In the development of product design, a methodology is required for how a desired design concept realized by an appropriate function and appearance. However, the design concept itself is not clear, and there are differences in recognition between the requester and the implementer. In this paper, we show that it can be semantically defined in terms of intension and extension, and further reduce it to a direct sum expression. Using direct sum means that the expression by the set of design concepts can be finally expressed based on the disjunctive normal form (DNF). By displaying this DNF on the positioning maps, we proposed a method to relate the requester to the implementer. To verify the proposed method, we assumed that prototype cups by a 3D printer as the product market and create positioning maps by conducting a limited survey. We also showed that it is possible to create a new design concept for the function and appearance from the cup market.

The aim of this paper is to clarify some of the reasons why inconvenient things are used, the nature of the benefits of them, and the requirements for design studies of things that give benefits of inconvenience. The means were observation, hearing, and internal observation of users. The user's thoughts and behavior in use process were recorded, analyzed and considered. As a result, it is possible to show the following. The benefits of inconvenience come from the process of achieving a sub-purpose added into the things. Setting sub-purposes is a key of designing them. The reason of use is that there are elements which makes users think or act. It was suggested that the benefits of inconvenient can be classified into three kinds. The first is a basal satisfaction of relief, enjoyment, and fulfillment. The second is a benefit of achieving attitudes that direct thoughts or actions. The third is a benefit of getting knowledge or skills to overcome the inconvenience.

Living Lab (LL), which is a design methodology to co-create services involving citizens, have been attracting attention. LL requires long-term co-creation with citizens; it is therefore important to clarify the knowledge to effectively promote such co-creation (co-creation knowhow). The purpose of this study is to clarify the co-creation knowhow in LL. In this study, we applied a research approach based on "design practice." We first implemented an LL project for community building in a Disaster Public Housing. Afterwards, through the reflection of the practice, we analyzed co-creation knowhow. As a result, we constructed a model that presents concrete actions (i.e., knowhow) to achieve effective co-creation with citizens. This model can be useful for LL practitioners to plan and operate LL process, because it informs specific actions to be taken.

This paper reports on the creation of a design language development framework for various product groups conducted by Hitachi Ltd. from 2005 to 2007. It shows the process and results of development and study about the usefulness and the possibility of enhancement.
Framework for design language development consists of three major activities. The first is the setting of a design philosophy for developing multiple design languages based on a consistent concept. The second is the reclassification of product categories based on the user's perspective. The third is the development of a specific design language based on the above two activities. These activities have been compiled into a design language development framework. In this paper, this development framework will be described in detail, and examples of the design development of household appliances and ATMs that are actually made using the main system will be introduced.

A frame is a decoration that borders an object, such as a picture; it is referred to as a decorative frame in English. Frames were originally imported from Western countries during the Meiji period and then began to be produced in Japan. For this study, I collected trademarks, labels, and packages made during the Meiji period and categorized them into four types according to their motifs: Plants, Animals, Tools, and Geometry. Additionally, I analyzed the relationship between the products and how their designs changed throughout the Meiji era, as well as the frequency of the frame types. I found that Plants was the most commonly used type regardless of product genre; I also noted that there were differences in the preferred design depending on whether the product was for the domestic or overseas market. Many frame designs included common Japanese plants, patterns, and crests. The results of this study confirm that the Japanese adopted the frame from the West and developed it independently.

In this paper, the effects of color temperature and irradiation position of display lighting on viewers' impressions and on the sense of the seasons evoked by monochrome photographs were investigated through an experiment. The participants of the experiment were instructed to evaluate their impressions and sense of the seasons in monochrome photographs by giving scores to twenty photographs, and the combination of color temperatures and irradiation positions of the display lighting were changed with every five photographs. It was found that changes in display lighting had slightly effects on participants' impressions or their sense of the seasons. In addition, weak causal relations that irradiation position directly affects the sense of the seasons, whereas the color temperature affects it indirectly through changes in the impression of brightness were shown.

The purpose of this study was to focus on the impression given to patients by the informed consent explanatory document of the trial, and to extract visual design requirements useful for improving the documents. At first, document was created that commonly style (general model). And Based on Minimum-essentials (Gazeability, Accuracy, Memory, Age, Formability, Visibility) that a document (design model) was created that added design element for improvement same contents. Comparing the results of the impression evaluation for both models, the satisfaction of the design model was high, and the effect of improving the impression scale to make the mind animating, such as brightness warmth and liveliness, was recognized. We grasped new emotional components "Optimistic, Affinity, Cheerful." The effectiveness of providing psychological support with a visual design element that comforts the mind has been revealed.

As globalization expands in recent years, multicultural coexistence has been increasing in importance as a way for people from different cultural backgrounds to mutually accept differences in culture and values and build new relationships. To understand a culture, one has to be sensitive to the values underlying such culture instead of just focusing on obtaining knowledge. This study chose furoshiki (wrapping cloth) as an easily understandable cultural item because of its familiarity. To convey values signified in the act of wrapping together with various ways of wrapping, the study expanded the act of wrapping through a system consisting of image-recognition technology and image projection, in which the image of goldfish transforms in accordance with the wrapping process. The goldfish reacting to the wrapping steps attracts the user's attention and raises awareness about the act of wrapping. The questionnaire collected from the users confirms how the system sparked interest of the users experiencing the culture and conveyed values inherent in actions and items.