plan. Concerning from the findings about, the following subjects will become important factors for practice of social welfare. 1) management plan defined in human service institution, must center the treatment plan for patients. Therefore, treatment plan needs to be structured and recorded separately from staffs planning sheet. 2) treatment plan must contain (1)concept (2)policy (3)objectives, and (4)contents, also, those factors must be recognized as the structure of the treatment plan in such order. 3) There is a need of an investigation on the concept of each factors mentioned above, and the rules of treatment plan must be clarified. For the further research, it appears that there is a need to annualize the concept and policy of treatment plan and study how those factors are integrated in practice.

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This study aims to investigate experiences of families caring for their elderly with dementia and analyze ethical problems they may have based on the investigation results. Total 187 answers with descriptions were obtained, which counted for 58.3% of all the answers, and 118 descriptive answers (63.1%) referred to some ethical problems. The data were categorically classified as follows : I. Ethical problems with family care for the elderly with dementia 1. Obligations to undertake and responsibilities for undertaking family care 2. Allocation of obligations and responsibilities in family care 3. Mental conflict between obligations in family care and other obligations (duties, care for other families) 4. Mental conflict in transition from family care to social care 5. Mental conflict in care planning for the elderly with dementia (autonomy vs. paternalism) II. Significance assessment for family care in life 1. Care as a negative experience 2. Active significance assessment for care In viewing ethical problems with long-term care for the elderly, as Moody (1992) suggests, an agreement should be formed not by resorting to a reasoning model based on the ethical principle but through communications (including negotiations and compromise) between / among the persons concerned. Therefore, an assistance system should be urgently established to protect rights of the dependent elderly.

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The purpose of this paper is to describe context and structure of two "setting"in (1) institution care in a nursing home, (2) family care at home, by focusing the social interaction of, or around, "demented elders". As the method, I used research data collected two fieldwork. One was analyzed the interaction of 21 demented elderly, and the interaction of demented elders and caregiver staff, involving the participant observation method. The other was examined the interaction of 13 demented elderly and their family caregivers that used home help service, adopted the non directive (in-depth) interview method centering around the retrospective questions. This qualitative study examined how each interaction of aged with dementia and their caregivers (involving institution staff and family) is prescribed the special context and structure : a vicious circle, routine-work, motherhood as cultural apparatus, rhetoric of control ; ambiguous definition, deceptive practice, biography, family ideology, gender norm, definition debate of family member, and so on. Finally, this article proposed the possibility that we could re-construct "care practice" and "culture of aging" for frailty (senility) and / or dementia.

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This paper examines the role of adult siblings in the community care of the mentally ill by the comparison with that of the parents. The paper tests three hypotheses relating caregiver-care receiver relations, role commitment, and gender differences. The several analyses on data from 315 adult siblings and 2477 parents belonging to community-based self help organization for families are running. Main finding is that the stability of caregiver-care receiver relations is major factor influences sibling caregiving and a better predictor for siblings than for parental caregiving. This finding indicates that creating the stability of caregiver-care receiver relations are very important for siblings' caregiving, because siblings' responsibilities for care are more ambiguous than parents'.

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In recent years, attitudes towards and changes in the welfare system have greatly affected both the actual sports that welfare recepients play and the operation of those enterprises which provide sporting opportunities for these people to participate in. Setting the purpose of sports enterprises for the disabled as being to transform sports into a "Daily Life Feature" for the handicapped, this study investigated the actual conditions and problems of sports enterprises for the disabled mainly in Kyushu. At present sports enterprises who target disabled persons are characterized by : (1) Mostly staging mass athletic meetings of a competitive nature ; (2) Paucity of autonomous enterprises taking toots locally. Henceforth, it is highly desireable that these sports enterprises transform themselves into entities concerned with the improvement of the living conditions of all the disabled. To achieve this objective, sports enterprises should not be promoting sporting opportunities merely for the disabled independently, but rather as an integral part of the overall sports activity performed in a local area. Coupling the "Sports For All" spirit permeating the sporting world until now with the present thinking regarding the normalization of social welfare, it is necessary to improve as soon as possible what has been the neglected sports environment of the handicapped to facilitate their participation in the sports life of the local community.

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The facilities for children with autism are the only welfare service peculiar to persons with autism in our country. This research aimed to clarify the development of the welfare for persons with autism by analyzing process of installation and institutionalization of the facilities for children with autism. At first, the facilities for children with autism were set up as facilities specific to autism in 1969. Later, it was reexamined what the facilities for children with autism should be like on ground of various problems in management of the facilities for children with autism. The discussion to emphasize "Realistic countermeasure" which is that an intellectual handicaps accompanied autism was performed there. Thus, the facilities for children with autism were turned over in legal facilities, and assumed to be a kind of the facilities for children with intellectual handicaps. The principle of the treatment in the intellectual handicaps frame to persons with autism which ran here now established.

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